Battle of Long Island
Battle of Long Island | |||||||
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Part of the American Revolutionary War | |||||||
The Battle of Long Island, a 21st-century portrait of the battle | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Great Britain Hesse-Kassel | United States | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
) | |||||||
Strength | |||||||
20,000[2] | 10,000[3] | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
64 killed 293 wounded 31 missing[4][5] | 2,179 killed, wounded or captured[6] | ||||||
The Battle of Long Island, also known as the Battle of Brooklyn and the Battle of Brooklyn Heights, was an action of the American Revolutionary War fought on August 27, 1776, at and near the western edge of Long Island in present-day Brooklyn. The British defeated the Continental Army and gained access to the strategically important Port of New York, which they held for the rest of the war. It was the first major battle to take place after the United States declared its independence on July 4, 1776, in Philadelphia. It was the largest battle of the Revolutionary War in terms of both troop deployment and combat.
After defeating the British in the
On August 21, the British landed on the shores of
Prelude to battle
In the first stage of the war, the
Lee remained in New York City until March when the
Strategy
Washington began moving troops to Brooklyn in early May,[15] and there were several thousand of them there in a short time. Three more forts were under construction on the eastern side of the East River to support Fort Stirling, which stood to the west of the hamlet of Brooklyn Heights. These new fortifications were Fort Putnam,[16] Fort Greene,[16] and Fort Box[16] (named for Major Daniel Box).[17] They lay from north to south, with Fort Putnam farthest to the north, Greene slightly to the southwest, and Box slightly farther southwest. Each of these defensive structures was surrounded by a large ditch, all connected by a line of entrenchments and a total of 36 cannons.[18]
Washington had been authorized by Congress to recruit an army of up to 28,501 troops, but he had only 19,000 when he reached New York.[21] Military discipline was inadequate; routine orders were not carried out, muskets were fired in camp, flints were ruined, bayonets were used as knives to cut food, and firearm readiness was lax.[22] Petty internal conflict was common under the strain of a large number of people from different regional cultures and temperaments living in relatively close proximity.[23]
Commander of the artillery
British arrival
On June 28,
On July 6, news reached New York that Congress had voted for independence four days earlier.
On July 12, the British ships
The next day, July 13, Howe attempted to open negotiations with the Americans.
Meanwhile, British ships continued to arrive.
Invasion of Long Island
At 05:10 on August 22, an advance guard of 4,000 British troops left Staten Island under the command of Clinton and Cornwallis to land on Long Island.
Washington received word of the landings the same day but was informed that the number was 8,000 to 9,000 troops.
The American plan was for Putnam to direct the defenses from Brooklyn Heights, while Sullivan and Stirling and their troops would be stationed forward on the Guan Heights.
On the British side, General Clinton learned of the almost undefended Jamaica Pass from local Loyalists.
Battle
Night march
At 21:00, the British moved out.
The column had yet to run into any American troops when they reached Howard's Tavern (also known as "Howard's Half-Way House"), just a few hundred yards from the Jamaica Pass.[53] Tavern keeper William Howard and his son William Jr. were forced to act as guides to show the British the way to the Rockaway Foot Path, an old Indian trail that skirted the Jamaica Pass to the west (located today in the Cemetery of the Evergreens). William Howard Jr. describes meeting Howe:
It was about two in the morning of August 27 that I was awakened by seeing a soldier at the side of my bed. I got up and dressed and went down to the barroom, where I saw my father standing in one corner with three British soldiers before him with muskets and bayonets fixed. The army was then lying in the field in front of the house... General Howe and another officer were in the barroom. General Howe wore a camlet cloak over his regimentals. After asking for a glass of liquor from the bar, which was given him, he entered into familiar conversation with my father, and among other things said, "I must have some one of you to show me over the Rockaway Path around the pass." My father replied, "We belong to the other side, General, and can’t serve you against our duty." General Howe replied, "That is alright; stick to your country, or stick to your principles, but Howard, you are my prisoner and must guide my men over the hill." My father made some further objection, but was silenced by the general, who said, "You have no alternative. If you refuse I shall shoot you through the head.
Five minutes after leaving the tavern, the five American militia officers stationed at the pass were captured without a shot fired, as they thought that the British were Americans.[54] Clinton interrogated the men and they informed him that they were the only troops guarding the pass. By dawn, the British were through the pass and stopped so that the troops could rest.[54] At 09:00, they fired two heavy cannons to signal the Hessian troops below Battle Pass to begin their frontal assault against Sullivan's men deployed on the two hills flanking the pass, while Clinton's troops simultaneously flanked the American positions from the east.[54]
Grant's diversionary attack
At about 23:00 on August 26, the first shots were fired in the Battle of Long Island, near the Red Lion Inn (near present-day 39th Street and 4th Avenue). American pickets from Samuel John Atlee's Pennsylvania regiment fired upon two British soldiers who were foraging in a watermelon patch near the inn.[56]
Around 01:00 on August 27, the British approached the vicinity of the Red Lion with 200–300 troops. The American troops fired upon the British; after approximately two fusillades, they fled up the Gowanus Road toward the
Brigadier General Samuel Holden Parsons and Colonel Atlee were stationed farther north on the Gowanus Road. Parsons was a lawyer from Connecticut who had recently secured a commission in the Continental Army; Atlee was a veteran of the French and Indian War in command of the First Regiment of Pennsylvania Musketry. Putnam had been awakened by a guard at 03:00 and told that the British were attacking through the Gowanus Pass.[59] He lit signals to Washington, who was on Manhattan, and then rode south to warn Stirling of the attack.[60]
Stirling led two units of
Stirling placed Atlee's men in an apple orchard owned by Wynant Bennett on the south side of the Gowanus Road near present-day 3rd Avenue and 18th Street. Upon the approach of the British, the Americans:
took possession of a hill about two miles from camp, and detached Colonel Atlee to meet them further on the road; in about sixty rods he drew up and received the enemy's fire and gave them a well-directed fire from his regiment, which did great execution, and then retreated to the hill. – General Parsons
Stirling took up positions with the Delaware and Maryland regiments just to the north of Atlee's men on the slopes of a rise of land between 18th and 20th streets. Some of the Maryland troops were positioned on a small hill near today's 23rd Street, which the local Dutch called "Blokje Berg" (Dutch for cube or block hill). At the base of this hill, the Gowanus Road crossed a small bridge over a ditch which drained a marshy area. When the British advanced up the Gowanus Road, the American troops fired upon them from positions on the north side of the ditch. To their left was Colonel Peter Kachline's Pennsylvania regiment.[61]
Just to the southeast of Blokje Berg were a few hills; amongst them was a hill which is the highest point in King's County at 220 feet which came to be known as "Battle Hill," in what is today Greenwood Cemetery by the cemetery's boundary of 23rd Street and 7th Avenue. The British attempted to outflank the American positions by taking this hill. The Americans tried to prevent the British move, sending troops under Parsons and Atlee to take the hill. The British got there first but the Americans were able to dislodge them in fierce fighting. Battle Hill was the site of especially brutal fighting, with the Americans inflicting the highest number of casualties against the British troops during the entire Battle of Long Island. Among those killed was British Colonel James Grant, which led the Americans to believe that they had killed General James Grant. He was alleged to have been shot by a Pennsylvanian rifleman who had been sniping at the British from up in a tree. Among the American dead was Pennsylvania Colonel Caleb Parry, who was killed while rallying his troops.[62]
The Americans were still unaware that this was not the main British attack, in part due to the ferocity of the fighting and the number of British troops engaged.[63]
Battle Pass
The Hessians, in the center under the command of General von Heister, began to bombard the American lines stationed at Battle Pass under the command of General John Sullivan.[64] The Hessian brigades did not attack, as they were waiting for the pre-arranged signal from the British, who were in the process of outflanking the American lines at that time. The Americans were still under the assumption that Grant's attack up the Gowanus Road was the main thrust, and Sullivan sent four hundred of his men to reinforce Stirling.
Howe fired his signal guns at 09:00 and the Hessians began to attack up Battle Pass, while the main army came at Sullivan from the rear.[64] Sullivan left his advance guard to hold off the Hessians while he turned the rest of his force around to fight the British. Heavy casualties mounted between the Americans and the British, and men on both sides fled out of fear.[64] Sullivan attempted to calm his men and tried to lead a retreat. By this point, the Hessians had overrun the advance guard on the heights and the American left had completely collapsed.[65] Hand-to-hand fighting followed, with the Americans swinging their muskets and rifles like clubs to save their own lives. It was later claimed, Americans who surrendered were bayoneted by the Hessians.[66] Sullivan, despite the chaos, managed to evacuate most of his men to Brooklyn Heights though he himself was captured.[65]
Vechte–Cortelyou House
At 09:00, Washington arrived from Manhattan.[67] He realized that he had been wrong about a feint on Long Island and he ordered more troops to Brooklyn from Manhattan.[67] His location on the battlefield is not known because accounts differ, but most likely he was at Brooklyn Heights where he could view the battle.[68]
Stirling still held the line against Grant on the American right, to the west.[68] He held on for four hours, still unaware of the British flanking maneuver, and some of his own troops thought that they were winning the day because the British had been unable to take their position. However, Grant was reinforced by 2,000 marines, and he hit Stirling's center by 11:00, and Stirling was attacked on his left by the Hessians.[66][68] Stirling pulled back, but British troops were coming at him from the rear, from the south up the Gowanus Road. The only escape route left was across Brouwer's millpond on the Gowanus Creek which was 80 yards wide, where the American defenses on Brooklyn Heights lay on the other side.[69]
Maryland 400
Stirling ordered all of his troops to cross the creek, except a contingent of Maryland troops under the command of Gist. This group became known to history as the "
Disengagement
Howe's failure to press the attack and the reasons for it have been disputed. He may have wished to avoid the casualties that his army suffered when attacking the Continentals under similar circumstances at the Battle of Bunker Hill.[72] He may also have been giving Washington an opportunity to conclude that his position was hopeless and surrender, in the European gentleman-officer tradition. Howe told Parliament in 1779 that his essential duty was to avoid excessive British casualties for insufficient purpose, and capturing Brooklyn Heights would likely not have meant capturing the entire American army. "The most essential duty I had to observe was, not wantonly to commit his majesty's troops, where the object was inadequate. I knew well that any considerable loss sustained by the army could not speedily, nor easily, be repaired. . . . The loss of 1,000, or perhaps 1,500 British troops, in carrying those lines, would have been but ill repaid by double that number of the enemy, could it have been supposed they would have suffered in that proportion."[73]
Aftermath
Retreat to Manhattan
Washington and the Continental Army were surrounded on
As the rain continued, Washington sent a letter instructing General William Heath, who was at Kings Bridge over the Harlem River between Manhattan and what is now The Bronx, to send every flat-bottomed boat and sloop without delay, in case battalions of infantry from New Jersey came to reinforce their position.[79] At 16:00, on August 29, Washington held a meeting with his generals. Mifflin advised Washington to retreat to Manhattan while Mifflin and his Pennsylvania regiments made up the rear guard, holding the line until the rest of the army had withdrawn.[79] The generals agreed unanimously with Mifflin that retreat was the best option and Washington had orders go out by the evening.[80]
The troops were told that they were to gather up all their ammunition and baggage and prepare for a night attack.[80] By 21:00, the sick and wounded began to move to the Brooklyn Ferry in preparation for evacuation. At 23:00, Glover and his Massachusetts men, who were sailors and fishermen, began to evacuate the troops.[81]
As more troops were evacuated, more were ordered to withdraw from the lines and march to the ferry landing. Wagon wheels were muffled, and men were forbidden to talk.[81] Mifflin's rear guard was tending campfires to deceive the British. At 04:00, on August 30, Mifflin was informed that it was his unit's turn to evacuate.[82] Mifflin told the man who had been sent to order him to leave, Major Alexander Scammell, that he must be mistaken, but Scammell insisted that he was not and Mifflin ordered his troops to move out. When Mifflin's troops were within a half mile of the ferry landing, Washington rode up and demanded to know why they were not at their defenses. Edward Hand, who was leading the troops, tried to explain what had happened, but Mifflin arrived shortly.[83] Washington exclaimed "Good God. General Mifflin, I am afraid you have ruined us." Mifflin explained that he had been told that it was his turn to evacuate by Scammell; Washington told him it had been a mistake. Mifflin then led his troops back to the outer defenses.[83]
Artillery, supplies, and troops were all being evacuated across the river at this time but it was not going as fast as Washington had anticipated and daybreak soon came.[83] A fog settled in and concealed the evacuation from the British. British patrols noticed that there did not seem to be any American pickets and thus began to search the area. While they were doing this, Washington, the last man left, stepped onto the last boat.[76] At 07:00, the last American troops landed in Manhattan.[84] All 9,000 troops had been evacuated with no loss of life.[84]
Conclusion of the campaign
The British were stunned to find that Washington and the Continental Army had escaped.[84] Later that day, on August 30, British troops occupied Washington and the Continental Army's fortifications. When news of the battle reached London, it led to many celebratory festivities.[85] Bells were rung across the city, candles were lit in windows, and King George III awarded Howe the Order of the Bath.[86]
Washington's defeat, in the opinions of some, revealed his deficiencies as a military strategist. Splitting his forces resulted in his largely inexperienced generals misunderstanding the state of the battle, and his raw troops fled in disorder at the first shots.[87] However, Washington and the Continental Army's daring retreat later that night has been seen by some historians as one of General Washington's greatest military accomplishments.[20] Other historians concentrate on the failure of British naval forces to prevent the withdrawal.[88]
Howe remained inactive for the next half month, not attacking until September 15 when he
Casualties
At the time, it was by far the largest battle ever fought in North America.[71] If the Royal Navy is included, over 40,000 men took part in the battle. Howe reported his losses as 59 killed, 268 wounded and 31 missing. The Hessian casualties were 5 killed and 26 wounded.[4] The Americans suffered much heavier losses. About 300 had been killed and over 1,000 captured.[6] As few as half of the prisoners survived. Kept on prison ships in Wallabout Bay, then transferred to locations such as the Middle Dutch Church, they were starved and denied medical attention. In their weakened condition, many succumbed to smallpox.[92]: 191
Historians believe that as many as 256 soldiers of the First Maryland Regiment under Colonel William Smallwood fell in the battle, about two-thirds of the regiment. It is known that they were buried in a mass-grave, but the grave's exact location has been a mystery for 240 years.
Legacy
The most significant legacy of the Battle of Long Island was that it showed there would be no easy victory, and that the war would be long and bloody.[92]: 2 The British took control of the strategically vital harbor and put New York City under military occupation until the treaty ending the war was signed. With the British military command in residence the city became the focal point for espionage and intelligence gathering. The area surrounding the city and the harbor remained in a near-constant state of conflict as a forage-war harassed the surrounding communities.
Commemorations of the battle include:
- The Altar to Liberty: Minerva monument: The battle is commemorated with a monument, which includes a bronze statue of line of sight from the cemetery to the Statue of Liberty in the harbor. The annual Battle of Long Island commemoration begins inside the main Gothic arch entrance to Green-Wood Cemetery and marches up Battle Hill to ceremonies at the monument.[93]
- The those who died while kept prisoner on the British ships just off the shore of Brooklyn, in Wallabout Bay.[94]
- Soldiers' Monument – Milford, Connecticut. Memorializes the 200 seriously ill prisoners of the Battle of Long Island who were dumped on the beach at Milford the night of January 3, 1777.[92]: 195
- The Old Stone House: A re-constructed farmhouse (c.1699) that was at the center of the Marylanders' delaying actions serves as a museum of the battle. It is located in J.J. Byrne Park, at Third Street and Fifth Avenue, Brooklyn, and features models and maps.[95]
- corinthian column.[96]
There are currently 30 existing
See also
- List of American Revolutionary War battles
- American Revolutionary War §British New York counter-offensive. The ‘Battle of Long Island’ placed in overall sequence and strategic context.
- Dr. John Hart, Regimental Surgeon of Col Prescott's Regiment who was stationed at Governor's Island
- Long Island order of battle
- New York and New Jersey campaign
References
Notes
- ^ The 256 dead troops of the Maryland 400 were buried by the British in a mass grave on a hillock on farmer Adrian Van Brunt's land on the outskirts of the marsh. It was from this battle that Maryland gained its nickname the "Old Line State". This mass grave is believed to be around the southwest corner of what is today Third Avenue, between Seventh and Eighth streets.[71]
Citations
- ^ Syrett 2005, p. 61.
- ^ Lengel 2005, p. 139.
- ^ Lengel 2005, p. 140 – Figure indicates how many troops were on Long Island total. Only 3,000 troops were on the Guana Heights, where the British made their assault.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 179.
- ^ According to Lord Howe report 31 (1 officer and 30 Grenadiers of the Marines) were captured Diary of the Revolution p. 304
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 180.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 101.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 112.
- ^ Lengel 2005, p. 128.
- ^ a b Lengel 2005, p. 129.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 121.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 122.
- ^ Lengel 2005, p. 131.
- ^ Field 1869, p. 47.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 127.
- ^ a b c "Forts :: New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center". museum.dmna.ny.gov.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 128.
- ^ Field 1869, p. 144.
- ^ a b c d McCullough 2006, p. 129.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006.
- ^ Lengel 2005, p. 132.
- ^ Lengel 2005, p. 133.
- ^ Ellis 2005, p. 159.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 133.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 134
- ^ a b Lengel 2005, p. 135.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 135.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 137.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 138.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 139.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 144.
- ^ Johnston 1878, p. 97.
- ^ a b c d McCullough 2006, p. 145.
- ^ Lengel 2005, p. 138.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 146.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 148.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 152.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 153.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 156.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 157.
- ^ Johnston 1878, p. 141.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 158.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 160.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 161.
- ^ Johnston 1878, p. 152.
- ^ a b c McCullough 2006, p. 162.
- ^ a b Lengel 2005, p. 141.
- ^ Lengel 2005, p. 142.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 163.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 165.
- ^ a b c McCullough 2006, p. 166.
- ^ a b c McCullough 2006, p. 168.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 169.
- ^ a b c McCullough 2006, p. 170.
- ^ a b Johnston 1878.
- ^ Stiles 2012.
- ^ Gallagher 1995, p. 33.
- ^ Johnston 1878, pp. 161–164.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 171.
- ^ Lengel 2005, p. 143.
- ^ Johnston 1878, pp. 169–171.
- ^ Johnston 1878, pp. 169–172.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 172.
- ^ a b c McCullough 2006, p. 173.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 174.
- ^ a b Lengel 2005, p. 145.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 175.
- ^ a b c McCullough 2006, p. 176.
- ^ a b c McCullough 2006, p. 177.
- ^ Lengel 2005, p. 146.
- ^ a b c McCullough 2006, p. 178.
- ^ a b Fischer 2006, p. 99.
- ^ "The narrative of Lieutenant General William Howe". 1781. Retrieved July 27, 2012. p 5.
- ^ "Foot Of Wall Street And Ferry-House, 1746"..
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 182.
- ^ a b Lengel 2005, p. 148.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 183.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 184.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 185.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 186.
- ^ a b McCullough 2006, p. 188.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 189.
- ^ a b c McCullough 2006, p. 190.
- ^ a b c McCullough 2006, p. 191.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 195.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 196.
- ^ Adams 1896.
- ^ Calderhead 1976.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 209.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 244.
- ^ McCullough 2006, p. 262.
- ^ a b c d Lewis 2009, p. 190.
- ^ Hays 2008.
- ^ Fort Greene Park Conservancy. "Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument". Fort Greene Park Conservancy. Archived from the original on August 2, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
- ^ NYC Department of Parks and Recreation. "Old Stone House". NYC Department of Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original on January 23, 2009. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
- ^ NYC Department of Parks and Recreation. "Prospect Park". NYC Department of Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved February 2, 2009.
- ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 101st Engineer Battalion
- ^ "Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 125th Quartermaster Company". Archived from the original on December 18, 2014.
- ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 175th Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1982, pp. 343–345.
- ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 181st Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981, pp. 354–355.
- ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 198th Signal Battalion.
- ^ "1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery Regiment".
Bibliography
- JSTOR 1833753
- Calderhead, William L. (July 1976), "British Naval Failure at Long Island: A Lost Opportunity in the American Revolution", New York History, 57 (3): 321–338
- Ellis, Edward Robb (2005), The Epic of New York City, New York: Carroll and Graf Publishers, ISBN 0-7867-1436-0
- Field, Thomas Warren (1869), The Battle of Long Island, Brooklyn: The Long Island Historical Society, p. 600
- ISBN 978-0-19-518159-3
- Gallagher, John J. (1995), The Battle of Brooklyn 1776, Brooklyn: Castle Books, p. 226, ISBN 978-0-7858-1663-8
- Hays, Elizabeth (May 7, 2008), "Developer says plan respects Minerva statue's point of view", NY Daily News, archived from the original on February 20, 2009, retrieved February 2, 2009
- Johnston, Henry Phelps (1878), The Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn, Long Island Historical Society, p. 556, ISBN 0-548-34227-X
- Lengel, Edward (2005), General George Washington, New York: Random House Paperbacks, p. 522, ISBN 0-8129-6950-2
- Lewis, Charles H. (2009), Cut Off: Colonel Jedediah Huntington's 17th Continental (Conn.) Regiment at the Battle of Long Island August 27, 1776, Westminster, MD: Heritage Books, p. 190, ISBN 978-0-7884-4924-6
- ISBN 0-7432-2672-0
- Sawicki, James A. (1981), Infantry Regiments of the US Army, Virginia: Wyvern Publications, ISBN 978-0-9602404-3-2
- Schecter, Barnet (2003), The Battle for New York: The City at the Heart of the American Revolution, United Kingdom: Jonathan Cape, ISBN 978-0-14-200333-6
- Stiles, Henry (2012), A History of the City of Brooklyn, Applewood Books, ISBN 978-1-4585-0028-1
- Syrett, David (2005), Admiral Lord Howe, Naval Institute Press, p. 61, ISBN 978-1-59114-006-1, retrieved December 3, 2012
External links
- Whittimore, Henry "The Heroes of the American Revolution and their Descendants; The Battle of Long Island" 1897
- The Wild Geese Today – Honoring Those Who Saved Washington's Army Archived March 8, 2015, at archive.today
- Website on Battle of Long Island
- "The Old Stone House" museum
- Howe's defense of his actions to Parliament in spring 1779
- New York Guard 1/9th Battalion