List of American slave traders
This is a list of American slave traders, people whose occupation or business was the
The
Note: Research by Michael Tadman has found that "'core' sources provide only a basic skeleton of a much more substantial trade" in enslaved people throughout the South, with particular deficits in records of rural slave trading, already wealthy people who speculated to grow their wealth further, and in all private sales that occurred outside auction houses and negro marts.[9]
List is organized by surname of trader, or name of firm, where principals have not been further identified.
Note: Charleston and Charles Town, Virginia are distinct places that later became Charleston, West Virginia, and Charles Town, West Virginia, respectively, and neither is to be confused with Charleston, South Carolina.
We must have a market for human flesh, or we are ruined.
— Frederick Douglass, on the predominant message from the Southern states to the U.S. government before the American Civil War, The Frederick Douglass Papers, vol. II, p. 405
A–C
- Anderson D. Abraham, Buckingham Co., Va.[13]
- Robert S. Adams, Aberdeen, Miss.[14]
- Adkin & Boikin, Virginia[15]
- Thomas Alexander, Charleston, S.C.[16]
- Dr. James Alston, North Carolina[17]
- Samuel Alsop, Fredericksburg[18]
- John Armfield[19]
- John W. Anderson, Mason Co., Ky.[20] and Natchez[21][22]
- James Andrews, New Orleans[23]
- Henry Andrius, New Orleans[24]
- George W. Apperson[25]
- Francis Arnolds, Carolinas[26]
- Britton Atkins, Blountsville and Montgomery, Ala.[32]
- Lewis L. Austin[33]
- Robert Austin, Charleston, S.C.[16]
- David Avery, Alabama[34]
- A. K. Ayer, Columbus, Ga.[35]
- J. Russell Baker, Charleston, S.C.[16]
- William K. Bagby, Atlanta, Ga.[36]
- Rice C. Ballard, Richmond[37]
- William Ballard[38]
- Richard Balton[39] or Bolton[40]
- Barnard & Howard, Montgomery, Ala.[41]
- Barrum, Virginia and Mississippi[42]
- Reuben Bartlett, St. Louis, Mo.[43] and Nashville[44]
- Bates, Virginia and Mobile, Ala.[45]
- Kinchen Battoe, Kentucky[46]
- George Richard Beard[25]
- J. A. Beard & May, New Orleans[47][48]
- Joseph A. Beard[49]
- Beard and Calhoun[50]
- Bearly & Robert[51]
- Richard Renard Beasley[25]
- Bebee, Atlanta, Ga.[52]
- William Beck, Glasgow, Ky.[53]
- George W. Behn[25]
- Samuel Bennett, Natchez[21]
- Bennett & Rhett, Charleston, S.C.[16]
- William Betts, Richmond[54][55]
- Betts & Gregory, Richmond[4]
- Beverly[56]
- James H. Birch, District of Columbia and Alexandria, Va.[57][a]
- Richard Chambers Bishop[25]
- C. J. Blackman, Yazoo City, Miss.[59]
- Blackwell, Murphy & Ferguson, Forks of the Road, Natchez, Miss.[51]
- James G. Blakey[18]
- Joseph G. Blakey[60]
- Blakely, Virginia[61]
- Blount & Dawson, Savannah[62]
- J. W. Boazman, New Orleans[24]
- Bolton, Dickens & Co.[63]
- Botts[64]
- Robert Booth, Richmond and Alabama[65]
- Thomas Boudar, New Orleans[66][25]
- J. E. Bowers, Charleston, S.C.[16]
- Robert Boyce[25]
- Boyce, Hamburg and Charleston, S.C.[67]
- William L. Boyd Jr., Nashville[68]
- C. C. Bragg, Charles Town, Va.[b][69]
- Robert B. Brashear, Salem, Va.[70]
- Richard Brenan[25]
- Elijah Brittingham, Virginia and New Orleans[71]
- Thack Brodnax[72]
- S. N. Brown & Co., Montgomery, Ala.[41][73]
- Brown & Taylor, Vicksburg, Miss.[74]
- Brown & Watson, Montgomery, Ala.[75]
- Browning, Moore & Co., Richmond[4]
- Joseph Bruin, Alexandria, Va.[76]
- Alexander Bryan, Savannah[77]
- Joseph Bryan, Savannah[62]
- S. E. Buford, Jefferson City, La.[24]
- Zachariah Bugg[25]
- Joseph Caldwell, Virginia[78]
- Charles Carson & Smith, Burke Co., N.C. and New Orleans[79]
- William Cavendish, New Orleans
- Capers & Heyward, Charleston, S.C.[16]
- John Carter and Jesse Carter, Virginia[82]
- Leon Chabert[25]
- Col. Benjamin Chambers, Baltimore[83]
- John W. Chrisp, Memphis[84]
- John Clark, Louisville, Ky.[85][28][86][87]
- Robert M. Clarke, Atlanta, Ga.[88][89]
- James G. Cobb, Alexandria, Va.[90]
- John Cocks, Point Coupee, La.[82]
- Joseph Coffman[25]
- Levi and Solomon Cohen, Atlanta, Ga.[88][91]
- Edward Collier[92]
- Asa Collins, Lexington, Ky.[93]
- A. B. Colwell, Lexington, Ky.[94]
- Mr. Cooper, Kentucky[95]
- Richard Cooper[25]
- Cotton & Wakefield[96][97]
- Crawford, Frazer & Co., Atlanta, Ga., principals Robert Crawford, Addison D. Frazer, and Thomas Lafayette Frazer[88]
- Elihu Creswell, New Orleans[98]
- William Crow, Charles Town, Va.[99][76]
- Seraphin Cuculla[25]
D–F
- William C. Dawson, Savannah[100][62]
- Hector Davis, Richmond[101][102]
- John B. Davis, Richmond[55]
- Mark Davis and Benjamin Davis, Richmond and New Orleans[66]
- R. H. Davis, Virginia[103]
- Solomon Davis, Richmond[104][55]
- W. C. Davis, Louisville, Ky.[105]
- Davis, Dupree & Co., Richmond[4]
- Anderson Delap, Nelson Delap, and Norman Delap, Memphis[106][107]
- John N. Denning, Baltimore[6][108][109]
- Green Dennis, Mobile, Alabama[110]
- Charles de Gaalon[25]
- William Deupree, Richmond
- Louis D. DeSaussure, Charleston[111]
- Dickson, New Orleans and Mississippi[42]
- Dickinson & Hill, Virginia[112][81]
- Richard H. Dickinson, Richmond[112]
- C. W. Diggs[25]
- James B. Diggs[25]
- Joseph S. Donovan, Baltimore[113][114][115][116][109]
- James Dowell, Virginia[117]
- Downing & Hughes, Kentucky[118]
- Dryer[119]
- James Dunahow[120]
- Dyer family, District of Columbia[58]
- Eaton, New Orleans[121]
- Benjamin C. Eaton[25][122]
- Simeon G. Eddins and brothers, Fayetteville, Tenn.[123][124][125]
- Alexander N. Edmonds, Memphis[126]
- R. H. Elam, New Orleans[24] and Forks of the Road, Natchez, Miss.[127]
- Joseph Ennells, Pennsylvania[128]
- Henry Fairbanks, Baltimore[114]
- Ben Farley, New Orleans[129]
- Elias Ferguson, North Carolina[130]
- James L. Ficklin, Charleston, Va.[76]
- Obadiah Fields, North Carolina[131]
- Fields & Gresham, Atlanta, Ga.[88]
- Hugh Fisher, Louisiana[132]
- David Fitzpatrick, Vicksburg, Miss.[133]
- Nathan Bedford Forrest, John N. Forrest, Aaron H. Forrest, William H. Forrest, Jesse A. Forrest, and Jeffrey E. Forrest, Memphis, and Grenada and Vicksburg, Miss.[134][135]
- John D. Fondren, Mississippi[136][74]
- Samuel Fondren, Richmond[55]
- Ford, Kentucky, Mississippi, and New Orleans[137][42]
- Thomas Foster, New Orleans[24][138]
- Isaac Franklin, New Orleans[19]
- James Rawlings Franklin[139]
- Captain Frazier[128]
- John Freeman, New Orleans[140]
- Theophilus Freeman, New Orleans[141]
- Thomas J. Frisby, New Orleans[142]
- Mr. Fry, Delaware[143]
G–H
- Thomas Norman Gadsden, Charleston[144]
- Mr. Gaines (or Gains or Goins)[145][146]
- Galbert, Texas[147]
- Lewis Garland, North Carolina[148]
- Matthew Garrison, Louisville, Ky.[149][85][150][151]
- J. C. Gentry, Louisville, Ky.[152]
- John M. Gilchrist, Charleston[153][25]
- William Gillesbey, North Carolina and Mississippi[42]
- Alexander Gilliam, Richmond[154]
- C. E. Girardey & Co., New Orleans[155]
- T. Glen, Huntsville, Ala.[156]
- Thomas Golden, Fairfax, Va.[157]
- Gordan or Gordon, Maryland and Mississippi[158]
- Thomas Goude[159]
- Grady & Tate, Richmond, Va.[92]
- James Grant, New Orleans[160]
- Hinton Graves, Georgia[65]
- William Green[161]
- Griffin & Pullum, Natchez, Miss.,W. A. Pullum, A. Blackwell, F. G. Murphy[163]
- S. H. Griffin, Atlanta[91]
- Lewis K. Grigsby, Natchez[21]
- Andrew Grimm[18]
- W. H. Gwin, St. Louis and Virginia[164]
- John Hagan and family, South Carolina[166] and New Orleans[167]
- Henry C. Halcomb, Atlanta, Ga.[36]
- Frederick Hall, Mobile, Ala.[168]
- William W. Hall, Norfolk, Va.[169]
- Thomas Hanly, Halifax Co., Va.[170]
- Benjamin Hansford, Natchez[21]
- James B. Hargrove, E. P. Aistrop, & N. A. Mitchell, Lynchburg, Va.[171]
- William Harker, Baltimore[172] and Dorchester, Md.[173]
- Harris, Virginia[174]
- George Harris, Georgia[175]
- John F. Harris, Natchez[21]
- O. C. and S. Y. Harris, Upper Marlboro, Md.[176]
- Charles S. Harrison, Columbus, Ga.[177][35]
- Mason Harwell, Montgomery, Ala.[178]
- C. F. Hatcher, New Orleans[81]
- J. T. Hatcher, New Orleans[179]
- E. S. Hawkins, Nashville[180]
- John Hawkins, Virginia & Robert Hawkins, Mississippi[181]
- William Hawkins[182]
- Henry H. Haynes, Nashville[183][184]
- W. H. Henderson, Atlanta, Ga.[88]
- Herring, Vicksburg, Miss.[51]
- W. C. Hewitt, Macon, Ga.[185]
- Hewlett & Bright, New Orleans[186]
- Byrd Hill, Memphis[63] & William C. Hill, Memphis[187]
- Charles Hill, Richmond[55]
- Nathaniel Boush Hill[188] and Charles B. Hill, Richmond[112][81]
- Hill & Hartwell, Montgomery, Ala.[75]
- Hill & Powell, Memphis[126]
- G. H. Hitchings, Nashville[180][183]
- Edward Home, Alexandria, Va.[70]
- James Huie & Robert Huie[25]
- Thomas Hundley, Halifax Co. Va. and New Orleans[189]
- Tillman Hunt[190]
- William Hunt[25]
- Foster Hurst, New Orleans[191]
I–L
- Inman, Cole & Co., Atlanta, Ga.[88]
- Barnabas Ivy, Duplin Co., N.C.[32]
- Waddy I. Jackson, Alabama[45]
- John D. James, Natchez, Miss.[192]
- Thomas James[25]
- Thomas D. James, Natchez, Miss.[192]
- Thomas G. James, Nashville[193]
- Isaac Jarratt, Huntsville, Ala.[194][195][156]
- William Jenkins, Nashville[196]
- Thomas J. Jennings & Co., Hamburg, S.C.[197]
- James Jervey, Charleston[198]
- Johnson & Apperson[199]
- Joseph Johnson, Ebenezer Johnson & Patty Cannon, Northwest Fork Hundred, Delaware[200][201]
- William Johnson, St. Louis, Mo.[196]
- Theodore Johnston, New Orleans[24]
- Leroy Jones, Alexandria, Va.[202]
- S. S. Jones, De Soto, Miss.[135]
- Jones & Robinson, Georgia[203]
- Jones & Slater, Richmond[103]
- George T. Kausler, New Orleans[122]
- William H. Kelley, Louisville, Ky.[152][149][28][204]
- James Kelly, Kentucky[42]
- James Kemp[205]
- Benjamin Kendig, New Orleans[206]
- Bernard Kendig, New Orleans[207][208][209]
- Edward J. Kendrick[25]
- George Kephart, Maryland, Virginia, District of Columbia[60]
- Simon Kern, Richmond[210]
- Jesse Kirby and John Kirby, Virginia and Georgia[211]
- Moses Kirkpatrick, New Orleans[212]
- Charles Lamarque, New Orleans[213]
- Major Lane, New Orleans[214]
- Tedence Lane, Mississippi[215]
- Laferriere Levesque[25]
- Mr. Leake, Virginia[216]
- John W. Lindsey, Montgomery, Ala.[217]
- J. & L. T. Levin, Columbia, S.C.[218]
- A. Lilly, New Orleans[24]
- Benjamin Little,[219] Montgomery Little,[220][221] Chauncey Little & William Little, Memphis and Shelbyville, Tenn.[63][222][183]
- J. W. Lindsey, Montgomery, Ala.[75]
- Livingston, Hanna & Co., Vicksburg, Miss.[223]
- William Locket, New Orleans[24]
- E. Loftin, New Orleans[24]
- R. W. Long, New Orleans[24][224]
- R. W. Long & Mull[25]
- Lowe & Simmons, Columbus, Ga.[225]
- Robert Lumpkin, Richmond[101]
- Lumpkin & Locket[199]
- Robert Lyle & George W. Hitching, Nashville and Sumner Co., Tenn.[222][183]
- Bernard M. Lynch, St. Louis[226][227][228]
M, Mc
- Maddock, Tennessee[230]
- Maffitt, Mississippi[231]
- John D. Mallory, Virginia and eastern Mississippi[215]
- W. B. Martin, New Orleans[24]
- Mason & Howard, Montgomery, Ala.[41]
- John Mason, Natchez, Miss.[51]
- Mathews, New Orleans[232]
- James G. Mathews, Louisville, Ky.[118]
- Thomas E. Matthews, New Orleans[24]
- Matthews, Branton & Co., Natchez, Miss.[127]
- John Mattingly, Louisville, Ky.[28] and St. Louis, Mo.[227][228]
- Mayer, Jacobe, & Co., Atlanta[91]
- A. B. McAfee, St. Louis, Mo.[43]
- McAfee & Blakey, St. Louis[233][234]
- J. A. McArthur, Clinton, N.C.[235]
- Michael McBride[25]
- Thomas McCargo[236][25]
- McCerran, Landry & Co., New Orleans[237]
- Mr. McClinton, Richmond[238]
- David McDaniel, Virginia[103]
- H. J. McDaniel, Winchester, Va.[76]
- Alexander McDonald[9][25] and Hugh McDonald,[54] Charleston
- John McCleskey, Mobile, Ala.[239]
- Elijah McDowell, Charles Town, Va.[69] and Winchester, Va.[13]
- William McGee[240]
- John M. McGehee & Thomas McGehee[25]
- A. A. McLean, Nashville[173]
- J. B. McLendon, Lynchburg, Va.[241][242]
- D. McKay, North Carolina[243]
- J. M. McKee, Girard, Ala.[244]
- Joseph Meek, Nashville[247]
- Meinhard brothers, Savannah[62]
- R. H. Melton, Richmond[248] and Louisiana[249]
- C. A. & I. S. Merrill, Mississippi[136]
- L. D. Merrimon, also Merrimon & Clinkscales, Greenwood, S.C.[250][251]
- William H. Merritt, New Orleans[252]
- D. Middleton, New Orleans[253]
- Miller and Sutler[254]
- James S. Moffett, Troy, Tenn.[126]
- John S. Montmollin, Savannah[77]
- Benjamin Mordecai[25]
- Henry E. Moore, Plaquemine, Louisiana[255]
- Peter Moore, Virginia[256]
- William Moore, Carolinas[257]
- Moore & Dawson, Richmond[4]
- Arthur Mosely, Virginia and Mississippi[42]
- J. F. Moses, Lumpkin, Ga.[258]
N–P
- Mr. Nash, Caswell Co. or Rockingham Co., N.C.[259]
- Joseph W. Neal, District of Columbia[260][58]
- Isaac Neville, Memphis[106][63]
- Julian Neville, New Orleans[237]
- James Nichols, Halifax Co., Va.[170]
- George Nixon, Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama[261]
- George N. Noel, Memphis[63]
- Ziba B. Oakes, Charleston[262]
- William Oldham, Natchez[21]
- A. C. Omohundro & Co., Mississippi [215]
- Silas Omohundro, Richmond[101][18]
- Thomas Otey[164]
- Abraham Owens, Halifax Co., Va.[170]
- Owings & Charles, New Orleans[263]
- Benjamin Parks[18]
- James Parker, Dinwiddie Co., Va.[264]
- P. Pascal, Natchez[21]
- Paul Pascal[25]
- Everett Peterson, Clinton, N.C.[265]
- Henry F. Peterson, New Orleans[24][266][196]
- John Parker Pettiway, New Orleans[208][209]
- R.A. Peuyeur, Natchez[21]
- Isaac Phillips[267]
- G. B. Philippe[25]
- George I. Pitts, Columbus, Ga.[177]
- John J. Poindexter, New Orleans[220][221]
- Thomas B. Poindexter, New Orleans and Mississippi[268]
- Ephraim G. Ponder, Thomasville, Ga.[269]
- P. J. Porcher & Baya, Charleston[270][271] (Philip Johnston Porcher[272] & Hanero T. Baya[273])
- Powell & Co., Montgomery, Ala.[41]
- A. S. C. Powell, Clinton, N.C.[265]
- Benjamin Ward Powell, Natchez, Miss.,[274][275] Louisville, Ky. and New Orleans[276]
- Luke Powell, Clinton, N.C.[277]
- Thomas Powell, Louisville, Ky.[28][152][204] and Montgomery, Ala.[278] and New Orleans
- John B. Prentis, Virginia[101]
- William Price, Cumberland County, Virginia, and Mississippi[280]
- Pryor[281]
- William A. Pullum, Lexington, Ky.[282][118]
- D. M. Pullium, Richmond, Va.[4][13]
- Pullium & Co., Virginia[164]
- Alexander Puryear[25]
- R. C. Puryear[194]
- Alexander Putney, North Carolina and Mississippi[283][42]
R–S
- Ragland, Mobile, Ala.[284]
- Reuben Ragland, Petersburg, Va.[164]
- Bernard Raux, Virginia[285]
- R. D. P. Read, Lynchburg, Va.[286]
- Redford and Kelly, Kentucky[236]
- Redman, Noxubee County, Mississippi[287]
- Zachariah A. Rice, Atlanta, Ga.[288]
- William H. Richards, Washington, D.C.[289]
- John S. Riggs, Charleston[9][290]
- Tench Ringold, Washington, D.C.[291]
- Alfred O. Robards, Kentucky[246]
- Lewis C. Robards, Lexington, Ky.[28]
- John Robertson, Mississippi and either New Orleans or Mobile[42]
- William H. Robertson, Mobile, Ala.[292]
- John Edward Robey, Washington, D.C.[293]
- Washington Robie, Washington, D.C.[294][295]
- John Robinson, Georgia[203]
- Col. Allen Rogers, Wake, N.C.[6]
- Noah Rollins[296]
- Richard Rolton[297]
- David Ross, Louisville, Ky.[298]
- Rowan & Harris, Mississippi[299][215]
- George Rust Jr.[25]
- C. M. Rutherford, New Orleans[24][60]
- E. M. Rutherford[25]
- A. J. Rux, Alabama[300]
- Thomas Ryan, Charleston[9][153]
- A. J. Salinas, Charleston[9]
- Sanders & Foster[217]
- Thomas Sanders, Washington County, Virginia, and Mississippi[42]
- A. C. Scott, Louisville, Ky.[152]
- David Scott[161]
- Lewis Scott, Baltimore[302]
- A. K. Seago, Atlanta, Ga.[88]
- John R. Sedgwick, North Carolina[164]
- Joseph Semmes, Georgetown, D.C.[303]
- J. M. F. Sharp, New Orleans[253]
- J. W. Sharp, New Orleans[304]
- Lewis N. Shelton[25]
- Shivers, of Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia[305]
- William Simpson, North Carolina[306]
- Henry F. Slatter, Baltimore and New Orleans[307]
- Hope H. Slatter, Baltimore[307]
- Shadrack F. Slatter, New Orleans[308]
- B. D. Smith, Atlanta, Ga.[88]
- Gardner Smith & Co., New Orleans[309]
- John B. Smith, New Orleans[24]
- Thomas Jefferson Smith[25]
- David J. Southerland, Wilmington, N.C.[235]
- Samuel Spears[25]
- John Springs III, York District, S.C.[9]
- L. R. Starkes[60]
- John Staples, Memphis[187]
- Charles T. Stevens, Clinton, N.C.[265]
- John Stickney, Louisville, Ky.[152]
- E. H. Stokes, Virginia[310]
- Mr. Stokes, North Carolina and Mississippi[311]
- Samuel Stone, Danville, Va.[312]
- George Stovall, New Orleans[313]
- Pleasant Stovall, Augusta, Ga.[314]
- A. A. Suarez[25]
- Sutler[254]
T–Y
- Bacon Tait, Virginia[101]
- Tait & Garland, Virginia and Mississippi[316]
- William F. Talbott, Louisville, Ky.[28][152][25][204]
- Tannehill, New Orleans[232]
- Belthazer Tardy, Mobile, Ala.[317]
- H. & J. W. Taylor, Clinton, La.[318]
- J. T. Taylor, New Orleans[319]
- Richard Terrell, New Orleans[320]
- Philip Thomas[194]
- Thomson, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Corbin Thompson, St. Louis, Mo.[227]
- Mr. Thompson, Baltimore and the lands of the Cherokee nation[321]
- Todd[322]
- John Toler[71]
- Clement Townsend[25]
- Townshend & Lewis, Mississippi[215]
- Thomas P. Trotter[39][40][297]
- N. C. Trowbridge, Augusta, Ga. & Hamburg, S.C.[323]
- Mr. Turner, Virginia[324]
- Urley, Mississippi[325]
- Norbert Vignié, New Orleans[326]
- Wadkins, Virginia and Georgia[327]
- Benjamin W. Walker, Jackson, Miss.[189]
- Samuel Wakefield, Natchez[21]
- A. Wallace, Memphis[328]
- J. D. Ware, Memphis[84]
- Morton Waring, Charleston[198]
- William Watkins, Atlanta, Ga.[288]
- William T. Watkins[25]
- J. Watson, Louisville, Ky.[105]
- Richard Watson, Louisville, Ky. and New Orleans[329]
- Webb, Merrill & Co., Nashville [183]
- A. Weisemann, New Orleans[24]
- Wetherby, Pigsah, Miss.[330]
- Weatherly, Breden & Bagget, Yazoo City, Miss.[331]
- Weatherly and Donald, Alabama[332]
- James Whidby[333]
- White, Lexington, Mo.[334][335]
- Alonzo J. White, Charleston
- James White, New Orleans[336]
- John R. White, St. Louis and New Orleans[337]
- Maunsel White & Co., New Orleans[301]
- Joseph A. Whitaker, Rosehill, N.C.[6]
- Whitaker & Turner, Atlanta, Ga.[88]
- Moses J. Wicks, Aberdeen, Miss.[14]
- Wilbur & Son, Charleston[290]
- James P. Wilkinson[25]
- Lewis E. Williams, Campbell Co., Va.[299]
- Thomas Williams, Washington, D.C.[58][338][339] and Vidalia, Miss.[340][25]
- Williams H. Williams[25]
- Williams, Washington, D.C.[236]
- Williams & Glover, Nashville[341]
- Williamson & Puryear, Montgomery, Ala.[75]
- James B. Williamson[25]
- William Williamson[25]
- J. M. Wilson, Baltimore and New Orleans[24][114]
- William Winbush, Virginia[17]
- Winfield, Mississippi[215]
- Lewis Winters, Baltimore[173]
- D. Wise, New Orleans[138]
- William Witherspoon, Memphis[63][106]
- Seth Woodroof, Lynchburg, Va.[171][299] [342]
- Austin Woolfolk, Baltimore[343][344]
- John Woolfolk, Natchez, Miss.[345][25]
- Samuel Martin Woolfolk, New Orleans and Baltimore[346]
- Woolfolk[347]
- Woolfolks, Sanders & Overley[6] (Richard Woolfolk, Robert Sanders, and Thomas W. Overley)[348]
- George Wylly, Savannah[251]
- Mr. Wythe[349]
- Absolom Yancey[25]
- Mr. Yeatman, Virginia[350]
- Charles Young, New Orleans[351]
- J. Winbush Young, Virginia[352]
It's old Van Horn, de nigger trader
Hilo! Hilo!
He sold his wife to buy a nigger
Hilo! Hilo!
He sold her first to Louisianner
Hilo! Hilo!
And den from dat to Alabammer
Hilo! Hilo!— said to be a fragment of a much longer "negro corn-shucking song," also called a working song or field holler; published 1859[353]
I never knew a slave-trader that did not seem to think, in his heart, that the trade was a bad one. I knew a great many of them, such as Neal, McAnn, Cobb, Stone, Pulliam, and Davis, &c. They were like Haley, they meant to repent when they got through.
See also
- List of largest slave sales in the United States
- Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade
- Bibliography of the slave trade in the United States
- Kidnapping into slavery in the United States
- Slave markets and slave jails in the United States
Notes
- retroceded to Virginia in 1847. The slave trade was banned in Washington as part of the Compromise of 1850; traders moved there facilities across the Potomac River and went back to work.[58]
- ^ Charles Town, Virginia became Charles Town, West Virginia in 1863.
References
Citations
- ^ CAMP (1865). The Camp of Freedom. A Plea for the Coloured Freedman. Reprinted from the "Eclectic" for April, 1865. George Watson. p. 7.
- JSTOR 3786511.
- .
- ^ LCCN 2015043815.
- ISSN 0882-228X.
- ^ JSTOR 44214396.
- ^ Bancroft (2023), p. 96.
- ^ Bancroft (2023), p. 125.
- ^ JSTOR 27570133.
- ^ Johnson (2009), p. 48.
- ^ "The Project Gutenberg eBook of Letters of a Traveller, by William Cullen Bryant". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ^ "The Ottawa Free Trader 08 Nov 1856, page Page 1". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ^ a b c Stowe (1853), p. 353.
- ^ a b Stowe (1853), p. 357.
- ^ "Ran away in Jail". Richmond Enquirer. May 5, 1820. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ a b c d e f Bancroft (2023), pp. 175–177.
- ^ a b "South Carolina—Barnwell District". The Charleston Mercury. January 14, 1846. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ a b c d e Schermerhorn (2015), p. 116.
- ^ a b Rothman, Joshua D. "Before the Civil War, New Orleans Was the Center of the U.S. Slave Trade". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2023-07-14.
- ^ "Three Negro Men". The Liberator. September 21, 1833. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "The Public Meeting". Mississippi Free Trader. April 26, 1833. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "$10 Reward". Vicksburg Whig. February 19, 1834. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "Was committed to the Jail of Adams County". The Natchez Weekly Courier. December 13, 1843. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "New Orleans, Louisiana, City Directory, 1861", U.S., City Directories, 1822-1995, pp. 83 (Buford), 280 (Little, slave dealer) 281 (Locket, negro trader), 305 (Martin), 489 (slave dealers), 2011 – via Ancestry.com
- ^ JSTOR 206166.
- ^ "South Carolina, Sumter District". Camden Commercial Courier. May 12, 1838. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ The National Archives in Washington D.C.; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29; Series Number: M432; Residence Date: 1850; Home in 1850: Louisville District 2, Jefferson, Kentucky; Roll: 206; Page: 185b - occupation Negro dealer
- ^ a b c d e f g Fitzpatrick (2008), p. 29.
- ^ "Seventy Negroes FOR SALE at the Ferry Landing". The Weekly American Banner. December 20, 1844. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
- ^ "Seventy Negroes". The Weekly American Banner. June 13, 1845. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
- ^ "Negroes for Sale". Vicksburg Daily Whig. November 12, 1846. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-22.
- ^ a b Sellers (2015), p. 159.
- ^ "The Kidnappers". The Baltimore Sun. October 20, 1842. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-08-12.
- ^ "$100 Reward". Fayetteville Weekly Observer. March 1, 1843. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ a b "Dissolution". Weekly Columbus Enquirer. October 25, 1853. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ^ a b "Williams' Atlanta Directory 1859–60" (PDF).
- ^ "Rice C. Ballard Papers (UNC Libraries)". FromThePage.com. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
- ^ "Sheriff's Sale". The Democrat. September 3, 1845. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ a b "Awful Murder". The Charleston Mercury. February 12, 1848. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ a b "The two negroes". Tarboro Press. March 25, 1848. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ a b c d "Another Modern Building Will Occupy Site of Former Slave Depot". The Montgomery Times. March 28, 1916. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sydnor (1933), p. 155.
- ^ a b Stowe (1853), p. 355.
- ^ "Selling a Free Boy for a Slave". The Louisville Daily Courier. August 4, 1855. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ a b "Was committed to the jail". The Independent Monitor. July 24, 1840. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
- ^ "Forgery and Scoundrelism". The Louisville Daily Courier. October 12, 1857. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ "Broadside for the auction of 10 enslaved families in New Orleans". National Museum of African American History and Culture. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
- ^ University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign via Illinois Digital Heritage Hub. "A broadside advertising an auction of enslaved men and a woman, 1856". Digital Public Library of America. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
- ^ Johnson (2009), p. 55.
- ^ "Illustration of American Slavery" Newspapers.com, The Liberator, November 23, 1849, http://www.newspapers.com/article/the-liberator-illustration-of-american-s/143993035/
- ^ a b c d Sydnor (1933), p. 156.
- ^ "Murder at Atlanta Georgia" Newspapers.com, Independent American, September 24, 1856, https://www.newspapers.com/article/independent-american-murder-at-atlanta-g/143865375/
- ^ "Is Bound to Remain Rock-Ribbed Democrat". The Anaconda Standard. August 22, 1905. p. 11. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4696-5512-3.
- ^ a b c d e Colby (2024), p. 33.
- ^ "Runaway Negro in Russell Jail". Richmond Enquirer. December 6, 1842. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ Bancroft (2023), pp. 50–51, 57.
- ^ JSTOR 40073372.
- ^ "C. J. Blackman & Co". The Weekly Mississippian. August 19, 1853. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ^ ISBN 1-55655-919-4.
- ^ "The Confession of the Murderers". The Times-Picayune. July 20, 1841. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ a b c d Colby (2024), p. 86.
- ^ a b c d e f Mooney (1971), p. 50.
- ^ Wilson (2009), p. 59.
- ^ a b Colby (2024), p. 100.
- ^ a b Schermerhorn (2015), p. 148.
- ^ "Stop the Runaway, $30 Reward for Ben". The Charleston Daily Courier. February 14, 1835. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "Nashville, 1860". U.S. City Directories, 1822–1995. Ancestry.com. p. 130. Retrieved 2023-07-22.
Boyd, Wm. L. Jr., general agent and dealer in slaves, 50, north Cherry st., residence, 6, north Cherry st.
- ^ a b "Cash for Negroes". Spirit Of Jefferson. May 24, 1853. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ^ a b "Cash for Negroes". Alexandria Gazette. March 11, 1851. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ^ a b Colby (2024), p. 58.
- ISBN 978-0-312-34347-7.
- ^ Stowe (1853), p. 341–342.
- ^ a b "Negroes for Sale". Vicksburg Whig. March 21, 1860. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
- ^ a b c d Sellers (2015), p. 156.
- ^ a b c d Stowe (1853), p. 352.
- ^ a b savannahhistory (September 3, 2019). "From Slave House to School House: Rediscovering the Bryan Free School". Fact-Checking Savannah's History. Retrieved 2023-07-14.
- ^ "Committed to the Jail of Caswell county". The Weekly Standard. December 23, 1840. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "To the editors of the American, KIDNAPPING". The Maryland Gazette. July 9, 1818. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ Bancroft (2023), pp. 316–317.
- ^ S2CID 160472953.
- ^ a b "Was committed to the jail of Pike County, Mississippi". The Weekly Mississippian. February 13, 1835. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "Was committed to the jail of Henrico as a runaway". Richmond Enquirer. March 24, 1826. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ a b "Record Trade card for the "Great Negro Mart" in Memphis, Tennessee". Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
- ^ a b John Clark 619 W Market Slave Dealer, page 56 – William P Davis 212 Sixth 201 W Green Slave Dealer, page 69 – Matthew Garrison page 97 –William W Wilson page 265 – Louisville, Kentucky, City Directory, 1861
- ^ "Charge of Inhumanity to a Negro". The Louisville Daily Courier. May 19, 1858. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ "Attempt to Sell Free Negroes". The Louisville Daily Courier. October 26, 1859. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ OL 26884541M.
- ^ Colby (2024), p. 96.
- ^ Skolnik, Benjamin A. (January 2021). 1315 Duke Street – Building and Property History (PDF) (Report). Office of Historic Alexandria - City of Alexandria, Virginia. page=72
- ^ a b c Colby (2024), p. 101.
- ^ a b "Committed to the jail of Caswell County". The Weekly Standard. July 21, 1841. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "July 22, 1854, Lexington Observer". The Lexington Herald. May 12, 1913. p. 5. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
- ^ "Negroes for Sale". The Louisville Daily Courier. February 18, 1857. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
- ^ "NOTICE". The Argus of Western America. March 21, 1822. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ "Notice, was committed to the jail of Amite County, Mississippi". Southern Planter. October 6, 1832. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ Sydnor (1933), p. 156–157.
- ^ "Creswell, an extensive negro trader". The Courier-Journal. June 26, 1851. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ "A Guide to the Slave Trade Letters to William Crow, 1835-1842 Crow, William, Slave Trade Letters 12890". ead.lib.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-08-26.
- ^ The National Archives in Washington D.C.; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group and Number: 29; Series Number: M653; Residence Date: 1860; Home in 1860: Savannah District 4, Chatham, Georgia; Roll: M653_115; Page: 280; Family History Library Film: 803115 - occupation "negro broker"
- ^ a b c d e Zaborney, John J. (December 7, 2020). "The Domestic Slave Trade in Virginia". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ^ Schwarz, Philip J. "Hector Davis (1816–1863)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 2023-09-30.
- ^ a b c Colby (2024), p. 92.
- ^ "$300" Newspapers.com, Weekly Raleigh Register, September 1, 1858, https://www.newspapers.com/article/weekly-raleigh-register-300/143865489/
- ^ . Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ a b c Keating, John M. (1888). History of the City of Memphis Tennessee: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers. D. Mason & Company. p. 374.
- ^ Mooney (1971), p. 50–51.
- ^ Stowe (1853), p. 345.
- ^ a b c "Seeing the Unseen: Baltimore's slave trade". Baltimore Sun. Photographs by Amy Davis. May 4, 2022. Retrieved 2023-10-08.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: others (link) - Newspapers.com.
- ^ Bancroft (2023), pp. 186–191.
- ^ a b c "Dickinson & Hill - To Be Sold: Virginia and the American Slave Trade - Online Exhibitions". www.virginiamemory.com. Retrieved 2023-08-11.
- ^ Worth, Perk (September 10, 1878). "Slave Prisons". Bedford County Press and Everett Press. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ^ a b c "cash for negroes". The Baltimore Sun. January 17, 1860. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ^ Messick, Richard F. "Site of Donovan Eutaw St. Slave Jail - Site where the business of slavery once took place". Explore Baltimore Heritage. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ^ "For sale". The Baltimore Sun. November 25, 1847. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ Sellers (2015), p. 157.
- ^ . Retrieved 2023-08-31.
- ^ "TORREY, the abolitionist in Baltimore jail..." Alexandria Gazette. September 27, 1844. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "List of runaway negroes in jail". Mississippi Democrat. January 13, 1847. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "Was committed to the jail of the Parish of East Baton Rouge". Baton-Rouge Gazette. November 22, 1834. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ a b "Negroes for Sale". The Times-Picayune. February 8, 1840. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
- ^ "Explosion of the steamer Kentucky". The Courier-Journal. May 23, 1861. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
- ^ "Negroes for Sale". Fayetteville Observer. March 24, 1859. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
- ^ Watts, Jill (November 27, 2005). "'Hattie McDaniel' (Published 2005)". The New York Times. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
- ^ a b c "Runaways - Eaton, Napoleon, Asbury Crenshaw, Alexander N. Edmonds, James S. Moffett, Hill & Powell". The Memphis Daily Eagle. November 20, 1849. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-10-29.
- ^ a b "Article clipped from Mississippi Free Trader". Mississippi Free Trader. January 5, 1853. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
- ^ a b Wilson (2009), p. 92.
- ^ "United States Census, 1860", , FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MFPH-4LG : Thu Oct 05 04:02:16 UTC 2023), Entry for Ben Farley, 1860. Occupation: "slave depot"
- ^ Colby (2024), p. 54.
- ^ Fields, Obadiah. Obadiah Fields papers. Rockingham County (N.C.).
- ^ "A negro boy who calls himself Joshua". Baton-Rouge Gazette. June 26, 1841. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "Negroes for Sale". Vicksburg Whig. December 3, 1835. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
- S2CID 256599213.
- ^ a b Mooney (1971), p. 49.
- ^ a b "List of taxes collected from transient venders for the fiscal year 1856". Vicksburg Daily Whig. May 15, 1858. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
- ^ "More of the Princess Disaster". The Louisville Daily Courier. March 10, 1859. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ a b "New Orleans Slave Depot". The Times-Picayune. February 18, 1855. p. 8. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
- ^ S2CID 248826158.
- ^ Sydnor (1933), p. 157.
- ^ Johnson (2009), p. 52.
- ^ "Slave Depot". The New Orleans Crescent. November 19, 1853. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
- ^ "Was Committed". The Alexandria Herald. June 23, 1824. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ Bancroft (2023).
- ^ "Runaway in Jail". Mississippi Free Trader. March 20, 1844. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "Planters' Register of Runaways Committed to the Different Jails". Southern Reformer. October 12, 1844. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "Runaway Negro" Newspapers.com, Bossier Banner-Progress, May 11, 1860, https://www.newspapers.com/article/bossier-banner-progress-runaway-negro/143863630/
- ^ "Committed". The Democrat. July 7, 1847. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ a b "Negroes wanted". The Courier-Journal. July 4, 1844. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ^ The National Archives in Washington D.C.; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29; Series Number: M432; Residence Date: 1850; Home in 1850: Louisville District 2, Jefferson, Kentucky; Roll: 206; Page: 189a - occupation Negro dealer
- ^ "Negroes Wanted - M. Garison". The Courier-Journal. April 15, 1857. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ S2CID 149804505.
- ^ a b "Negroes at Private Sale". The Charleston Daily Courier. May 8, 1845. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
- ^ The National Archives in Washington D.C.; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29; Series Number: M432; Residence Date: 1850; Home in 1850: Richmond, Richmond (Independent City), Virginia; Roll: 951; Page: 298a - occupation Negro dealer
- ^ "Broadside advertising "Valuable Slaves at Auction" in New Orleans". National Museum of African American History and Culture. Retrieved 2023-08-28.
- ^ a b "NEGROES WANTED". Carolina Watchman. June 14, 1834. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
- ^ The National Archives in Washington D.C.; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29; Series Number: M653; Residence Date: 1860; Home in 1860: Fairfax, Virginia; Roll: M653_1343; Page: 890; Family History Library Film: 805343 / occupation: dealer in slaves
- ^ "Affray and murder". Cherokee Phoenix, and Indians' Advocate. September 23, 1829. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ "From the Mobile Register, June 21". The Evening Post. July 15, 1825. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ "Sale of Negroes by Auction, extract of a letter from Richmond in Virginia, dated Feb. 12, 1821". Buffalo Journal. July 10, 1821. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ a b "Notice". Richmond Enquirer. November 30, 1827. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ "Negroes! Negroes!". Natchez Daily Courier. November 11, 1853. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
- ^ "Just Received: Two First Rate Lots of Negroes". The Natchez Bulletin. April 3, 1857. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
- ^ a b c d e Colby (2024), p. 98.
- ^ Gudmestad (1999), p. 312.
- ^ Johnson (2009), p. 47, 51.
- ^ Johnson (2013), p. 84.
- ^ "The Late Fire in Mobile". The Courier-Journal. March 20, 1860. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ Colby (2024), p. 62.
- ^ a b c "Notice, brought to Jail on the 9th inst". Weekly Columbus Enquirer. October 13, 1832. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ a b "Slavery in Lynchburg". Lynchburg Museum System. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
- ^ "The Baltimore Sun 14 Nov 1843, page 4". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ a b c Stowe (1853), p. 354.
- ^ "Notice $100 Reward". Vicksburg Tri-Weekly Sentinel. January 19, 1841. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "Runaway Negro". Western Carolinian. April 3, 1827. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ "Negroes wanted". Port Tobacco Times and Charles County Advertiser. April 2, 1846. p. 5. Retrieved 2023-09-08.
- ^ a b "Harrison & Pitts". Daily Columbus Enquirer. June 4, 1860. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ^ Bancroft (2023), p. 296.
- ^ "NY Evening Post" Newspapers.com, Anti-Slavery Bugle, May 1, 1852, http://www.newspapers.com/article/anti-slavery-bugle-ny-evening-post/143996318/
- ^ a b E S Hawkins, 1860, 18 Cedar St, Nashville, Tennessee, USA, Slave-Dealer - Nashville, Tennessee, City Directory, 1860 - Page 188 G H Hitchings 72 Broad St Nashville, Tennessee, USA - Negro-Dealer - page 305 - Nashville, Tennessee, City Directory, 1860
- ^ "The Briscoe Center recently acquired a letter by the slave trader Robert Hawkins". Dolph Briscoe Center for American History. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
- ^ "Runaway". Jacksonville Republican. April 15, 1846. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ a b c d e Mooney (1971), p. 45.
- ^ Colby (2024), pp. 62–63.
- ^ "Forty Negroes for sale". Georgia Journal and Messenger. December 18, 1850. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-08.
- ^ "Reprint of a very interesting broadside that advertises the sale of ten..." Heritage Auctions.
- ^ a b W H Rainey and Co´s Memphis City Directory, 1855-56Ancestry.com. U.S., City Directories, 1822-1995 published 2011 - Page 130 - Hill, William C, Slave dealer, 56 Adams - Page 171 Staples, Jno., negro trader, 136 Adams
- ^ Colby (2024), p. 42.
- ^ a b "Petition #21684327 Halifax County, Virginia. September 9, 1843. - September 9, 1847". Race and Slavery Petitions, Digital Library on American Slavery (dlas.uncg.edu). Retrieved 2023-11-27.
- ^ "Buys Land on Hill for Hamburg Residents". The State. December 11, 1929. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
- ^ https://www.newspapers.com/article/vicksburg-whig-disaster-explosion-of-th/143865031/
- ^ a b "70 Negroes for Sale". The Mississippi Free Trader. May 26, 1849. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
- ^ "Cash for Negroes". Nashville Union and American. January 18, 1859. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-26.
- ^ OCLC 1294194709.
- ^ "Isaac Jarratt papers, 1832-1979. – African American Documentary Resources". October 12, 2009. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
- ^ a b c "The State of Mississippi". The Natchez Weekly Courier. June 16, 1847. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ "1846-10-29 Thos. Jennings n Co. is selling Virginia Negroes in Hamburg". The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic. October 29, 1846. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
- ^ a b Hawes, Jennifer Berry (July 5, 2023). "How a grad student uncovered the largest slave auction in U.S. history". Daily Montanan. Retrieved 2023-08-18.
- ^ a b "The Creole (Richmond Compiler)". Alexandria Gazette. December 20, 1841. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
- ^ "Queen of the Kidnappers". The Boston Globe. February 26, 1882. p. 6. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ^ "The Delaware Register, or, Farmers', Manufacturers' and Mechanics' Advocate 02 May 1829, page 7". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ "Negroes Wanted". Alexandria Gazette. April 13, 1822. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
- ^ a b "Thirty Dollars Reward". The Independent Monitor. December 30, 1847. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ Project MUSE book 37208.
- ^ "Brought to jail". Weekly Columbus Enquirer. February 19, 1845. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "Auctioneers". The New Orleans Crescent. April 2, 1859. p. 5. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
- ^ Johnson (2009), p. 50.
- ^ a b "Yesterday morning". Edgefield Advertiser. July 9, 1845. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ^ a b "Pennsylvania Republican 09 Jul 1845, page 2". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ The National Archives in Washington D.C.; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29; Series Number: M653; Residence Date: 1860; Home in 1860: Richmond Ward 3, Henrico, Virginia; Roll: M653_1353; Page: 524; Family History Library Film: 805353 - occupation negro dealer
- ^ "Horrid Outrage". The North-Carolina Star. May 15, 1834. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ Sellers (2015), p. 150.
- ^ Johnson (2009), p. 2.
- ^ "Special Correspondence of the Picayune, Mexico City". The Louisville Daily Courier. June 5, 1848. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ a b c d e f Sydnor (1933), p. 154.
- ^ "Was committed to the jail of Westmoreland County, Va". Richmond Enquirer. August 14, 1821. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ a b Stowe (1853), p. 343.
- ^ "Change of Location". The Charleston Daily Courier. February 24, 1852. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
- ^ Stowe (1853), p. 336.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-598-48524-3.
- ^ a b "1861 New Orleans City Directory - P (complete) - Orleans Parish". usgwarchives.net. July 2004.
- ^ a b Louisiana Supreme Court; Thorpe, Thomas H.; Gill, Charles G. (1870). Louisiana Reports: Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Louisiana. West Publishing Company. pp. 474–475.
- ^ "Negroes!". Vicksburg Daily Whig. January 17, 1846. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-08-22.
- ^ "Dissolution of Co-Partnership" Newspapers.com, The New Orleans Crescent, August 19, 1852, http://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-orleans-crescent-dissolution-of/143998817/
- ^ "Negroes for Sale". Weekly Columbus Enquirer. December 30, 1851. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
- ^ "United States Census, 1850" https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MDZG-XB4 Entry for B M Lynch, 1850. - occupation: Negro trader, see also 1860 census
- ^ a b c "Democratic Slave Markets (St. Louis, Mo.), T. W. Higginson, New York Tribune". The Liberator. August 1, 1856. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
- ^ a b Stowe (1853), p. 356.
- ^ Bancroft (2023), p. 250.
- ^ "A List of Runaways". Mississippi Free Trader. December 11, 1835. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
- ^ "Ranaway from my plantation in Holmes county". National Banner and Daily Advertiser. August 7, 1833. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ a b "Affray". The Courier-Journal. December 24, 1852. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ "Negroes - McAfee & Blakey". St. Louis Globe-Democrat. August 4, 1854. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
- ^ Bancroft (2023), p. 140.
- ^ a b "slavery". Wilmington Journal. December 24, 1858. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
- ^ . Retrieved 2023-09-05 – via HathiTrust.
- ^ a b Kendall (1939), p. 152.
- ^ "Notice - jail of Amelia County". Richmond Enquirer. November 9, 1830. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ John McCleakey - 1861 - Mobile, Alabama, USA - Slave Dealer, cor Royal and Adams - Mobile, Alabama, City Directory, 1861
- ^ "Was brought to the Depot at Baton Rouge". Baton-Rouge Gazette. October 8, 1842. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ Stowe (1853), p. 339, 352.
- ^ "Information Wanted". The Louisville Daily Courier. October 6, 1853. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ "Heavy Robbery" Newspapers.com, The Leisure Hour, January 27, 1859, https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-leisure-hour-heavy-robbery/143865533/
- ^ "Likely Negroes for Sale". Weekly Columbus Enquirer. December 28, 1852. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
- ^ Mooney (1971), p. 48.
- ^ a b Coleman, J. Winston (1940). Slavery times in Kentucky. State Library of Pennsylvania. University of North Carolina Press. p. 211.
- ^ Mooney (1971), p. 40.
- ^ https://www.newspapers.com/article/republican-banner-deplorable-shooting-af/143865812/
- ^ "Shooting in Richmond". The Charleston Mercury. September 24, 1859. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
- ^ "100 Negroes Wanted!". Edgefield Advertiser. July 2, 1856. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-25.
- ^ a b Colby (2024), p. 87.
- ^ "Slaves for Sale—No. 165 Gravier Street". The Times-Picayune. January 7, 1847. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
- ^ a b "The Semi-Weekly Mississippi Free Trader 24 Apr 1855, page 5". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
- ^ a b Wilson (2009), p. 27.
- ^ "Negroes! Negroes!" Newspapers.com, Gazette and Sentinel, December 4, 1858, https://www.newspapers.com/article/gazette-and-sentinel-negroes-negroes/143863374/
- ^ "Committed to the Chesterfield jail as a runaway". Richmond Enquirer. February 7, 1822. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ "Taken up". Western Carolinian. June 22, 1824. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ "NEGROES, NEGROES. / Emergence of Advertising in America: 1850-1920 / Duke Digital Repository". Duke Digital Collections. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
- ^ "Highway Robbery". The Charleston Daily Courier. August 25, 1830. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ Bancroft (2023), p. 150, 154–155.
- ^ "Runaway in Jail". Richmond Enquirer. June 3, 1845. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "Ziba B. Oakes Papers, 1852-1857 - Digital Commonwealth". www.digitalcommonwealth.org. Retrieved 2023-07-14.
- ^ "Owings & Charles". The Times-Picayune. January 21, 1859. p. 5. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
- ^ "Runaway in Jail". Time's Tablet and Mississippi Gazette. September 1, 1830. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ a b c "Notice—Negroes Wanted". Fayetteville Semi-Weekly Observer. December 15, 1859. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
- ^ Colby (2024), p. 34.
- ^ "Runaway in Jail". Southern Galaxy. April 22, 1830. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- JSTOR 4232168.
- ^ Garrett (2011), p. 511.
- ^ "P.J. Porcher and Baya slave sale broadside". Lowcountry Digital Library. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "(SLAVERY AND ABOLITION) PORCHER AND BAYA Slave Dealers ESTAT". catalogue.swanngalleries.com. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "Domestic Slave Trading in Charleston, SC (1820-1855)". StoryMapJS. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "St. John's River, Florida: The Steamboat Era – Baya's Line" (PDF). debate.org.
- ^ "100 Likely Young Negroes". Mississippi Free Trader. October 20, 1847. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
- ^ "Runaway" Newspapers.com, The Semi-Weekly Mississippi Free Trader, September 22, 1849, http://www.newspapers.com/article/the-semi-weekly-mississippi-free-trader/143996973/
- ^ "$100 Reward". Baton-Rouge Gazette. June 5, 1847. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "Superior Male Cook, at Private Sale". The Charleston Mercury. November 9, 1864. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
- ^ Bancroft (2023), p. 295.
- ^ "Alexandria Gazette 5 January 1860 — Virginia Chronicle: Digital Newspaper Archive". virginiachronicle.com. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ^ Sydnor (1933), pp. 154–155.
- ^ "Steamboat Convoy on fire and lost. 29 Apr 1849". Natchez Daily Courier. March 2, 1849. p. 2. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- JSTOR j.ctv32nxz6m.4.
- ^ "Committed to the Jail of Amite County, Mississippi". Southern Planter. January 26, 1832. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ Colby (2023), p. 80.
- ^ Williams (2020), p. 287.
- ^ "Negroes Wanted". Lynchburg Daily Virginian. December 17, 1852. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-11-27.
- ^ "21085353 - Race and Slavery Petitions, Digital Library on American Slavery". dlas.uncg.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-17.
- ^ a b Garrett (2011), p. 495.
- ^ Jay (1844), p. 39.
- ^ a b Colby (2024), p. 94.
- ^ Wilson (2009), p. 65.
- ^ Sellers (2015), p. 155.
- ^ Colby (2024), p. 26.
- ^ "Fontaine H. Pettis". The Liberator. December 13, 1834. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
- ^ "Petition #20483304 Washington County, District of Columbia. September 20, 1833 Race and Slavery Petitions, Digital Library on American Slavery". dlas.uncg.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
- ^ Wilson (2009), p. 10.
- ^ a b "Awful Tragedy". The Louisville Daily Courier. February 21, 1848. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ David Ross, 1861, 633 E Jefferson, Louisville, Kentucky, USA, Late Negro Trader in Louisville, Kentucky, City Directory, 1861 Ancestry.com. U.S., City Directories, 1822-1995[database on-line].
- ^ a b c "A Guide to the Lynchburg (Va.) Chancery Cause, Exrs. of Joseph Pettyjohn vs. Exr. of Seth Woodroof, 1904 Lynchburg (Va.) Chancery Cause, Exrs. of Joseph Pettyjohn vs. Exr. of Seth Woodroof, 1904 1904-065". ead.lib.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
- ^ Colby (2024), p. 37.
- ^ JSTOR 42631252.
- ^ Jay (1844), p. 33.
- ^ U.S. House District of Columbia Subcommittee on Government Operations and Metropolitan Affairs (1983). Rhodes Tavern (preservation and Restoration): Hearing and Markup Before the Subcommittee on Government Operations and Metropolitan Affairs of the Committee on the District of Columbia, House of Representatives, Ninety-seventh Congress, Second Session, on H. Res. 532 ... November 30 and December 16, 1982. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 806.
- ^ "Runaway Slave in Jail" Newspapers.com, True Democrat, February 21, 1855, https://www.newspapers.com/true-democrat-runaway-slave-in-jail/143864801/
- ^ "Notice". Weekly Raleigh Register. September 12, 1822. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ "Condemnation". The Charleston Daily Courier. June 6, 1826. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ a b Williams (2020).
- ^ Johnson (2009), p. 41, 47.
- ^ Colby (2024), p. 69.
- ^ Colby (2024), p. 92, 98.
- ^ "Runaway Negro in Jail". The Arkansas Gazette. July 21, 1830. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ "Was committed to Chesterfield county jail". Richmond Enquirer. June 27, 1826. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ "Murder and Attempted Suicide". The Times-Picayune. November 11, 1857. p. 6. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
- ^ "To Hire, Sell and Rent". The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic. December 30, 1846. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
- ^ Kytle & Roberts (2018), pp. 34–35.
- ^ "10 Dollars Reward". Vicksburg Whig. May 28, 1835. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ Bancroft (2023), p. 299.
- ^ "Virginia Negroes for Sale". Piney Woods Planter. April 27, 1839. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
- ^ "Yesterday Back, a slave of J. T. Taylor..." The Daily Delta. December 13, 1845. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "To the Public". The New Orleans Crescent. June 3, 1848. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
- ^ "Committed". Knoxville Register. June 20, 1823. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ "Boots and Ned". The Weekly Mississippian. July 22, 1842. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "Negroes! Negroes!! For Sale". The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic. September 29, 1847. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
- ^ "Taken up and committed to jail". The Hillsborough Recorder. June 14, 1820. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ "Urley, a notorious negro trader and counterfeiter". Middlebury Free Press 1831-1837. September 8, 1835. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ Kendall (1939), p. 155.
- ^ "Jailor's Notice". Weekly Raleigh Register. April 20, 1839. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "South Carolina Money". Memphis Evening Ledger. October 29, 1857. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ^ "Tragical Affair". The Louisville Daily Courier. December 1, 1851. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
- ^ "Claiborne Co. Port Gibson" Newspapers.com, The Concordia Intelligencer, March 31, 1854, https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-concordia-intelligencer-claiborne-co/143864159/
- ^ "Runaways in Jail" Newspapers.com, Vicksburg Daily Whig, April 21, 1858, https://www.newspapers.com/article/vicksburg-daily-whig-runaways-in-jail/143865165/
- ^ "MURDER." Newspapers.com, Alabama Beacon, January 22, 1858, https://www.newspapers.com/article/alabama-beacon-murder/143865295/
- ^ "Notice". The North-Carolinian. December 16, 1843. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "The Kansas City Star 20 Sep 1908, page 15". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
- ^ Bruce, Henry Clay (1895). The New Man: Twenty-nine Years a Slave. Twenty-nine Years a Free Man. Recollections of H. C. Bruce. P. Anstadt & sons. pp. 103–104.
- ^ "Committed to the jail of Warren county". Vicksburg Whig. January 15, 1844. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ Bancroft (2023), p. 378.
- ^ "Dear Sir: There is here in Washington a Slave jail, or "Negro Pen"..." Portland Press Herald. October 31, 1844. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ^ "The Slave Dealer's Flag". The Evening Post. October 31, 1844. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "Negroes for Sale". The Natchez Daily Courier. December 4, 1838. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
- ^ "Cash for Negroes". Nashville Union and American. October 6, 1852. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ^ Stowe (1853), p. 340.
- S2CID 143907436.
- ^ "Slave Prisons". Bedford County Press and Everett Press. September 10, 1878. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
- ^ "120 Negroes for Sale". Statesman and Gazette. February 7, 1827. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-21.
- ^ Lindsey, William D. (August 4, 2023). "Samuel Kerr Green (1790-1860): The Years Working on James Hopkins' Plantation in New Orleans, Early 1830s". Begats and Bequeathals. Retrieved 2023-09-30.
- ^ "Was committed to the jail of Hanover County". Richmond Enquirer. August 18, 1829. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ Schermerhorn (2015), pp. 50.
- ^ "North-Carolina Free Press 23 Apr 1830, page 4". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2023-09-17.
- ^ "Committed to the jail". The Tennessean. November 22, 1843. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ "Committed on the 7th of October 1841". Baton-Rouge Gazette. November 20, 1841. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
- ^ Colby (2024), p. 85.
- ^ "Working song". Orleans Independent Standard. March 25, 1859. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
- ^ Stowe (1853), p. 378–379.
References
- ISBN 978-1-64336-427-8.
- Colby, Robert K. D. (2024). An Unholy Traffic: Slave Trading in the Civil War South. Oxford University Press. OCLC 1412042395.
- Fitzpatrick, Benjamin Lewis (December 2008). Negroes for Sale: The Slave Trade in Antebellum Kentucky (Ph.D. thesis). University of Notre Dame. .
- ISBN 9780820339023.
- Gudmestad, Robert (1999). A Troublesome Commerce: The Interstate Slave Trade, 1808-1840 (Doctor of Philosophy thesis). Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College. .
- Jay, William (1844). A View of the Action of the Federal Government, In Behalf of Slavery. Utica, N.Y.: J.C. Jackson.
- OL 26179618M.
- OCLC 923120203.
- Kendall, John S. (January 1939). "Shadow Over the City". The Louisiana Historical Quarterly. 22 (1). New Orleans: FamilySearch Digital Library.
- Kytle, Ethan J.; Roberts, Blain (2018). Denmark Vesey's garden: slavery and memory in the cradle of the Confederacy. New York: The New Press. LCCN 2017041546.
- Mooney, Chase C. (1971) [1957]. "Chapter Two: Hire, Sale, Theft and Flight of Slaves". Slavery in Tennessee. Westport, Conn.: Negro Universities Press. pp. 29–63.
- Schermerhorn, Calvin (2015). The business of slavery and the rise of American capitalism, 1815-1860. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-19200-1.
- Sellers, James Benson (2015) [1950]. "Chapter 5: Traffic in Slaves". Slavery in Alabama. Library of Alabama Classics. Introduction by Harriet E. Amos Doss. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. OCLC 899157440.
- OL 21879838M.
- Sydnor, Charles Sackett (1933). Slavery in Mississippi. New York: D. Appleton-Century Corp.
- Williams, Jennie K. (April 2, 2020). "Trouble the water: The Baltimore to New Orleans coastwise slave trade, 1820–1860". Slavery & Abolition. 41 (2): 275–303. S2CID 203494471.
- Wilson, Carol (2009) [1994]. Freedom at Risk: The Kidnapping of Free Blacks in America, 1780–1865. University Press of Kentucky. OCLC 900344359.
External links
- "Slave Trading in Alexandria, Virginia". Jaybird's Jottings. February 28, 2017.
- Mobley, Regina (February 22, 2023). "Hidden History: Norfolk region's domestic slave trade exposed". WAVY.com.