Limenitidinae
| Limenitidinae | |
|---|---|
| |
Adoliadini )
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Subfamily: | Limenitidinae Behr, 1864 |
| Tribes | |
| |
Adoliadini
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Eurasian white admiral (Limenitis camilla: Limenitidini
)The Limenitidinae are a
epaulets
.
In flight, many of these butterflies have the habit of flapping their wings, so the (usually) bright upperside and the
" – refer to this flight pattern.Systematics
The Biblidinae are sometimes merged here. The present subfamily is also sometimes included as a tribe Limenitidini in the Nymphalinae. But in fact, their closest living relatives seem to be the Heliconiinae.[1]
The Limenitidinae are traditionally divided into four
Neptini is in need of more study.[2]
Genera and selected species
The genera of Limenitidinae, sorted per tribe in the presumed
Tribe Parthenini Reuter, 1896
- BhagadattaMoore, [1898]
- Parthenos– clippers
Tribe Adoliadini Doubleday, 1845
- AbrotaMoore, 1857
- Bassarona Moore, [1897] – marquises, dukes
- Bassarona durga – blue duke
- Bassarona iva – grand duke
- Bassarona recta – redtail marquis
- Bassarona teuta – banded marquis
- Dophla Moore, [1880] – dukes
- Dophla evelina – redspot duke
- Euthalia – barons, dukes
- Euthaliopsis Neervoort van de Poll, 1896
- Lexias– archdukes
- Neurosigma Butler, 1868
- Tanaecia Butler, [1869] – counts
- Tanaecia cocytus – lavender count
- Tanaecia julii – common earl
- Tanaecia lepidea – grey count
- Tanaecia pelea – Malay viscount
- Aterica Boisduval, 1833 – forest-glade nymphs
- Bebearia Hemming, 1960
- Catuna Kirby, 1871 – pathfinders
- Crenidomimas Karsch, 1894
- Cynandra Schatz, [1887] – brilliant nymph
- Euphaedra Hübner, [1819] – typical foresters, figeaters
- Euptera Staudinger, [1891]
- Euriphene Boisduval, 1847
- Euryphaedra Staudinger, [1891]
- Euryphura Staudinger, [1891]
- Euryphurana Hecq, 1992 – noble commander
- HamanumidaHübner, [1819] – guineafowl
- Harmilla Aurivillius, 1892 – elegant forester
- Pseudargynnis Karsch, 1892 – false fritillary
- Pseudathyma Staudinger, [1891] – false sergeants
Tribe Limenitidini Behr, 1864
- Adelpha Hübner, [1819] – sisters (sometimes included in Limenitis)
- Adelpha basiloides
- Adelpha bredowii – Mexico sister
- Adelpha californica – California sister (formerly in A. bredowii)
- Adelpha eulalia – Arizona sister (formerly in A. bredowii)
- Adelpha fessonia – band-celled sister
- Auzakia Moore, [1898]
- Auzakia danava– commodore
- Lelecella Hemming, 1939
- Limenitis – admirals
- Litinga Moore, [1898]
- Parasarpa Moore, [1898]
- Parasarpa dudu – white commodore
- Parasarpa zayla – bicolor commodore
- Patsuia Moore, [1898]
- Sumalia Moore, [1898]
- Sumalia daraxa – green commodore
- Sumalia zulema – scarce white commodore
- Moduza Moore, [1881] – commanders (sometimes included in Limenitis)
- Moduza procris – commander
- Tarattia Moore, [1898]
- Athyma – sergeants
- Pandita Moore, 1857
- Tacola Moore, [1898]
Neptini
)Tribe Neptini Newman, 1870
- Aldania Moore, [1896]
- Lasippa Moore, [1898]
- Neptis – typical sailers
- PandassanaMoore, [1898] (might belong in Neptis)
- Pantoporia Hübner, [1819] – lascars
- Pantoporia assamica – Assam lascar
- Pantoporia bieti – Tytler's lascar
- Pantoporia hordonia – common lascar
- Pantoporia karwara – Karwar lascar
- Pantoporia paraka – Perak lascar
- Pantoporia sandaka – extra lascar
- Phaedyma Felder, 1861 – aeroplanes
- Phaedyma shepherdi – common aeroplane
Pseuodoneptis coenobita is sometimes placed in the Limenitidini. It resembles Neptis species, but probably due to mimicry rather than parallel evolution
- Cymothoe Hübner, [1819] (Limenitidini or Neptini?) – typical gliders
- Cymothoe caenis
- Cymothoe hobarti – Hobart's red glider
- Cymothoe sangaris
- HarmaDoubleday, [1848] – angular glider (Limenitidini or Neptini?)
- Kumothales Overlaet, 1940 (Limenitidini?)
- Lamasia Moore, [1898] (Limenitidini?)
- Lebadea Felder, 1861 (Limenitidini or Parthenini?)
- Lebadea martha – knight
- Pseudacraea – false acraeas (Limenitidini?)
- Pseudoneptis Snellen, 1882 – blue sailers (Limenitidini?)
- Chalinga Moore, 1898 (=Seokia Sibatani, 1943) (Limenitidini or Chalingini?)
Footnotes
References
- Savela, Markku (2008): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms – Limenitidinae. Version of 31 August 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
- Wahlberg, Niklas & Brower, Andrew V.Z. (2007a): Tree of Life Web Project – Limenitidinae. Version of 15 January 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
- Wahlberg, Niklas & Brower, Andrew V.Z. (2007b): Tree of Life Web Project – Nymphalidae. Version of 19 February 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Limenitidinae.
Wikispecies has information related to Limenitidinae.