Languages of Cameroon

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Languages of Cameroon
Fulfulde, Chadian Arabic
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Knowledge of French in Cameroon in 2005, according to the OIF.[1] In 2005 18% of the population were "real" French speakers and another 26.8% were "partial French speakers". Both figures are estimations.
Map of Cameroon's official languages. Blue: French speaking regions and countries. Red: English speaking regions and countries. Grey: Trilingual Spanish, Portuguese and French speaking country (Equatorial Guinea).
Map of the region's indigenous languages.

Cameroon is home to at least 250 languages,[2][3] with some accounts reporting around 600.[4] These include 55 Afro-Asiatic languages, two Nilo-Saharan languages, four Ubangian languages, and 169 Niger–Congo languages. This latter group comprises one Senegambian language (Fulfulde), 28 Adamawa languages, and 142 Benue–Congo languages (130 of which are Bantu languages).[5]

anglophone. The official percentage of French and English speakers by the Presidency of Cameroon is estimated to be 70% and 30% respectively. [6]

Cameroon is a

Anglophone country, and in 2023, French is spoken by 11.8 million people out of 28.7 million (41.17%).[7]

The nation strives toward

bilingualism, but in reality very few (11.6%) Cameroonians are literate in both French and English, and 28.8% are literate in neither.[8] The government has established several bilingual schools in an effort to teach both languages more evenly; however, in reality most of these schools separate the anglophone and francophone sections and therefore do not provide a true bilingual experience.[9] Cameroon is a member of both the Commonwealth of Nations and La Francophonie. German, the country's official language during the German colonial period until World War I, has nowadays almost entirely yielded to its two successors. However, as a foreign language subject German still enjoys huge popularity among pupils and students, with 300,000 people learning or speaking German in Cameroon in 2010. Today, Cameroon is one of the African countries with the highest number of people with knowledge of German.[10]

Most people in the English-speaking

East provinces.[12]
Camfranglais (or Frananglais) is a relatively new pidgin communication form emerging in urban areas and other locations where Anglophone and Francophone Cameroonians meet and interact. Popular singers have used the hybrid language and added to its popularity.[13]

Education for the deaf in Cameroon uses American Sign Language, introduced by the deaf American missionary Andrew Foster.[citation needed]

There is little literature, radio, or television programming in native Cameroonian languages. Nevertheless, many Cameroonian languages have alphabets or other writing systems, many developed by the Christian missionary group SIL International, who have translated the Bible, Christian hymns, and other materials. The General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages was developed in the late 1970s as an orthographic system for all Cameroonian languages.

In the late 19th century, the Bamum script was developed by Sultan Ibrahim Njoya to write the Bamum (Shüpamom) language.[14]

Official languages

R.
1
2
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Literacy in official languages
according to the 2005 census[8]
(population of age 12 and above)
Language % #
French (total) 57.6 6,405,981
English (total) 25.2 2,802,794
   French only 46.0 5,112,479
   English only 13.6 1,509,292
   French and English 11.6 1,293,502
   Neither French nor English 28.8 3,199,221
Total 100,00 11,114,495[15]
R.
1
2
-
-
-
-
-

Literacy in official languages
according to the 2005 census[8]
(population of age 15 and above)
Language % #
French (total) 57 5,566,339
English (total) 25 2,448,914
   French only 45 4,401,333
   English only 13 1,283,908
   French and English 12 1,165,006
   Neither French nor English 30 2,909,664
   Undetermined 1 85,568
Total 100,00 9,845,479[16]

Literacy in French for individuals of age 12 and above rose from 41.3% to 57.6%[17] between 1987 and 2005 while that of English rose from 13.4% to 25.3%.[18] The global proportion of individuals literate in official languages has thus markedly increased between 1987 and 2005, rising from 53.3% to 71.2%.[19]

In 2005, the probability to be literate in French while being anglophone was 0.46 while that of being literate in English while being francophone was 0.20, resulting from the predominant status of the French language in Cameroon as a whole.

Indigenous languages

Most of the 260 languages spoken in Cameroon are indigenous languages. With a population estimated in 25 million people, UNESCO classified the country as a distinctive cultural density. The National Institute of Statistics of Cameroon reported that four percent of the indigenous languages have disappeared since 1950. Currently, ten percent of them are neglected, and seven percent of them are considered as threatened.[20]

Ethnologue

The following list of languages in Cameroon is mostly based from Ethnologue.

Name Speakers
Abo
Afade
Aghem[21] 26,700[22]
Akoose[23]
 100,000[22]
Akum
Ambele
Arabic, Chadian[24] 145,000[24]
Atong[25]
 4,200[22]
Awing[26] 19,000[22]
Baba[27] 24,500[22]
Babanki[28] 22,500[22]
Bafanji[29]
 17,000[22]
Bafaw-balong[30] 8,400[22]
Bafia[31]
 60,000[22]
Bafut[32]
 105,000[22]
Baka[33] 40,000[22]
Bakaka[34]
 30,000[22]
Bakoko[35]
 50,000[22]
Bakole
Bakundu-balue
Bakweri
Baldamu
 4
Balo
Balundu-bima[36]
 106,000[22]
Bamali[37] 10,800[22]
Bambalang[38] 29,000[22]
Bambili-Bambui[39] 10,000[22]
Bamenyam[40]
 4,000[22]
Bamukumbit[41] 12,000[22]
Bamum (Shüpamom)[42] 215,000[22]
Bamunka[43]
 31,000[22]
Bana[44] 23,000[22]
Bangandu
Bangolan[45] 13,500[22]
Bangwa
Bankon[46] 12,000[22]
Lamnso
Barombi[47]
 3,000[22]
Bassa[48] 230,000[22]
Bassossi[49]
 5,000[22]
Bata
Batanga
 6,000
Bati
Bayangam
Beba[50] 3,000[22]
Bebe
Bebele[51] 24,000[22]
Bebil[52] 6,000[22]
Beezen
Befang
Bekwel
Beti
Bikya
Bishuo
Bitare
Bokyi
Bomwali
Bu
Bubia
Buduma
Bulu[53] 858,000[22]
Bum[54] 21,400[22]
Bumbung
Busam
Busuu 3
Buwal[55] 7,000[22]
Byep[56] 9,500[22]
Caka[57] 5,000[22]
Cung
Cuvok[58] 5,000[22]
Daba[59] 24,000[22]
Dama
Dek
Denya[60] 11,200[22]
Dii[61]
 47,000[22]
Dimbong
Doyayo[62] 18,000[22]
Duala[63] 87,700[22]
Dugun[64]
 7,000[22]
Dugwor[65]
 5,000[22]
Duli
Duupa[66]
 5,000[22]
Dzodinka 2,600
Efik
Ejagham
Elip[52]
 6,400[22]
Eman
Esimbi[67] 20,000[22]
Eton[68] 52,000[22]
Evand
Ewondo[69] 578,000[22]
Fali
Fang 111,000
Fe'fe'[70]
 124,000[22]
Fulfulde
 12,000,000
Gaduwa
Gavar[71]
 7,000[22]
Gbaya-Mbodomo[72] 20,000[22]
Ghomala[73]
 260,000[22]
Gidar[74] 54,000[22]
Gyele[75]
 4,250[22]
Gimme[76]
 3,000[22]
Gimnime[77]
 3,000[22]
Hausa 25,000
Hdi[78] 25,000[22]
Iceve-Maci[79] 7,000[22]
Isu[80] 10,400[22]
Jimi[81] 3,500[22]
Kako[82] 100,000[22]
Karang[83] 17,000[22]
Kemedzung[84] 4,500[22]
Kenswei Nsei[85] 25,000[22]
Kenyang[86] 65,000[22]
Kol[87] 12,000[22]
Kom[88] 233,000[22]
Koonzime[89] 30,000[22]
Kotoko
Kwasio / Ngumba[90] 9,000[22]
Kwakum[91] 10,000[22]
Kwanja[92] 20,000[22]
Kuk[93] 3,000[22]
La’bi[94] 4,400[22]
Laimbue[95] 5,000[22]
Lefa[96] 10,000[22]
Limbum[97] 73,000[22]
Ncane[98]
 15,500[22]
Ngiemboon[99] 250,000
Ngomba[100] 63,000[22]
North Giziga[101] 20,000[22]
North Mofu[102] 27,500[22]
Mafa[103] 136,000[22]
Makaa[104] 80,000[22]
Malgbe[105] 6,000[22]
Mambai[106]
 8,000[22]
Mambila[107] 30,000[22]
Manta[108] 5,300[22]
Massa
Matal[109] 18,000[22]
Mazagway[110] 17,000[22]
Mbedam[111] 6,000[22]
Mbo[112]
 45,000[22]
Mbum[113] 38,600[22]
Mbuko[114] 13,000[22]
Medumba[115] 210,000[22]
Mefele[116] 11,000[22]
Mendankwe-Nkwen[117] 23,100[22]
Mengaka[118] 20,000[22]
Mengisa[119]
 20,000[22]
Menka[120] 5,200[22]
Merey[121] 10,000[22]
Mesaka[122] 14,000[22]
Meta'[123]
 87,000[22]
Mfumte[124] 24,700[22]
Mmaala[125]
 5,300[22]
Mmen[126] 35,000[22]
Mokpwe[127] 32,200[22]
Mousgoum
Mouse
Moghamo
Mofu-gudur[128] 60,000[22]
Moloko[129] 8,500[22]
Mpade[130] 16,000[22]
Mpongmpong[131] 45,000[22]
Mundang
Mundani[132] 34,000[22]
Musgu[133] 61,500[22]
Muyang[134] 30,000[22]
Nda'nda'[135]
 10,000[22]
Ndemli[136] 5,950[22]
Nga'ka[137]
 50,100[22]
Ngamambo[138]
 8,000[22]
Ngemba[139] 18,800[22]
Ngie[140] 37,000[22]
Ngombale[141] 45,000[22]
Ngoshie[142] 9,200[22]
Ngwo[143] 22,000[22]
Nomaande[144]
 6,000[22]
Noone[145] 25,000[22]
North Fali[146]
 16,000[22]
Nso'[147] 125,000[22]
Nugunu[148] 35,000[22]
Nweh[149] 73,200[22]
Nyong[150] 30,000[22]
Oku[151] 40,000[22]
Parkwa[152] 30,000[22]
Peere[153] 15,000[22]
Pinyin[154] 24,600[22]
Pol[155] 38,700[22]
Psikye[156] 40,500[22]
Saari[157] 7,000[22]
Sharwa[158] 5,100[22]
So[159]
 9,000[22]
South Fali[160]
 20,000[22]
South Giziga[161] 60 000[22]
Suga[162]
 10,000[22]
Tikar[163] 25,000[22]
Tigon Mbembe[164] 36,000[22]
Toupouri[165]
 125,000[22]
Tunen[166] 35,300[22]
Tuki[167] 26,000[22]
Usaghade[168] 10,000[22]
Vame[169] 8,500[22]
Vengo[170] 27,000[22]
Vute[171] 20,000[22]
Wandala[172] 23,500[22]
Weh[173] 6,900[22]
Wushi[174] 25,000[22]
Wumboko[175] 4,000[22]
Wuzlam[176] 10,500[22]
Yabassi
Yamba[177] 40,800[22]
Yambeta[178] 3,700[22]
Yemba[179] 300,000[22]
Zulgo-Gemzek[180] 26,000[22]
Mousgoum, Massa, Kotoko, and Mousseye are spoken on the Logone River in the Far North.[22]
Gyele[22]
Psikye[22]

ALCAM (2012)

The Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (ALCAM, or "Linguistic Atlas of Cameroon") lists about 250 languages in Cameroon. The list is provided below.[181]

Code Language name French spelling Other names Classification
001
Fulfulde
Fulfulde
 Senegambian
002 Kanuri Kanuri Saharan
003 Sara Sara Central Sudanic
004 Pidgin English Pidgin-English creole
005 Arabic Arabe Semitic
101 Hausa Hausa West Chadic
102
Gedar
Gédar
Central Chadic
103
Munjuk
Munjuk
Central Chadic
104 Yedina Yedina
Central Chadic
105 Kera Kera East Chadic
111 Wandala Wandala
Central Chadic
112
Gelvaldaxa
Gélvaldaxa
Central Chadic
113
Parekwa
Parékwa
Central Chadic
121
Gevoko
Gévoko
Central Chadic
122 Hdi Hdi
Central Chadic
123
Mabas
Mabas
Central Chadic
131
Pelasla
Pélasla
Central Chadic
132 Mbuko Mbuko
Central Chadic
140 Matal Matal
Central Chadic
151 Wuzlam Wuzlam
Central Chadic
152 Muyang Muyang
Central Chadic
153 Mada Mada
Central Chadic
154
Melokwo
Mélokwo
Central Chadic
161
Zelgwa Minew
Zélgwa Minew
Central Chadic
162
Dugwor
Dugwor
Central Chadic
163 Merey Merey
Central Chadic
164
Gemzek
Gemzek
Central Chadic
171 Giziga Giziga
Central Chadic
173
Mofu-Duvangar
Mofu-Duvangar
Mofou-Nord
Central Chadic
174 Mofu-Gudur Mofu-Gudur
Mofou-Sud
Central Chadic
175
Baldamu
Baldamu
Central Chadic
181 Cuvok Cuvok
Central Chadic
182 Mefele Mefele
Central Chadic
183 Mafa Mafa
Central Chadic
191
Psikya
Psikyá
Central Chadic
192 Hya Hya
Central Chadic
193 Bana Bana
Central Chadic
211
Jimjimen
Jimjimén
Central Chadic
212 Gude Gude
Central Chadic
213
Ziziliveken
Zizilivékén
Central Chadic
214 Sharwa Sharwa
Central Chadic
215 Tsuvan Tsuvan
Central Chadic
220
Njanyi
Njanyi
Central Chadic
230
Gbwata
Gbwata
Central Chadic
240
Gavar
Gavar
Central Chadic
251
Besleri
Besleri
Central Chadic
252 Daba Daba
Central Chadic
253
Mazagway Hide
Mazagway Hide
Central Chadic
254
Mbedam
Mbédam
Central Chadic
261 Jina Jina
Central Chadic
262 Majera
Majéra
Central Chadic
271 Lagwan Lagwan
Central Chadic
272 Mser
Msér
Central Chadic
281 Afade
Afadé
Central Chadic
282 Maslam Maslam
Central Chadic
283 Malgbe Malgbe
Central Chadic
284 Mpade
Mpadé
Central Chadic
291
Masa
Masa
 Masa
292 Zumaya Zumaya Masa
293 Musey Musey Masa
294 Zime Zime Masa
300 Samba Samba Samba
301
Longto
 Lóñtó
Vere-Duru
302
Paare
Pááre
Páárá
Vere-Duru
303
Doayo
Doayo
 Doyayo
Vere-Duru
304 Tupuri Tupuri Mbum
305 Mundang Mundañ Mbum
306
Mambay
Mambay
 Mbum
307
Dama
Dama
 Mbum
308 Mono Mono Mbum
309 Baka Baka Ubangian
311 Kobo Kobo
Vere-Duru
312
Koma Ndera
Koma Ndera
Vere-Duru
321
Gimnime
Gímníme
Vere-Duru
322
Kompana
Kompana
Vere-Duru
330
Duupa
Duupa
Vere-Duru
341
Dugun
Dugun
Vere-Duru
342
Dii
Dii
Vere-Duru
343 Kolbila Kolbila
Vere-Duru
351 Mbum Mbum Mbum
352 Karang Karang Mbum
353 Pana Pana Mbum
354
Kali-Dek
Kali-Dek
 Mbum
355 Kuo Kuo Mbum
356
Gbata
Gbátá
 Mbum
361 Pam Pam Mbum
362 Ndai Ndai Mbum
371
Fali, Northern
Fali-Nord
Fali
372
Fali, Southern
Fali-Sud
Fali
381
Gbaya
Gbaya
 Ubangian
382 Bangandu Bangandu
Bangando
 Adamawa
391
Gey
Gey
 Adamawa
392 Duli Duli Adamawa
393 Nimbari Nimbari Adamawa
394 Oblo Oblo Adamawa
395
Mome
Mome
 Adamawa
401 Basaa Basaa Bantu
402
Bakoko
Bakoko
 Bantu
403
Beti–Fang
Béti–Fañ
 Bantu
404
Bembele
Bémbélé
 Bantu
405 Bebil
Bébil
 Bantu
406 Bankon Bankon
Barombi
 Bantu
411
Meka
Méka
Mékaa
 Bantu
412 So Só Só' Bantu
413
Bikele
Bikele
 Bantu
421 Kwasio Kwasio Bantu
422
Bagyali
Bagyáli
Bagyeli
 Bantu
431
Mpo
Mpo
 Bantu
432
Koozime
Kóózime
 Bantu
440 Kako
Kakó
 Bantu
462
Polri
Polri
 Bantu
463 Kwakum Kwakum Bantu
501
Tikari
Tikari
 Tikar Bantu
502 Ndemli Ndemli Bantu
511
Tunan
Tunán
 Bantu
512
Nomande
Nomande
Nómaande
 Bantu
513
Atomp
Atómp
 Bantu
514
Ninyo'o
Ninyó'ó
 Bantu
520
Nigi
Nigi
 Bantu
530 Bati Bati Bantu
541
Nugunu
Nugunu
 Bantu
542
Nuasua
Nuasuá
Nuaswá
 Bantu
543
Nubaca
Nubaca
 Bantu
544
Dumbula
Dumbulá
 Bantu
550
Tuki
Tuki
 Bantu
570
Tebaya
Tébáya
 Bantu
581
Lefa'
Léfa'
 Bantu
582
Dembong
 Démbóñ Dimbóñ Bantu
583
Ripay
Rípáy
 Bantu
584
Rikpa
Ríkpa'
 Bantu
601 Yasa Yasa Bantu
602
Batanga
Batanga
 Bantu
610 Duala Duala Bantu
621
Mokpwe
Mokpwe
 Bantu
622
Wumboko
Wumboko
 Bantu
623
Bubia
Bubia
 Bantu
624 Isu Isu Bantu
625
Bakola
Bakólá
 Bantu
630 Oroko Oroko Bantu
640
Lifo-Balong
 Lifó-Baloñ Bantu
651
Mbo
Mbo
 Bantu
652
Akoosa
Akóósá
 Bantu
653
Nsosa
Nsósá
 Bantu
701
Njukun
Njukun
 Jukunoid
702
Kutep
Kutep
 Jukunoid
703
Uuhum-Gigi
Uuhum-Gigi
 Yukubenic
704 Korop Korop Cross River
705 Efik Efik Cross River
706
Boki
Boki
 Bendi
707 Akum Akum Cross River
708
Baazen Nsaa
Báázen Nsaa
Báázán Nsaa
 Yukubenic
709 Mbembe Mbembe Cross River
710 Mambila Mambila Mambiloid
720 Vute
Vúte
 Mambiloid
730 Nizaa
Nizåå
 Mambiloid
741 Kwanja Kwanja Mambiloid
742 Bung Buñ Mambiloid
743 Kamkam Kamkam Mambiloid
750
Njoyama
Njóyamá
Njoyame
 Mambiloid
760 Twendi Twendi Mambiloid
780
Njanga
Njanga
 Mambiloid
791 Yeni Yeni Mambiloid
792 Kasabe Kasabe Mambiloid
793 Luo Luo Mambiloid
801
Njwanda
Njwandá
Njwande
 Tivoid
802 Tiv Tiv Tivoid
803 Esimbi Esimbi Tivoid
804 Amasi Amasi Manta Tivoid
805 Njen Njen Momo
806
Mbonga
 Mbóña Jarawan
807
Ngong-Nagumi
 Ngoñ-Nagumi Jarawan
808
Ejagham
Ejagham
 Jarawan
810 Aghem Aghem Ekoid
821
Mman
Mmán
 Ring
822
Itangikom
Itangikom
 Kom Ring
823 Bum Bum Ring
824 Babanki Babanki Ring
825
Ebkuo
Ebkuo
Ébkuó
 Ring
830
Lamnso'
Lamnsó'
 Ring
841
Kenswei Nsei
Kénswei Nsei
 Ring
842
Niemeng
Niemeng
 Ring
843 Vengo Véño Ring
844 Wushi Wushi Ring
851
Befang
Befang
 Menchum
852
Modele
Modele
 Menchum
861 Ngwo
Ngwó
 Momo
862 Basa Basa Momo
863 Konda Konda Momo
864
Widikum
Widikum
 Momo
865 Menka Menka Momo
866 Ambele Ambele Momo
867 Mundani Mundani Momo
868
Ngamambo
Ngamambo
 Momo
869 Busam Busam Momo
871 Bebe Bebe
East Beboid
872 Kemezung Kémézuñ
East Beboid
873
Ncane
Ncane
East Beboid
874
Nsari
Nsari
East Beboid
875
Noone
Nóóné
East Beboid
876 Naki Naki
West Beboid
877 Bu Bu
West Beboid
878 Missong Missong
West Beboid
879 Koshin Koshin
West Beboid
881 Kenyang Kenyang
Nyang
882 Denya Denya
Nyang
883 Kendem Kendem
Nyang
885
Mungong
 Muñgóñ
West Beboid
886
Cung
 Cuñ
West Beboid
887 Busuu Busuu
West Beboid
888 Bishuo
Bishuó
West Beboid
889 Bikya Bikya
West Beboid
891
Ugare
Ugaré
 Tivoid
892
Batomo
Batomo
 Tivoid
893 Caka Caka Tivoid
894 Iyive Iyive Tivoid
895
Iceve
Iceve
 Tivoid
896
Evand
Evand
 Tivoid
897
Asumbo
Asumbo
 Tivoid
898 Eman Eman Tivoid
899
Ihatum
Ihatum
 Tivoid
901
Kwa'
Kwa'
Kwa
 Eastern Grassfields
902
Mengambo
 Méñgambo Eastern Grassfields
903 Limbum Limbum Eastern Grassfields
904 Dzodinka Dzodinka Eastern Grassfields
905
Nda'nda'
Nda'nda'
 Eastern Grassfields
906 Yamba Yamba Eastern Grassfields
907
Mbe'
Mbé'
 Eastern Grassfields
911 Mundum Mundum Eastern Grassfields
912
Bafut
Bafut
 Eastern Grassfields
913 Mankon Mankon Eastern Grassfields
914
Bambili
Bambili
 Eastern Grassfields
915
Nkwan-Mendankwe
Nkwán-Mendankwe
Nkwen-Mendankwe
 Eastern Grassfields
916 Pinyin Pinyin Eastern Grassfields
917 Awing Awing Eastern Grassfields
920 Ngombale Ngombale Eastern Grassfields
930
Megaka
Mégaka
 Eastern Grassfields
940 Ngomba Ngomba Eastern Grassfields
951
Ngyamboong
 Ngyámbóóñ Eastern Grassfields
952 Yemba Yemba Eastern Grassfields
953 Ngwe Ñwe Eastern Grassfields
960
Ghomala'
Ghómala'
 Eastern Grassfields
970
Fe'fe'
Fe'fe'
 Eastern Grassfields
980 Mfumte Mfumte Eastern Grassfields
991
Shüpamom
Shüpamom
Shü Pamém
 Eastern Grassfields
992 Bangolan Bangolan Eastern Grassfields
993
Mboyakum
Mboyakum
Cirambo
 Eastern Grassfields
994
Ngoobechop
Ngoobechop
 Bamali Eastern Grassfields
995
Chuufi
Chuufi
Bafanji
 Eastern Grassfields
996
Mungaka
Mungaka
 Eastern Grassfields
997 Medumba
Médúmba
 Eastern Grassfields

Classification

The 2012 edition of the Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (ALCAM) provides the following classification of the Niger–Congo languages of Cameroon.[181]

Adamawa
  • Samba
  • Daka
  • Kobo-Dii (Vere-Duru)
    • North: Doyayo, Longto
    • South: Peere
  • Mumuye
  • Mbum
    • North: Tupuri, Mundang, Mambay
    • South: Mbum, Pana, Kali-Dek, Kuo, Gbete, Pam, Ndai
  • Fali: North, South
  • Nimbari
Ubangian
  • Gbaya; Bangando
  • Baka
Benue-Congo
  • Jukunoid: Mbembe, Njukun, Kutep, Uuhum-Gigi, Busua, Bishuo, Bikya, Kum, Beezen Nsaa
  • Cross River: Korop; Efik
  • Bendi: Boki
  • Bantoid (see below)
Bantoid
  • Mambiloid: Njoyame, Nizaa, Mambila, Kwanja, Bung, Kamkam, Vute
  • Tivoid: Njwande, Tiv, Iyive, Iceve, Evand, Ugare, Esimbi, Batomo, Assumbo, Eman, Caka, Ihatum, Amasi
  • Ekoid: Ejagham
  • Nyang: Denya, Kendem, Kenyang
  • Beboid
    • Western: Naki, Bu, Misong, Koshin, Muŋgɔŋ, Cuŋ
    • Eastern: Bebe, Kemezuŋ, Ncane, Nsari, Noone, Busuu, Bishuo, Bikya
  • Grassfield (see below)
  • Bantu (see below)
Grassfield
  • Western
    • Momo
      • Ngwɔ, Widikum
    • Menchum
      • Modele, Befang
    • Ring
      • West: Aghem
      • Central: Mmen
      • East: Lamnso'
      • South: Kənswei Nsei, Niemeng, Vəŋo, Wushi
  • Eastern
    • Ngemba: Bafut, Mundum, Mankon, Bambili, Nkwen, Pinyin
    • Bamileke-Central: Ngomable, New; Kwa', Ghomala', Fe'fe', Nda'nda'
    • Noun: Mamenyan, Shüpamem, Bangolan, Cirambo, Bamali, Bafanji, Mungaka, Medumba
    • Northern: Limbum, Dzodinka, Yamba, Mbe', Central Mfumte, Southern Mfumte
Bantu
  • Jarawan: Ngoŋ-Nagumi, Mboŋa
  • Mbam (see below)
  • Equatorial: A, B, C, D (partial) (see below)
  • Zambeze: D (partial), E, F, G, H ,I, J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S
Mbam
  • ex-A40b
    • Ndemli, Tikari
    • Ninyoo, Tunan, Nomande, Atomp
    • Nigi
    • Bati
  • ex-A60
    • Yambasa: Nugunu, Nuasua, Nubaca, Dumbula
    • Sanaga: Tuki
Equatorial Bantu
  • North
    • A
      • Bafia (A50): Təbɛya, Lefa', Dimboŋ, Ripɛy, Rikpa
    • B
      • Coastal
        • A10: Oroko (West, East dialects), Lifɔ'-Balɔŋ, Nsose, Akoose
        • A20: Bakɔlɛ, Wumbuko, Mokpwe, Isu, Bubia; Duala
        • A30: Yasa, Batanga
      • Basaa-Beti (A40, A70): Bankon, Basaa, Bakoko; Bəti-Faŋ, Bəmbələ, Bəbil
      • Meka (A80): Məkaa, Sɔ, Bikele, Kwasio, Bagyɛli, Kɔɔzime, Mpo
      • Kakɔ (A90): Polri, Kwakum, Kakɔ
  • South: B, C, D (partial)

See also

References

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  23. ^ "Akoose". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  24. ^ a b "Chadian Arabic". Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  25. ^ "Atong". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  26. ^ "Awing". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  27. ^ "Supapya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  28. ^ "Babanki". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  29. ^ "Bafanji". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  30. ^ "Bafaw-Balong". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  31. ^ "Bafia". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  32. ^ "Bafut". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  33. ^ "Baka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  34. ^ "Bakaka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  35. ^ "Bakoko". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  36. ^ "Oroko". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  37. ^ "Bamali". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  38. ^ "Bambalang". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  39. ^ "Bambili-Bambui". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  40. ^ "Bamenyam". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  41. ^ "Bamukumbit". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  42. ^ "Bamun". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  43. ^ "Bamunka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  44. ^ "Bana". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  45. ^ "Bangolan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  46. ^ "Bankon". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  47. ^ "Barombi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  48. ^ "Basaa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  49. ^ "Bassossi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  50. ^ "Beba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  51. ^ "Bebele". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  52. ^ a b "Elip". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  53. ^ "Bulu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  54. ^ "Bum". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  55. ^ "Buwal". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  56. ^ "Byep". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  57. ^ "Caka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  58. ^ "Cuvok". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  59. ^ "Daba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  60. ^ "Denya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  61. ^ "Dii". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  62. ^ "Doyayo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  63. ^ "Duala". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  64. ^ "Dugun". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  65. ^ "Dugwor". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  66. ^ "Duupa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  67. ^ "Esimbi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  68. ^ "Eton". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  69. ^ "Ewondo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  70. ^ "Fe'fe'". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  71. ^ "Gavar". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  72. ^ "Gbaya-Mbodomo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  73. ^ "Ghomálá'". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  74. ^ "Gidar". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  75. ^ "Gyele". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  76. ^ "Gimme". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  77. ^ "Gimnime". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  78. ^ "Hdi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  79. ^ "Iceve-Maci". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  80. ^ "Isu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  81. ^ "Jimi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  82. ^ "Kako". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  83. ^ "Karang". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  84. ^ "Kemedzung". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  85. ^ "Kenswei Nsei". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  86. ^ "Kenyang". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  87. ^ "Kol". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  88. ^ "Kom". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  89. ^ "Koonzime". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  90. ^ "Kwasio". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  91. ^ "Kwakum". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  92. ^ "Kwanja". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  93. ^ "Kuk". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  94. ^ "La'bi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  95. ^ "Laimbue". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  96. ^ "Lefa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  97. ^ "Limbum". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  98. ^ "Nchane". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  99. ^ "Ngiemboon". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  100. ^ "Ngomba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  101. ^ "Giziga, North". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  102. ^ "Mofu, North". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  103. ^ "Mafa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  104. ^ "Makaa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  105. ^ "Malgbe". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  106. ^ "Mambai". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  107. ^ "Mambila, Cameroon". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  108. ^ "Manta". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  109. ^ "Matal". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  110. ^ "Mazagway-Hidi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  111. ^ "Mbudum". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  112. ^ "Mbo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  113. ^ "Mbum". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  114. ^ "Mbuko". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  115. ^ "Medumba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  116. ^ "Mefele". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  117. ^ "Mendankwe-Nkwen". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  118. ^ "Mengaka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  119. ^ "Mengisa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  120. ^ "Menka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  121. ^ "Merey". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  122. ^ "Mesaka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  123. ^ "Meta'". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  124. ^ "Mfumte". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  125. ^ "Mmaala". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  126. ^ "Mmen". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  127. ^ "Mokpwe". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  128. ^ "Mofu-Gudur". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  129. ^ "Moloko". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  130. ^ "Mpade". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  131. ^ "Mpumpong". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  132. ^ "Mundani". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  133. ^ "Musgu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  134. ^ "Muyang". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  135. ^ "Nda'nda'". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  136. ^ "Ndemli". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  137. ^ "Mungaka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  138. ^ "Ngamambo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  139. ^ "Ngemba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  140. ^ "Ngie". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  141. ^ "Ngombale". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  142. ^ "Ngoshie". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  143. ^ "Ngwo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  144. ^ "Nomaande". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  145. ^ "Noone". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  146. ^ "Fali, North". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  147. ^ "Lamnso'". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  148. ^ "Nugunu". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  149. ^ "Ngwe". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  150. ^ "Mubako". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  151. ^ "Oku". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  152. ^ "Parkwa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  153. ^ "Pere". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  154. ^ "Pinyin". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  155. ^ "Pol". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  156. ^ "Psikye". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  157. ^ "Sari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  158. ^ "Sharwa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  159. ^ "Swo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  160. ^ "Fali, South". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  161. ^ "South Giziga". Ethnologue. 2019-11-19. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  162. ^ "Nizaa". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  163. ^ "Tikar". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  164. ^ "Mbembe, Tigon". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  165. ^ "Tupuri". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  166. ^ "Tunen". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  167. ^ "Tuki". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  168. ^ "Usaghade". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  169. ^ "Vame". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  170. ^ "Vengo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  171. ^ "Vute". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  172. ^ "Wandala". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  173. ^ "Weh". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  174. ^ "Wushi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  175. ^ "Wumboko". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  176. ^ "Wuzlam". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  177. ^ "Yamba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  178. ^ "Yambeta". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-11.
  179. ^ "Yemba". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  180. ^ "Zulgo-Gemzek". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
  181. ^
    ISBN 9789956796069
    .

Sources

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Cameroon&oldid=1222781910"