Lepraria incana
| Lepraria incana | |
|---|---|
| |
| Lepraria incana on the base of a tree trunk – a favoured habitat | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Lecanorales |
| Family: | Stereocaulaceae |
| Genus: | Lepraria |
| Species: | L. incana
|
| Binomial name | |
| Lepraria incana (
Ach. (1803) | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
Lepraria incana is a species of
apothecia). Chemically, the lichen is characterised by the presence of the secondary chemicals known as divaricatic acid and zeorin
.
The lichen prefers to
lichenicolous fungi as well as a mycovirus
.
Taxonomy
The species was one of the 80 lichens
lectotypes. The type specimen was collected in the British Isles.[6] Linnaeus also included the species in his 1743 work Flora Svecica, an account of the plants and cryptogams growing in Sweden.[7]
The Swedish lichenologist
epitype for Lepraria incana was designated by Per Magnus Jørgensen and colleagues in 1994.[10]
Lepraria incana has been transferred to several other genera in its
Pulveraria (Heinrich Gustav Flörke, 1807),[13] Lecidea (Erik Acharius, 1814),[14] Patellaria (Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel, 1827),[15] and Crocynia (Auguste-Marie Hue, 1924).[16] Acharius proposed the variety Lepraria incana var. latebrarum in 1810, based on the species he had originally published in 1799 as Lichen latebrarum; this lichen is now known as Dendrographa latebrarum.[17]
Description
The
green algal phylum Chlorophyta, with a diameter of up to 18 μm.[19]
In terms of
lichen spot tests on this species are K− or + (producing a faint yellow colour), C−, KC−, and Pd−.[19]
Similar species
There are several species of Lepraria that differ from L. incana only in their geographical ranges, or in the secondary chemicals they produce. For example, another European species, calciferous rock walls, and also has divaricatic acid. It is characterised by the presence of nordivaricatic acid, which produces a C+ red spot test.[20] Although some authorities have placed the two taxa in synonymy,[23] a study of the type material convinced Pieter van den Boom and colleagues that L. crassissima "is a distinct species, morphologically and ecologically different from L. incana".[24] Divaricatic acid is also found in Lepraria juanfernandezii, a Southern Hemisphere species newly described in 2018 from the Archipelago of the Juan Fernández Islands. Unlike L. incana, the South Pacific species does not contain zeorin.[25] The North American species L. hodkinsoniana (eastern North America) and L. pacifica (western North America) are identical to L. incana both morphologically and chemically, and can be distinguished from each other only by taking into account their distribution, or through DNA analysis.[26]
Habitat and distribution
European red pine
.Lepraria incana most commonly occurs on bark on the base of trees. It prefers old bark that is generally more than 20 years old. The lichen grows well on
In their 2009 world survey of Lepraria, Lauri Saag and colleagues suggested that Lepraria incana has a
cryptic species[note 2] were described: L. hodkinsoniana (eastern North America) and L. pacifica (western North America).[26] Lepraria incana has very few records from the Southern Hemisphere, having been reported from Colombia[38] and Bolivia.[39] In 2013 it was reported from the Galápagos Islands, but the authors acknowledged that without DNA evidence it is impossible to know if that record and the other South American records really represent an undescribed cryptic species. The Galápagos specimen is, however, chemically and morphologically identical to both Lepraria incana and the North American L. hodkinsoniana.[40] After a molecular analysis of specimens collected from South America, a group of lichenologists proposed to exclude (at least temporarily) L. indica from the lichen list of South America.[41] Although Lepraria incana has been reported from New Zealand and Nepal, a later examination of those records showed that they were other species–Lepraria nigrocincta in Nepal and an uncharacterised species from New Zealand.[21] In Asia, Lepraria incana has been recorded in Borneo,[42] India,[35] and Indonesia.[43]
Ecology
A novel four-segmented
corticioid fungus that can act as a facultative parasite of lichens. Known to destroy the lichen vegetation of entire forests, only lichens that are able recolonize the trees within a few months – including Lepraria incana – can survive an infestation of this fungus.[49]
Biomonitoring
Because of its ability to
fertilisers.[56]
Notes
- ^ A diagnosis is "a short phrase, or polynomial, usually in Latin for Linnaean names, giving the characters by which the author believes the taxon can be distinguished".[4]
- ^ Semi-cryptic species are those that can be identified consistently and accurately from morphology only if their geographical origin is known.[37]
References
- ^ Species Fungorum. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
- .
- .
- PMID 27146045.
- ^ Dillenius, Johann Jacob (1742). Historia Muscorum (in Latin). Oxford: E Theatro Sheldoniano. p. 3.
- ^ S2CID 90372233.
- JSTOR 1216985.
- .
- S2CID 250349946.
- ^ .
- ^ Weber, G.H. (1780). Wiggers, F.H. (ed.). Primitiae Florae Holsaticae (in Latin). Litteris Mich. Frider. Bartschii Acad. Typogr. p. 97.
- ^ Gärtner, G.; Meyer, B.; Scherbius, J. (1802). Ökonomische technische Flora der Wetterau (in German). Vol. 3. Frankfurt: Philipp Heinrich Guilhauman. p. 228.
- ^ Flörke, Heinrich Gustav (1807). "Beschreibung der Deutschen Staubflechten". Magazin der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde Berlin (in German): 7.
- ^ Acharius, E. (1814). Synopsis Methodica Lichenum (in Latin). Lundin: Svanborg. p. 36.
- ^ Sprengel, Kurt (1827). Caroli Linnaei systema vegetabilium (in Latin). Vol. 4. Gottingen: Sumtibus Librariae Dieterichianae. p. 265.
- .
- ^ "Record Details: Lepraria incana var. latebrarum (Ach.) Ach., Lich. univ.: 665 (1810)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
- ^ JSTOR 43922217.
- ^ S2CID 86075809.
- ^ ISBN 82-7420-015-2.
- ^ S2CID 86616776.
- S2CID 222178855.
- ^ Kümmerling, H.; Leuckert, C. (1993). "Chemische Flechtenanalysen VIII. Lepraria lesdainii (Hue) R. C. Harris". Nova Hedwigia (in German). 56 (3–4): 483–490.
- ^ Van den Boom, Pieter; Brand, Maarten; Diederich, Paul; Aptroot, André; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël (1994). "Report of a lichenological field meeting in Luxembourg" (PDF). Bulletin de la Société des naturalistes luxembourgeois. 95: 145–176.
- .
- ^ S2CID 34346229.
- ^ Saag, Lauri (2007). "The substrate preferences of epiphytic Lepraria species in old-growth forests in Estonia". Folia Cryptogamica Estonica. 43: 51–56.
- ^ S2CID 92391590.
- S2CID 87975414.
- ^ S2CID 59490368.
- .
- ^ Prigodian-Lukosiene, Ingrida; Naujalis, Jonas Remigijus (2007). "Structure of epiphytic lichen communities on common oak (Quercus robur) in Lithuania". Botanica Lithuanica. 13 (3): 159–170.
- ^ Saag, Lauri; Hansen, Eric Steen; Saag, Andres; Randlane, Tiina (2007). "Survey of Lepraria and Leproloma in Greenland". Mycotaxon. 102: 57–90.
- S2CID 84508078.
- ^ S2CID 89970649.
- ^ Kristinsson, Hörður; Zhurbenko, Mikhail; Steen Hansen, Eric (July 2010). Panarctic checklist of lichens and lichenicolous fungi. CAFF Technical Report No. 20 (Report). CAFF International Secretariat. p. 62.
- ISBN 978-87-990827-1-1.
- ^ Kümmerling, H.; Leuckert, C.; Wirth, V. (1991). "Chemische Flechtenanalysen VI. Lepraria incana. (L.) Ach". Nova Hedwigia (in German). 53: 507–517.
- S2CID 232395348.
- .
- PMID 31160883.
- S2CID 91145215.
- ^ .
- PMID 31817044.
- doi:10.5248/124.45.
- S2CID 229036874.
- ^ Kukwa, Martin (2004). "New or interesting records of lichenicolous fungi from Poland II. Species mainly from northern Poland". Herzogia. 17: 67–75.
- .
- ISBN 978-0-12-509551-8.
- PMID 27132251.
- S2CID 86559448.
- ISBN 978-3-540-41139-0.
- ^ Firdous, Syeda Sadiqa; Naz, Safina; Shaheen, Hamayun; Dar, Muhammad Ejaz Ul Islam (2017). "Lichens as bioindicators of air pollution from vehicular emissions in district Poonch, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan". Pakistan Journal of Botany. 49 (5): 1801–1810.
- ^ Savić, Sanja (1998). "Epiphytic lichens as bioindicators of air pollution in the area of Belgrade". Sauteria. 9: 331–340.
- S2CID 237789068.
- ^ Franzen-Reuter, Isabelle; Frahm, Jan-Peter (2007). "Auswirkungen experimenteller Stickstoffgaben auf die Epiphyten ora in Dauerbeobachtungs ächen (Rheinland-Pfalz, Deutschland)" [Effects of nitrogen additions on epiphytic lichen and bryophyte cover on permanent observation plots (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany)] (PDF). Herzogia (in German). 20: 61–75.
