Kutorginata
Kutorginata Temporal range:
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Kutorgina cingulata, a kutorginid from the lower Cambrian of Canada. Seen looking onto the ventral valve (left), dorsal valve (right), and the side (top) | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Brachiopoda |
Class: | †Kutorginata Williams et al., 1996 |
Order: | †Kutorginida Kuhn, 1949 |
Subgroups | |
See text. |
Kutorginates (Kutorginata) are an extinct class of early
Despite this short span of time, kutorginides were still a major order of Cambrian rhynchonelliforms during the lower Cambrian.
Anatomy
Kutorginides typically have a ventribiconvex shell (both valves convex, the ventral valve moreso) and a strophic (straight) hinge line. Based on fossils of Nisusia, the shell’s internal (secondary) layer appears to have a microstructure of calcite fibers.[2]
Internally, the valves are simpler than most other rhynchonelliforms. Though kutorginides are technically articulate, the hinge is not braced by teeth and sockets, but rather a system of thin ridges and deep furrows along the hinge line. Likewise,
Posterior structures
The rear of the shell has a roughly
Kutorginides also have another much larger and more enigmatic opening at the middle of the hinge line. This opening corresponds to the space encompassed by the notothyrium and the exposed portion of the delthyrium.[2] The soft-tissue relevance of this opening has been a subject of debate, and recent evidence has argued for a more nuanced interpretation with variation within the class.[1]
Several kutorginides are preserved in
Several fossils of Nisusia sulcata, from the
Subgroups
From The Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (Part H, Revised), unless stated otherwise:[2]
- Order Kutorginida
- Superfamily Kutorginoidea
- Family Kutorginidae
- Agyrekia Koneva 1979 [lower-mid Cambrian ("Botomian" – "Amgan")]
- Haupiria MacKinnon, 1983 [mid-Cambrian]
- KutorginaBillings, 1861 [lower-mid Cambrian ("Atdabanian" – "Amgan")]
- Schuchertina Walcott, 1905 [mid-Cambrian]
- Yorkia Walcott, 1897 [lower Cambrian]
- Family Kutorginidae
- Superfamily Nisusioidea
- Family Nisusiidae
- Bellistrophia Holmer et al., 2019[6] [mid-Cambrian (Wuliuan)]
- Eoconcha Cooper, 1951 [lower-mid Cambrian]
- Khasagtina? Ushatinskaya, 1987 [lower Cambrian ("Tommotian"? – "Atdabanian")]
- Narynella Andreeva, 1987 [lower Cambrian ("Toyonian") – mid-Cambrian]
- NisusiaWalcott, 1905 [lower Cambrian ("Botomian") – mid-Cambrian]
- Trematosia Cooper, 1967 [lower Cambrian]
- Family Nisusiidae
- Incertae sedis genera:
- Anomalocalyx[7] Brock, 1999 [mid-Cambrian (Drumian)]
- Superfamily Kutorginoidea
Representative genera
Kutorgina
Some species of Kutorgina have a concavo-convex shell, with the smaller brachial (dorsal) valve dished in and the larger pedicle (ventral) valve broadly arched. The brachial valve has a rather prominent interarea at the back which is curved over by the prominent beak at the back of the pedicle valve.
It includes the species Kutorgina elanica Malakhovskaya, 2013 and K. chengjiangensis Zhang et al. 2007, among many others. K. chengjiangensis preserves soft anatomy, including a pedicle, lophophore, and gut.
Nisusia
Nisusia Walcott, 1905 (Walcott, 1889) is known from the Miaolingian-age Burgess Shale (~508 million years ago). It is a senior synonym to Orthisina alberta Walcott, 1889.
The pedicle of Nisusia emerges from between its valves, as displayed by silicified material of N. sulcata, though it still has an opening at the apex of the pedicle valve.[1]
References
- ^ S2CID 134399842.
- ^ ISBN 0-8137-3108-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8137-3136-0.
- ^ ISSN 0024-1164.
- JSTOR 1305014.
- S2CID 85505521.
- ISBN 978-0-8137-3136-0.
- Kutorginata
- Moore, Lalicker, and Fischer. Invertebrate Fossils, ch 6 Brachiopoda. McGraw-Hill 1952.
External links
- "Nisusia burgessensis". The Burgess Shale. Royal Ontario Museum. Retrieved 2023-06-06.