Baka language
| Baka | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Cameroon, Gabon; minor groups separate in the Central African Republic |
| Ethnicity | Baka |
Native speakers | (70,000 cited 1988–2010)[1] |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:bkc – Bakagdi – Gundi (Ngundi)gnz – Ganzibme – Massa (Limassa) |
| Glottolog | baka1271 |
| ELP | |
Baka (also called Be-bayaga, Be-bayaka, and Bibaya de L’est) is a
Mbenga (Bambenga).However, the languages are not related, apart from some vocabulary dealing with the forest economy, which suggests the Aka may have shifted to Bantu
, with an estimated 15000 people have shifted.
Classification
Approximately 30% of Baka's vocabulary is not
Pygmy language which has otherwise vanished.[2] However, apart from some words shared with the Aka, there is no evidence for a wider linguistic affiliation with any of the other Pygmy peoples.[3]
Distribution
Baka is spoken much of the southeastern forest zone of Cameroon, in:[4]
- Eastern Region
- Ndélélé and Mbangcommunes)
- Ngoylacommunes)
- Boumba-et-Ngoko department (Moloundou, Yokadouma, and Gari-Gombo communes)
- Southern Region
- Dja-et-Lobo department (Bengbis, Meyomessala, Sangmélima, Djoum, Oveng, and Mintom communes)
The Baka live together with other ethnic groups that are mainly located along the main roads. The Baka speak a language very close to that of the
Bantu language (A80 subgroup). They number 25,000 in Cameroon. They are also found in Gabon (Phillips 1980) and in the Central African Republic.[4]
Varieties
It is unclear if Gundi (Ngundi), Ganzi and Massa (Limassa), are
mutually intelligible with Baka proper. Most Massa have shifted to Gundi, which is spoken by 9,000 people.[1]
The Ngombe tribe speaks Gundi. It may have been confused in the literature with the
Ngombe population speaking the Bangandu language
.
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio- velar |
Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | plain | p | t
|
k | k͡p | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d
|
ɡ | ɡ͡b | |||
| prenasalized | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | ᵑɡ͡b | |||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | |||||
| Fricative | plain | ɸ | s | h | |||
| voiced | β | ||||||
| Affricate | voiced | d͡z ~ d͡ʒ | |||||
| prenasalized | ⁿd͡z ~ ⁿd͡ʒ | ||||||
| Lateral | l
|
||||||
| Nasal | m | n
|
ɲ | ||||
| Semivowel | j | w | |||||
/d͡z/ can also be heard as post-alveolar [d͡ʒ], among different dialects.[5]
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Close-mid | e | o |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ |
| Open | a | |
References
- ^ a b Baka at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Gundi (Ngundi) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Ganzi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Massa (Limassa) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Serge Bahuchet, 1993, History of the inhabitants of the central African rain forest: perspectives from comparative linguistics. In C.M. Hladik, ed., Tropical forests, people, and food: Biocultural interactions and applications to development. Paris: Unesco/Parthenon.
- ^ Blench (in press)
- ^ ISBN 9789956796069.
- ^ Bertille, Djoupee; Essono, Jean-Jacques Marie (2002). Morphologie Nominale du Baka. Université de Yaoundé.
- ^ Paulin, Pascale (2010). Les Baka du Gabon dans une dynamique de transformations culturelles.
External links
- Baka Pygmies Culture and photos, with soundscapes of Baka camps in the rainforest
- Baka Forest People Archived 2008-12-11 at the Wayback Machine Information, videos, music and photos of the Baka from Moloundou region of Cameroon.
- Baka: A Highly Endangered Language of Northern Cameroun Baka information and word list
- ELAR collection: A documentation of the remnant Baka-Gundi language Limassa deposited by Benedikt Winkhart
| National | |
|---|---|
| Other | |
