Kozan, Adana

Coordinates: 37°27′N 35°48′E / 37.450°N 35.800°E / 37.450; 35.800
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Kozan
District and municipality
View from Kozan Castle
View from Kozan Castle
Map showing Kozan District in Adana Province
Map showing Kozan District in Adana Province
Kozan is located in Turkey
Kozan
Kozan
Location in Turkey
Coordinates: 37°27′N 35°48′E / 37.450°N 35.800°E / 37.450; 35.800
CountryTurkey
ProvinceAdana
Government
 • MayorKazım Özgan (AKP)
Area
1,903 km2 (735 sq mi)
Elevation
120 m (390 ft)
Population
 (2022)[1]
132,703
 • Density70/km2 (180/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Postal code
01510
Area code0322
Websitewww.kozan.bel.tr

Kozan, formerly Sis (Armenian: Սիս), is a municipality and district of Adana Province, Turkey.[2] Its area is 1,903 km2,[3] and its population is 132,703 (2022).[1] It is 68 kilometres (42 miles) northeast of Adana, in the northern section of the Çukurova plain. The Kilgen River, a tributary of the Ceyhan, flows through Kozan and crosses the plain south into the Mediterranean. The Taurus Mountains rise up sharply behind the town.

Sis was the

capital of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, today's Sis (ancient city), now called Kozan Kalesi, was built on a long rocky ridge in the center of the modern city.[4]

The population of the city has grown rapidly in recent years, from 15,159 in 1960, to 54,451 in 1990, to 72,463 in 2007 and to 74,521 in 2009 (census figures).

Names

The oldest known name is Sis or Siskia. Under the Roman Empire, it was for a time named Flavias or Flaviopolis.[5] The Greek version of the older name, Σίσιον Sision, came back into use in the later Byzantine period.[6] In Armenian, it is called Sis Սիս or Sissu.

Kozan (

romanized: qōzān) was originally the name of the administrative division the town Sis was a part of. This name originates from the Qōzānoğlu dynasty of derebeys that controlled the region from 1689 to 1865.[7]

History

Middle Ages

Panorama view of Sis (c.1855)
Panorama view of town and fortress (c.1870)

In 704, Sis was besieged by the

Crusade the catholicate returned to Sis in 1294, and remained there 150 years.[8]

In 1266 Sis, the capital of

Mamluke Sultan of Egypt
. The town never recovered its prosperity, not even when it passed into the power of the Ottomans in 1516.

Ecclesiastical history

Sis had an important place in ecclesiastical history both the

St. Simeon Stylites
.

In the Middle Ages, Sis was the religious center of Christian Armenians, until the Armenians moved the seat of Catholicos back to Vagharshapat (

Lequien
(II, 899) gives the names of several bishops of Sis, before and after Gregory IX.

Even prior to the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Sis was an episcopal see and several names of bishops and patriarchs can be found in the literature:

In 1441, Sis having fallen from its high estate, the Armenian clergy proposed to remove the see, and on the refusal of the Catholicos of the day,

Greater Armenia[citation needed], became the more widely accepted of the two by the Armenian church in the Ottoman Empire.[8]

The Catholicos of Sis (of the

Nerses, declaring finally for Echmiadzin, carried the government with him.[clarification needed] In 1885, Sis tried to declare Echmiadzin schismatic, and in 1895 its clergy took it on themselves to elect a Catholicos; but the Porte annulled the election, and only allowed it six years later upon Sis renouncing its pretensions to independence.[citation needed] That Catholicos had the right to prepare the sacred myron (oil) and to preside over a synod, but was in fact not more than a metropolitan, and regarded by many Armenians as schismatic.[8]

Ottoman period

In the Ottoman period, Kozan was in the

Devşirme system was implemented in Kozan. However there is evidence that the locals resisted the practise. In 1564, for example, villagers from Sis came to the Ottoman capital Istanbul and kidnapped their children back.[10] From 1689 to 1865,[7] the region was under the control of Kozanoğulları, a family of feudal lords. While there are various theories about their history and origin,[11] they claimed descent from Turkmen tribes,[12] and Ahmed Cevdet Pasha wrote that they were descended from the Arık tribe of Warsaks.[7]

Modern

At the turn of the twentieth century, the town's population was 8,000, about 5,600 of which were Armenians.[13] They were all deported during the course of the Armenian genocide. Kozan was occupied by France between March 8, 1919 - June 2, 1920 during the Turkish War of Independence. After Turkey was declared a republic, Kozan was a province, compromising the districts of Kozan, Kadirli, Feke and Saimbeyli between 1923 and 1926.

Composition

There are 103

neighbourhoods in Kozan District:[14]

Kozan today

Today Kozan is a city surrounded by vineyards, gardens and groves of

sycamore fig
, orange and lemon trees. In summer the great heat (40 plus degrees Celsius or 104 plus degrees Fahrenheit) compels the inhabitants to desert Kozan, retreating to cool off in the wooded higher ground.

Climate

Kozan has a

hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). Kozan has mild, rainy winters and very hot, muggy and dry summers. The highest recorded temperature was on 13 August 2023 at 48.4 °C (119.1 °F).[citation needed
]

Climate data for Kozan (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.6
(58.3) 		16.0
(60.8) 		19.5
(67.1) 		23.8
(74.8) 		28.8
(83.8) 		33.1
(91.6) 		35.8
(96.4) 		36.1
(97.0) 		33.5
(92.3) 		29.1
(84.4) 		22.2
(72.0) 		16.5
(61.7) 		25.8
(78.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.1
(50.2) 		11.2
(52.2) 		14.2
(57.6) 		17.9
(64.2) 		22.2
(72.0) 		26.1
(79.0) 		28.8
(83.8) 		29.2
(84.6) 		26.7
(80.1) 		22.9
(73.2) 		16.7
(62.1) 		11.9
(53.4) 		19.9
(67.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 6.9
(44.4) 		7.4
(45.3) 		9.9
(49.8) 		12.9
(55.2) 		16.8
(62.2) 		20.2
(68.4) 		23.2
(73.8) 		23.7
(74.7) 		21.2
(70.2) 		18.3
(64.9) 		12.8
(55.0) 		8.5
(47.3) 		15.2
(59.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 99.8
(3.93) 		81.62
(3.21) 		91.89
(3.62) 		80.61
(3.17) 		84.78
(3.34) 		46.94
(1.85) 		24.33
(0.96) 		22.98
(0.90) 		31.99
(1.26) 		43.63
(1.72) 		74.26
(2.92) 		112.22
(4.42) 		795.05
(31.30)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 7.8 7.5 8.3 8.2 7.0 4.8 2.7 2.5 3.3 4.8 4.8 8.2 69.9
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		56.2 56.5 58.7 62.4 62.3 62.0 63.8 63.6 57.6 51.0 49.9 56.8 58.4
Source: NOAA[15]

Notable natives

  • Nerses Balients (fl. early 14th century), Armenian ecclesiastical figure, politician, historian
  • Grigor Khul (12th century), Armenian musician
  • Soviet Armenia's Academy of Sciences
  • Grigor Kyulyan (1912–1974), Armenian writer
  • İmren Aykut (born 1940), Turkish female economist, trade unionist, politician and former government minister

Things to see

Today ruins of churches, convents, castles and palaces may be seen on all sides. The lofty castle and the monastery and church built by Leo II, and containing the coronation chair of the kings of

Cilician Armenia, were still noteworthy up until the Armenian genocide
.

Gallery

See also

  • Kozan Dam on the Kilgen River, 8 km (5 mi) north of Kozan

Notes

  1. ^
    TÜİK
    . Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  2. ^ Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  3. ^ "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  4. ^ "Castles.nl - Sis Castle". www.castles.nl. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  5. 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, s.v. 'Sis'
  6. ^ William Mitchell Ramsay, The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, p. 385
  7. ^ a b c Gould 2012.
  8. ^ a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sis" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  9. ^ Houshamadyan. "Maps - Vilayet of Adana - Sandjak of Sis :: Houshamadyan - a project to reconstruct Ottoman Armenian town and village life". www.houshamadyan.org. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  10. ISSN 0041-4255
    .
  11. ^ Eberhard, Wolfram (1953). Nomads and Farmers in Southeastern Turkey, Problems of Settlement. Brill. p. 45.
  12. ^ Bearman et al. 2012.
  13. ^ Kévorkian, Raymond H. and Paul B. Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l’Empire Ottoman à la veille du génocide. Paris: Editions d’art et d’histoire, 1992, p. 292.
  14. ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  15. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Kozan". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 15, 2024.

References

Bibliography

  • Gould, A.G. (2012). "Ḳōzān". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. E. J. Brill.
  • Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P., eds. (2012). "Ḳōzān-Og̲h̲ullari̇". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. E. J. Brill.

External links

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