Sorbus aucuparia
Sorbus aucuparia | |
---|---|
A roadside tree with berries in Ireland | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Rosales |
Family: | Rosaceae |
Genus: | Sorbus |
Species: | S. aucuparia
|
Binomial name | |
Sorbus aucuparia | |
Distribution map | |
Synonyms[2] | |
List
|
Sorbus aucuparia, commonly called rowan (
The tree has a slender trunk with smooth bark, a loose and roundish crown, and its leaves are
The fruit and foliage have been used in the creation of dishes and beverages, as a
Description
Sorbus aucuparia is a small tree or shrub that grows up to between about 5 and 15 metres (16 and 49 feet) in height.
The compound
The buds are often longer than 1 cm (3⁄8 in) and have flossy to felted hairs.[7] These hairs, which disappear over time, cover dark brown to black bud scales.[17] The terminal buds are oval and pointed and larger than axillary buds, which are narrow, oval and pointed, close to the twig, and often curved towards it.[10][17]
The species is
Its berries are round
The species has a
-
Saplings showing the typical leaf form
-
Inflorescence
-
Specimen in the Vercors range holding its fruit through late autumn
Taxonomy
Fossil record
Fossils of Sorbus aucuparia have been described from the fossil flora of Kızılcahamam district in Turkey, which is of early Pliocene age.[26]
Names
The
The common name mountain ash dates from the 16th century. It was first used by John Gerard in 1597, translating it directly from the then botanists' Latin Montana fraxinus [29]
S. aucuparia was previously categorized as Pyrus aucuparia.[30]
Sorbus aucuparia L. belongs to Carl Linnaeus.
Distribution and habitat
Sorbus aucuparia is found in five subspecies:[19][31]
- Sorbus aucuparia subsp. aucuparia: found in most of the species' range, less in the South
- Sorbus aucuparia subsp. fenenkiana (Georgiev & Stoj.): has thin, sparsely hairy leaflets and depressed-globose fruit, restricted to Bulgaria
- Sorbus aucuparia subsp. glabrata (Wimm. & Grab.): less hairy, found in Northern Europe and Central European mountains
- Sorbus aucuparia subsp. praemorsa (Guss.): has hairy leaflets and ovoid fruit, found in Southern Italy, Sicily, and Corsica
- Sorbus aucuparia subsp. sibirica (Hedl.): nearly hairless, found in North Eastern Russia
It can be found in almost all of Europe and the
It has naturalized in America from Washington to Alaska and eastward in Canada and the northeast of the US very successfully.S. aucuparia is an undemanding species and can withstand shade.[9] It is frost hardy and can tolerate winter dryness and a brief growing season.[33] The plant is also resistant to air pollution, wind, and snow pressure.[34][35] It mostly grows on soil that is moderately dry to moderately damp, acidic, low on nutrients, sandy, and loose.[17] It often grows in stony soil or clay soil, but also sandy soil or wet peat.[8] The plant grows best on fresh, loose, and fertile soil, prefers average humidity, and does not tolerate saline soil or waterlogging.[9][17][36] It can be found in light woodland of all kinds and as a pioneer species over fallen dead trees or in clearcuttings, and at the edge of forests or at the sides of roads.[8] The seeds germinate easily, so the plant may appear on inaccessible rock, ruins, branch forks, or on hollow trees.[8]
The tallest S. aucuparia in the United Kingdom stands in the Chiltern Hills in South East England. This exceptional specimen is 28 m (92 ft) tall and has a trunk diameter of 56 cm (22 in).[37] In Germany, an unusually large specimen is located near Wendisch Waren, a village in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. This tree stands at more than 15 m (49 ft) tall, is around 100 years old, and has a diameter of 70 cm (28 in).[38] The tallest known specimen in Ireland is an 18 m (59 ft) tall specimen at Glenstal Abbey, County Limerick.[39]
Ecology
The species is pollinated by bees and flies.
It is usually later superseded by larger forest trees.[42] In Central Europe it often grows in association with red elderberry, goat willow, Eurasian aspen, and silver birch.[42] The plant is highly flammable and tends not to accumulate plant litter.[33][43]
Other species of the genus Sorbus easily hybridize with S. aucuparia and
The main pests for S. aucuparia are the apple fruit moth Argyresthia conjugella and the mountain-ash sawfly Hoplocampa alpina.[45][46] The rust fungus Gymnosporangium cornutum produces leaf galls.[47] The leaves are not palatable to insects, but are used by insect larvae, including by the moth Venusia cambrica, the case-bearer moth Coleophora anatipennella, and leaf miners of the genus Stigmella. The snail Cornu aspersum feeds on the leaves.[47] The plant can suffer from fire blight.[48]
Usage
Culinary
The fruit of S. aucuparia were used in the past to lure and catch birds. To humans, the fruit are bitter, astringent, laxative, diuretic and a cholagogue. They have vitamin C, so they prevent scurvy, but the parasorbic acid irritates the gastric mucosa.[21][36] Pharmacist Mannfried Pahlow wrote that he doubted the toxicity of the fruit but advised against consuming large amounts.[49] The fruit contain sorbitol, which can be used as a sugar substitute by diabetics, but its production is no longer relevant.[50] Sorbus aucuparia fruits have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea, syrup, jelly or liqueur) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, fever, infections, colds, flu, rheumatism and gout.[51]
Fresh fruit are usually not tasty, but they can be debittered and made into compote, jelly, jam, a tangy syrup, a tart chutney, or juice, as well as wine and liqueur, or used for tea or to make flour.[21][52][53] Fruit are served as a side dish to lamb or game.[35] Debittering can be accomplished by freezing, cooking, or drying, which degrades the parasorbic acid.[49][53] The fruit are red colored in August but usually only harvested in October after the first frost by cutting the corymbs.[23][54] The robust qualities of S. aucuparia make it a source for fruit in harsh mountain climate and Maria Theresa, ruler of the Habsburg monarchy, recommended the planting of the species in 1779.[35] The oldest Finnish candy still commercially produced, Pihlaja, is named after and originally contained rowanberries.
A more palatable variety, named Sorbus aucuparia var. dulcis Kraetzl, or var. edulis Dieck, or var. moravica Dippel, was first discovered in 1810 near Ostružná in the Hrubý Jeseník mountain range of Northern Moravia and became widespread in Germany and Austria the early 20th century.[55][56] Its leaves are larger and pointed, only the front part of the leaflets is serrated, and they have darker bark, larger buds and larger fruit.[57] Similar non-bitter varieties found in Southern Russia were first introduced in Central Europe in 1900 as 'Rossica' and 'Rossica Major', which has large fruit up to 1.5 cm (5⁄8 in) in diameter.[58]
Two widespread cultivars of the Moravian variety are 'Konzentra' and 'Rosina', which were selected beginning in 1946 by the Institut für Gartenbau Dresden-Pillnitz, an agricultural research institute in Saxony, from 75 specimens found mostly in the Ore Mountains, and made available in 1954.[58] Fruit of the more widely used 'Konzentra' are small to medium-sized, mildly aromatic and tart, easier to transport because of their thicker peel, and used for juicing, while fruit of 'Rosina' are larger, sweet and tart, and aromatic, and candied or used in compote.[59][60] The two cultivars are self-pollinating, yield fruit early, and the sugar content increases while the acid content decreases as the fruit ripen.[61] 'Beissneri' is a cultivar with reddish foliage and bark and serrated leaves.[56] Other edible varieties originate in and are named after Klosterneuburg, Lower Austria.[62]
Russian botanist
The leaves were fermented with leaves of sweet gale and oak bark to create herb beer.[50] Fruits are eaten as a mash in small amounts against lack of appetite or an upset stomach and stimulate production of gastric acid.[49] In folk medicine they are used as a laxative, against rheumatism and kidney disease, and as a gargled juice against hoarseness.[24]
Timber
The wood is used for cartwright's work, turner's work, and woodcarving.[8] Wood can be used from trees as young as 20 years.[42] The sapwood is golden and white, while the heart-wood is brown. In almost treeless regions it is used as firewood.[30] The leaves are sometimes used as fodder for livestock while the fruit are used against erysipeloid infections in domestic pigs and goats.[9] Bark of the plant was used to dye wool brown or red.[50] Honey from the flowers is strongly aromatic and has a reddish color.[64]
The species is planted in mountain ranges to fortify landslide and avalanche zones.[42]
Ornamental
It is also used as an ornamental plant in parks, gardens, or as an avenue tree.[18] Ornamental cultivars include 'Asplenifolia', which has divided and sharply serrated leaflets, 'Blackhawk', which has large fruit and dark green foliage, 'Fastigiata', which has an upright columnar form, 'Fructu Luteo', which has orange yellow fruit, 'Michred', which has brilliant red fruit, 'Pendula', which is a weeping tree, and 'Xanthocarpa', which has orange yellow fruit.[48][65][66]
‘Sheerwater Seedling',[67] an upright and slender cultivar, and 'Wisley Gold'[68] with yellow fruits, have received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[69]
Cultivars are vegetatively propagated via cuttings, grafting, or shield budding.[65]
Culture
In the
In English folklore, twigs of S. aucuparia were believed to ward off evil spirits[21] and witches.[71][72][73] The plant was called "the witch" in England and dowsing rods to find ores were made out of its wood.[50] Twigs were used to drive cattle to the pasture for the first time in spring to ensure their health and fertility.[74] The wooden shafts of forks and other farm implements were constructed from the species to protect farm animals and production from witches' spells.[71] In weather lore, a year with plentiful rowan fruit would have a good grain harvest but be followed by a severe winter.[21]
In
S. aucuparia is used in the coats of arms of the German municipalities
Footnotes
- . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ "Sorbus aucuparia L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
- ^ "rowan noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at". Oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- ^ ISBN 9781842460887.
- ^ Schauer 2001, p. 342
- ^ a b c Zauner 2000, p. 52
- ^ a b c d e Harz 2009, p. 72
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Erlbeck, Haseder, Stinglwagner 1998, p. 166
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Godet 1994, p. 52
- ^ a b Godet 2008, p. 110
- ^ Laudert 1999, p. 57
- ^ Rich, T. C. G. "The Plant Crib, Sorbus" (PDF). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland.
- ^ Godet 1994, p. 138
- ^ a b Reichholf, Steinbach 1992, p. 103
- ^ a b c d e Hecker 1995, p. 130
- ^ a b Smolik 1996, p. 63
- ^ a b c d Godet 2008, p. 378
- ^ a b c Kremer 2010, p. 42
- ^ a b c d e Raspé, Findlay, Jacquemart 2000, p. 910
- ^ a b Godet 1998, p. 68
- ^ a b c d e f Erlbeck, Haseder, Stinglwagner 1998, p. 167
- ^ Garcke 1972, p. 722
- ^ a b Breckwoldt 2011, p. 153
- ^ a b Hensel 2007, p. 112
- ^ a b Raspé, Findlay, Jacquemart 2000, p. 916
- ^ Kasaplıgil, Baki (1977). "Ankara, Kızılcahamam yakınındaki Güvem köyü civarında bulunan son tersiyer kozalaklı-yeşil yapraklı ormanı" [A Late-Tertiary Conifer-Hardwood Forest From the Vicinity of Güvem Village, Near Kızılcahamam, Ankara] (PDF). Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration (in Turkish and English). 88. Ankara: General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration: 94–102.
- ^ "Sorbus aucuparia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
- ^ Breckwoldt 2011, p. 152
- ISBN 0-71-390442-9
- ^ a b Hora 1993, p. 184
- ^ a b c d Raspé, Findlay, Jacquemart 2000, p. 911
- ^ Větvička 1995, p. 200
- ^ a b c Raspé, Findlay, Jacquemart 2000, p. 915
- ^ Laudert 1999, p. 80
- ^ a b c Laudert 1999, p. 83
- ^ a b Aichele, Golte-Bechtle 1997, p. 78
- ^ "Record Rowan". Chilterns Conservation Board. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
- ^ Ullrich, Kühn, Kühn 2009, p. 29
- ^ "Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.)" (PDF). Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine. 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-30.
- ^ Lohmann 2005, p. 60
- ^ Laudert 1999, p. 81
- ^ a b c d Lohmann 2005, p. 61
- ^ Raspé, Findlay, Jacquemart 2000, p. 913
- ^ Hora 1993, p. 185–186
- ^ Friedrich, Schuricht 1989, p. 43
- ^ Friedrich, Schuricht 1989, p. 44
- ^ a b Alan Watson Featherstone (8 November 2010). "Trees for Life - Rowan Species Profile". Trees for Life. Archived from the original on 27 February 2002. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
- ^ a b Flint 1997, p. 641
- ^ a b c Pahlow 1993, p. 106
- ^ a b c d Laudert 1999, p. 84
- PMID 23770053.
- ^ Henschel 2002, p. 220
- ^ a b Dreyer 2009, p. 108
- ^ Pahlow 1993, p. 105
- ^ Friedrich, Schuricht 1989, p. 37
- ^ a b Friedrich, Schuricht 1989, p. 38
- ^ Friedrich, Schuricht 1989, p. 40
- ^ a b c Friedrich, Schuricht 1989, p. 41
- ^ Friedrich, Schuricht 1989, p. 276
- ^ Friedrich, Schuricht 1989, p. 277
- ^ Fischer 1995, p. 213
- ^ Neuweiler, Röthlisberger, Rusterholz, Terrettaz 2000, p. 214
- ^ Friedrich, Schuricht 1989, p. 42
- ^ Friedrich, Schuricht 1989, p. 45
- ^ a b Enzyklopädie der Garten- und Zimmerpflanzen 1994, p. 572
- ^ Paul, Rees 1990, p. 141
- ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Sorbus aucuparia 'Sheerwater Seedling'". Retrieved 15 November 2018.
- ^ "Sorbus 'Wisley Gold'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 98. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
- ISBN 1-57607-217-7. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
- ^ ISBN 9780192100191.
- ^ "Witchcraft: The Mountain Ash", in The Table Book, ed. William Hone (London, 1827), p. 337.
- ^ "The Mountain Ash, or Wicken or Wiggen Tree", in Lancashire Folk-lore: Illustrative of the Superstitious Beliefs and Practices, Local Customs and Usages of the People of the County Palatine, edited by John Harland and T. T. Wilkinson (London, 1867), pp. 72–74.
- ^ Scherf 2006, p. 58.
- ISBN 978-1590210543.
References
- Enzyklopädie der Garten- und Zimmerpflanzen (in German). Munich: Orbis. 1994. ISBN 3-572-00685-6.
- Aichele, Dietmar; Golte-Bechtle, Marianne (1997). Das neue Was blüht denn da? (in German) (56th ed.). Stuttgart: Kosmos. ISBN 3-440-07244-4.
- Hora, Bayard, ed. (1993). Bäume der Welt (in German). Translated by Wolfgang Steuer (2nd ed.). Stuttgart: DRW-Verlag. ISBN 3-87181-205-6.
- Breckwoldt, Michael (2011). Essen aus der Natur (in German). Berlin: Stiftung Warentest. ISBN 978-3-86851-021-8.
- Dreyer, Eva-Maria (2009). Welche Wildkräuter und Beeren sind das? (in German). Stuttgart: Kosmos. ISBN 978-3-440-11808-5.
- Erlbeck, Reinhold; Haseder, Ilse E.; Stinglwagner, Gerhard K. F. (1998). Das Kosmos Wald- und Forstlexikon (in German). Stuttgart: Kosmos. ISBN 3-440-07511-7.
- Fischer, Manfred (1995). Farbatlas Obstsorten (in German). Stuttgart: Ulmer. ISBN 3-8001-5542-7.
- Flint, Harrison L. (1997). Landscape Plants for Eastern North America. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-59919-0.
- Friedrich, Gerhard; Schuricht, Werner (1989). Seltenes Kern-, Stein- und Beerenobst (in German) (1st ed.). Melsungen: Neumann-Neudamm. ISBN 3-7888-0562-5.
- ISBN 3-489-68034-0.
- Godet, Jean-Denis (1994). Bäume und Sträucher (in German). Augsburg: Naturbuch-Verlag. ISBN 3-89440-154-0.
- Godet, Jean-Denis (1998). Einheimische Bäume und Sträucher (in German). Augsburg: Naturbuch-Verlag. ISBN 3-89440-296-2.
- Godet, Jean-Denis (2008). Knospen und Zweige (in German). Stuttgart: Ulmer. ISBN 978-3-8001-5778-5.
- Harz, Kurt (2009). Bäume und Sträucher (in German) (14th ed.). Munich: BLV. ISBN 978-3-8354-0479-3.
- Hecker, Ulrich (1995). Bäume und Sträucher. Früchte, Knospen, Rinden (in German) (3rd ed.). Munich: BLV. ISBN 3-405-13737-3.
- Henschel, Detlev (2002). Essbare Wildbeeren und Wildpflanzen (in German) (1st ed.). Stuttgart: Kosmos. ISBN 3-440-09154-6.
- Hensel, Wolfgang (2007). Welche Heilpflanze ist das? (in German). Stuttgart: Kosmos. ISBN 978-3-440-10798-0.
- Kremer, Bruno P. (2010). Essbare & giftige Wildpflanzen (in German). Stuttgart: Ulmer. ISBN 978-3-8001-5344-2.
- Laudert, Doris (1999). Mythos Baum (in German) (2nd ed.). Munich: BLV. ISBN 3-405-15350-6.
- Lohmann, Michael (2005). Bäume & Sträucher (in German). Munich: BLV. ISBN 3-405-16875-9.
- ISBN 2-84050-089-2.
- Neuweiler, Reto; Röthlisberger, Kurt; Rusterholz, Peter; Terrettaz, Roland (2000). Beeren und besondere Obstarten (in German) (1st ed.). Zollikofen: LmZ. ISBN 3-906679-75-6.
- Pahlow, Mannfried (1993). Das große Buch der Heilpflanzen (in German) (Revised ed.). Munich: Gräfe und Unzer. ISBN 3-7742-1472-7.
- Paul, Anthony; Rees, Yvonne (1990). Bäume im Garten (in German). Translated by Erhard Held. Ravensburg: O. Maier. ISBN 3-473-46173-3.
- Raspé, Olivier; Findlay, Catherine; Jacquemart, Anne-Laure (2000). "Sorbus aucuparia L". .
- Reichholf, Josef H.; Steinbach, Gunter, eds. (1992). Naturenzyklopädie Europas (in German). Vol. 7. Munich: Mosaik. ISBN 3-576-10107-1.
- Schauer, Thomas (2001). Der große BLV-Pflanzenführer (in German) (8th ed.). Munich: BLV. ISBN 3-405-16014-6.
- Scherf, Gertrud (2006). Wildpflanzen neu entdecken (in German) (1st ed.). Munich: BLV. ISBN 978-3-8354-0062-7.
- Smolik, H. W. (1996). Naturführer Deutschland (in German). Cologne: Tigris. ISBN 3-632-98919-2.
- Ullrich, Bernd; Kühn, Uwe; Kühn, Stefan (2009). Unsere 500 ältesten Bäume (in German). Munich: BLV. ISBN 978-3-8354-0376-5.
- Větvička, Václav (1995). Dausien's grosses Buch der Bäume und Sträucher (in German). Translated by Jürgen Ostmeyer (3rd ed.). Hanau: Dausien. ISBN 3-7684-2509-6.
- Zauner, Georg (2000). GU-Kompass Laubbäume (in German) (10th ed.). Munich: Gräfe und Unzer. ISBN 3-7742-6205-5.
External links
- Sorbus aucuparia - information, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)