Leccinum holopus

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Leccinum holopus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae
Genus: Leccinum
Species:
L. holopus
Binomial name
Leccinum holopus
Synonyms[1]
  • Boletus holopus Rostk. (1844)
  • Trachypus scaber f. holopus (Rostk.)
    Romagn.
    (1939)
  • Krombholzia holopus (Rostk.) Pilát (1951)
  • Krombholzia holopoda (Rostk.) Pilát (1951)
  • Trachypus holopus (Rostk.) Konrad & Maubl. (1952)
  • Krombholziella holopus (Rostk.) ŠŠutara (1982)
  • Leccinum niveum (Fr.) Rauschert (1987)
Leccinum holopus
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Pores on hymenium
Cap is convex or depressed
mycorrhizal
Edibility is edible

Leccinum holopus, commonly known as the white birch bolete, white bog bolete, or ghost bolete, is a species of

sphagnum moss
.

buff or brownish tints. The whitish surface of the stipe is covered with small, stiff, projecting scales (scabers) that become tan or darker in age. Some varieties of Leccinum holopus have been described that vary in cap color or staining reaction, but DNA evidence suggests that most are the same taxon. Although the fruitbodies are edible
, opinions vary as to their culinary desirability.

Taxonomy

Initially named as a species of

classified in section Scabra of genus Leccinum, a grouping that includes Northern Hemisphere species associating exclusively with birch.[10]

The specific epithet holopus is Greek for "with perfect stalk".[11] Common names given to the fungus include white birch bolete, white bog bolete,[12] and ghost bolete.[13]

Several subtaxa of Leccinum holopus have been described. In

Harry Delbert Thiers in 1971 from collections made in Michigan, injured flesh stains reddish.[15] Lannoy & Estadès described Leccinum nucatum in 1993,[16] a taxon that was later (2007) published as variety nucatum of L. holopus;[17] no molecular evidence was found supporting the existence of this as a distinct taxon,[18] and it is therefore placed into synonymy with L. holopus.[19] Leccinum holopus var. majus, described by Rolf Singer in 1966 (originally published by Singer as Krombholzia scabra f. majus),[20] is another historical variety without independent taxonomic significance.[21]

Description

The flesh of variety americanum stains reddish when cut.

buff, tan, or pinkish tints during maturity; the color may also darken and become greenish with age.[12] The cap surface is initially covered with very fine hairs,[22] but later becomes more or less smooth, often with a sticky texture in age or in moist conditions. The flesh is white and lacks any distinct odor or taste; it can have either little or no bruising color reaction with injury,[12] or may become light pink in variety americanum.[23] On the cap underside is a porous surface comprising pores numbering 2 to 3 per millimeter, each of which is the end of a tube that extends to 2.5 cm (1.0 in) deep. The color of the pore surface ranges from whitish to grayish to dingy brown, and has little color reaction to injury, although it may discolor yellowish or brownish.[12] There is a depression where the pores meet the stipe.[24] The stipe measures 8–14 cm (3.1–5.5 in) long by 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) wide. Its whitish surface is covered with scabers that darken in age to tan or darker.[12] The stipe base often stains bluish.[24]

Leccinum holopus produces a brown

cap cuticle is arranged in the form of a cutis—with hyphae that run parallel to the cap surface.[24]

Several

ammonium hydroxide solution turns the cap cuticle a pinkish color, but has no reaction with the flesh. A drop of dilute potassium hydroxide (KOH) has no reaction on the cap surface, and either no reaction or a brownish reaction with the flesh. Application of iron(II) sulfate solution does not have a reaction on the cap surface, and either no reaction to slightly olive coloration on the flesh.[24]

Similar species

Leccinellum albellum is similar in appearance to L. holopus, but grows in association with oak and has a more southerly distribution.[25] L. scabrum is a widely distributed lookalike that can be distinguished from L. holopus by its larger size and generally darker colors.[26]

Edibility

Although commonly considered

sauteeing. Drying the mushrooms enhances the flavor, but diminishes the sweetness of fresh mushrooms.[27]

Habitat and distribution

Leccinum holopus often fruits among moss in wet areas.

Leccinum holopus is a

paper birch (Betula papyrifera). In this range, it is common and fruits from August to October.[12] L. holopus var. americanum is known only from North America.[28] The fungus is rare in southern Europe, but more common in the Sphagnum swamps in the north.[31] In Asia, it has been recorded from Taiwan and Qinghai (China).[32]

Fruitbodies of L. holopus are a source of food for

fly species such as Pegomya winthemi (family Anthomyiidae) and Megaelia pygmaeoides (family Phoridae).[33]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Leccinum holopus (Rostk.) Watling". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2015-01-17.
  2. ^ Rostkovius FWT. Deutschlands Flora, Abt. III. Die Pilze Deutschlands (in German). Vol. 5-23/24. Nürnberg: Sturm. pp. 85–132 (see p. 131, t. 48.
  3. doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(60)80061-7
    .
  4. ^ Pilát A. (1951). Klíc urcování nasich hub hribovitých a bedlovitých (in Czech). Prague: Brázda. p. 65.
  5. ^ Šutara J. (1982). "Nomenclatural problems concerning the generic name Krombholziella R. Maire". Česká Mykologie. 36 (2): 77–84.
  6. ^ Konrad P, Maublanc A (1952). Les Agaricales 2: Russulacées, Hygrophoracées, Gomphidriacées, Paxillacées, Bolétacées. Encyclopédie Mycologique (in French). Vol. 20. Paris: Paul Lechevalier. p. 116.
  7. ^ "GSD Species Synonymy: Leccinum holopus (Rostk.) Watling". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-01-17.
  8. ^ Lannoy G, Estadès A (1994). "Contribution à l'étude du genre Leccinum S. F. Gray – 4 – Essai de clé monographique du genre Leccinum S. F. Gray". Documents Mycologiques (in French). 24: 1–29.
  9. ^ Lannoy G, Estadès A (1991). "Contribution à l'étude du genre Leccinum S. F. Gray – 1 – Étude de L. variicolor, oxydabile et de quelques satellites, formes et variétés". Documents Mycologiques (in French). 21 (81): 11–26.
  10. PMID 17604144
    .
  11. ISBN 978-0-919433-47-2
    .
  12. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8156-0588-1
    .
  13. ISBN 978-1-4472-6402-6
    .
  14. ISBN 978-80-200-1717-8
    .
  15. ^ Smith AH, Thiers HD (1971). The Boletes of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp. 182–4.
  16. ^ Lannoy G, Estadès A (1993). "Contribution à l'étude du genre Leccinum S. F. Gray – 3 – Étude de Leccinum nucatum sp. nov., Leccinum brunneogriseolum fo. chlorinum fo. nov. et L. molle avec comb. nov. de L. coloripes Blum". Documents Mycologiques (in French). 23 (89): 63–71.
  17. ^ Klofac W. (2007). "Schlüssel zur Bestimmung von Frischfunden der europäischen Arten der Boletales mit röhrigem Hymenophor". Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde (in German). 16: 187–279 (see p. 257).
  18. ^ a b den Bakker HC, Noordeloos ME. (2009). "The genus Leccinum in Western and Central Europe". Retrieved 2015-01-18.
  19. ^ "Record Details: Leccinum holopus var. nucatum (Lannoy & Estadès) Klofac". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-01-18.
  20. ^ Singer R. (1966). Die Pilze Mitteleuropas, Band VI: Teil 2, Die Boletoideaea und Strobilomycetaceae (in German). Bad Heilbrun: Klinkhardt. p. 98.
  21. ^ "Record Details: Leccinum holopus var. majus (Singer) Singer". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-01-18.
  22. ISBN 978-0-7112-2378-3
    .
  23. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1
    .
  24. ^
    ISBN 978-0-252-07976-4
    .
  25. ISBN 978-1-933202-36-5
    .
  26. ISBN 978-0-395-91090-0
    .
  27. ^
    ISBN 978-0-472-03126-9
    .
  28. ^
    ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0
    .
  29. ^ Kuo M. (April 2007). "Leccinum holopus". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2015-01-24.
  30. PMID 33873790. Open access icon
  31. doi:10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60573-7
    .
  32. ^ Fu SZ, Wang QB, Yao YJ (2006). "An annotated checklist of Leccinum in China". Mycotaxon. 96: 47–50.
  33. ISBN 978-0-231-05694-6
    .

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