Liberty pole

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A Liberty cap topping a Liberty pole

A liberty pole is a wooden pole, or sometimes spear or lance, surmounted by a "cap of liberty", mostly of the

Liberatores as they called themselves, went through the streets with their bloody weapons held up, one carrying a pileus (a kind of skullcap that identified a freed slave, not in fact a Phrygian cap) carried on the tip of a spear. This symbolized that the Roman people had been freed from the rule of Caesar, which the assassins claimed had become a tyranny because it overstepped the authority of the Senate and thus betrayed the Republic.[2]

Germans dancing round a Tree of Liberty/Liberty Pole, 1792–1795.

The liberty pole was not thereafter part of the normal Roman depiction of Libertas, the Roman goddess of liberty, who is very often shown holding out a pileus, and carrying a pole or rod. Both refer to the ceremony granting freeman status to a slave, where the subject was touched with the rod, and given the hat. But the hat raised on the end of the pole was shown as an attribute held by Libertas on some coins of the emperor Antoninus Pius, which was enough, with the literary references, to bring it to the attention of Renaissance antiquarians. The pileus itself was shown between two daggers, with the inscription "Ides of March", on some very famous coins made by the assassins of Julius Caesar in the civil war following the assassination.[3]

After the Renaissance, the liberty pole became a common element in the depiction of liberty, initially in a small version carried by personifications, and also later as a larger actual physical object planted in the ground, used as a type of flagstaff.

Revival from the Renaissance onwards

When the motif was revived during the 16th century it was mostly carried by national or political personifications. Its first appearance as an attribute of Liberty in an Italian emblem book was in 1556, later followed by many others.[4] In his "Apotheosis of Venice" (1585)[5] in the Doge's Palace, Paolo Veronese has the ascendant Republic of Venice (personified as a woman) flanked by several symbolic persons, one of whom represents Liberty, dressed as a peasant hoisting a red Phrygian cap on a spear.[6]

The

Louis XIV of France had a medal cast in 1678, after the Treaty of Nijmegen ended the war started by his invasion of the Netherlands; this showed the Maiden "standing beside Peace, and receiving the instructions of Prudence".[7]

The imagery was introduced to Britain, partly by the Dutch

Newcastle-on-Tyne by the hugely wealthy Sir George Bowes, reflecting his Whig politics. Set at the top of a steep hillock, the monument itself is taller than Nelson's Column in London, and topped by a bronze female figure, originally gilded, carrying a cap of liberty on a pole.[9]

During the 18th century, the Roman pileus was confused with the Phrygian cap, and this mis-identification then led to the Phrygian cap, familiar from other uses in Roman sculpture, becoming the standard shape when a cap of liberty was used as a political symbol.[10]

Liberty poles carried by personifications

The image of Libertas holding a liberty pole can be found on the seals of some British American colonies, notably those of Trustee Georgia and North Carolina.

American Revolution

Fifth Liberty Pole, New York Commons

Liberty poles were often erected in town squares in the years before and during the

Sedition Act of 1798, authorities indicted several men in Massachusetts for erecting a liberty pole bearing the inscription "No Stamp Act, No Sedition Act, No Alien Bills, No Land Tax, downfall to the Tyrants of America; peace and retirement to the President; Long Live the Vice President".[13][14]

In some locales—notably in Boston—a liberty tree rather than a pole served the same political purpose.

During the Siege of Boston on August 1, 1775, a tall liberty pole was erected on Prospect Hill, a fortified high-ground overlooking the road to British-occupied Boston.[15] Both the "Appeal to Heaven" Pine Tree Flag and Grand Union Flag (aka Continental Colors) are reported to have flown on Prospect Hill.[16][17] The 76 foot long liberty pole was originally a ship's mast that had been recently captured[18] from the British armed schooner HMS Diana (1775), in the aftermath of the Battle of Chelsea Creek on May 27 and 28, 1775.

When an

coats of arms as a sign of liberty, freedom, and independence.[citation needed
]

Other uses

A Dutch coin of 1753 depicting the Leo Belgicus (national lion) holding a liberty pole

During the Whiskey Rebellion, locals in western Pennsylvania would erect poles along the roads or in town centers as a protest against the federal government's tax on distilled spirits, and evoke the spirit embodied by the liberty poles of decades earlier.[19]

The arbres de la liberté ("liberty trees") were a symbol of the

Roman Republic, a liberty tree was planted in Rome's Piazza delle Scole, to mark the legal abolition of the Roman Ghetto
. After resumption of Papal rule, the Vatican reinstated the Roman ghetto.

The liberty pole can also be seen on the coat of arms of Argentina.

United Irish "catechism" carved in stone in Wexford. It makes explicit the connections of the United Irishmen with revolution in American and France, and mentions "branches" of the "tree of liberty".

The image of Liberty holding a pole topped by a Phrygian cap appears on many mid- and late-19th-century U.S. silver coins. These are broadly classified as United States Seated Liberty coinage.

Dedham Liberty Pole

Main article: Dedham Liberty Pole

Residents in Dedham, Massachusetts awoke one October morning in 1798 to find a large wooden pole had been erected on the Hartford Road in Clapboard Trees parish.[20][21] At the top was a hand painted sign declaring

No Stamp act; no sedition; no alien bill; no land tax.
Downfall to the tyrants of America; peace and
retirement to the President; long live the vice
President and the minority; May moral government
be the basis of civil government.[20][22][23][24][21]

This liberty pole was erected by David Brown, an itinerant veteran of the American Revolution who traveled from town to town in Massachusetts, drumming up subscribers for a series of political pamphlets he had written.[25][26][22][21] Brown was assisted by Benjamin Fairbanks and about 40 others.[27][21][a] Brown held the ladder while another, presumably Fairbanks, put up the sign.[30] Nathaniel Ames was also very likely involved.[28][29] When it appeared, Fisher Ames and the rest of Dedham's Federalist community were enraged.[27][29]

Fairbanks, a prosperous farmer and former Selectman but also an "impressionable, rather excitable man," was quickly arrested and charged with violating the

Sedition Act of 1798.[27] Brown, on the other hand, eluded authorities until March 1799, when he was caught in Andover, 28 miles away.[31][32]

When the trial came, Fairbanks was brought before the court first. Fairbanks, facing the "powerful forces" arrayed against him, confessed on June 8.[33] Justice Samuel Chase sentenced Fairbanks to six hours in prison and a fine of five dollars, plus court costs of 10 shillings, the lightest sentence ever given for any of the Sedition Act defendants.[34][29][b]

On June 9, Brown also pled guilty, but he was not shown the same mercy as Fairbanks.[34][22][20][29] Chase accepted the guilty plea, but insisted on trying the case anyway so that the "degree of his guilt might be duly ascertained."[35][22] Chase offered Brown a chance to reduce his sentence by naming everyone involved with his "mischievous and dangerous pursuits," and the names of all those who subscribed to his pamphlets.[22][36] Brown refused, saying, "I shall lose all my friends."[36]

Brown was sentenced to 18 months in prison and a $480 fine, the harshest sentence ever imposed under the Sedition Act.[37][22][38][29] As he did not have the money, and had no way of earning it while in prison, Brown petitioned President John Adams for a pardon in July 1800, and then again in February 1801.[39][22][40][29] Adams refused both times, keeping Brown in prison.[39][26][29] When Thomas Jefferson became president, one of his first acts was to issue a general pardon for any person convicted under the Sedition Act.[41][29]

Places

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Some historians have suggested that the words were written by Nathaniel Ames.[28][29]
  2. ^ Hanson has the fine as five shillings.[21]

References

  1. ^ Adrian Goldsworthy. Caesar: Life of a Colossus. London: Phoenix, 2007. pp. 596–619.
  2. ^ Not mentioned by Suetonius or Plutarch, but is in Appian Bellum Civile, 2.119, text; Adrian Goldsworthy. Caesar: Life of a Colossus. London: Phoenix, 2007. p. 619.
  3. ^ Warner, 275; example
  4. ^ Warner, 275
  5. ^ "Apotheosis of Venice by Verinyes, Paolo". www.wga.hu. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  6. ^ photo
  7. ^ Warner, 275
  8. ^ Warner, 275
  9. ISBN 184383541X, 9781843835417, google books; "Column to Liberty"
    , National Trust.
  10. ^ Warner, 275
  11. ^ Historic Englewood Archived 2012-03-13 at the Wayback Machine City of Englewood
  12. ^ Resistance and Dissent : Independence & its Enemies in New York Archived 2003-06-06 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ISBN 978-0-393-93257-7
    .
  14. ISBN 978-0-8223-2529-1
    .
  15. ^ Journal kept by continental soldier Lieutenant Paul Lunt, May-December 1775 "raised the mast that came out of the schnoner that was burnt at Chelsea, for to hoist our flag upon, in the fort upon Prospect Hill".
  16. ^ The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources 1745-1799, Vol. 4: To Joseph Reed Cambridge, January 4, 1776. Archived February 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ Paul Lunt's Diary, Lieutenant Paul Lunt, May–December 1775, Tuesday, July 18, 1775, "Our standard was presented in the midst of the regiments with this inscription upon it, "Appeal to Heaven."
  18. ^ Revolutionary War Soldier's Journal/Diary in the Longfellow House Collections, Moses Sleeper, Tuesday, August 1st, 1775 "Raised the mast that Came out of the Schooner that was burnt at Chelsa" Archived 2009-02-12 at the Wayback Machine.
  19. ISBN 9780822951513
    .
  20. ^ a b c Slack 2015, p. 137.
  21. ^ a b c d e Hanson 1976, p. 174.
  22. ^
    ISBN 978-0-393-05880-2
    .
  23. ^ Tise 1998, p. 420.
  24. ISBN 978-0-8223-2529-1
    .
  25. ^ Slack 2015, p. 139.
  26. ^ a b Tise 1998, pp. 422.
  27. ^ a b c Slack 2015, p. 138.
  28. ^ a b Slack 2015, p. 141.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hanson 1976, p. 175.
  30. ^ Slack 2015, p. 140.
  31. ^ Slack 2015, p. 177.
  32. ^ Tise 1998, p. 421.
  33. ^ Slack 2015, p. 178.
  34. ^ a b Slack 2015, p. 179.
  35. ^ Slack 2015, p. 180.
  36. ^ a b Slack 2015, p. 182.
  37. ^ Slack 2015, p. 183.
  38. ^ Simon 2003, p. 55.
  39. ^ a b Slack 2015, p. 221.
  40. ^ Tise 1998, pp. 421–2.
  41. ^ Slack 2015, p. 232.

Bibliography

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