List of Medal of Honor recipients
Medal of Honor |
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All recipients |
American Civil War |
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Other wars and conflicts |
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By ethnic group |
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By other criteria |
The
The citations highlighting acts of gallantry that received the Medal of Honor have been and continue to be regularly released by book publishers. After the Second World War, both the Army and Navy produced hardbound Medal of Honor compilations.[5] Between 1964 and 1979, the United States Senate Subcommittee on Veterans' Affairs of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare and later the Committee on Veterans' Affairs produced a number of consolidated compilations of all Medal of Honor citations to date.[6] Additions and changes to the list of recipients of the medal since the 1979 have been regularly published by the Congressional Research Service.[7]
The first Army Medal of Honor was awarded to Private Jacob Parrott during the American Civil War for his role in the Great Locomotive Chase.
The first African American recipient for this award was Robert Blake, who manned his post during a naval engagement against infantry while under heavy fire (William Harvey Carney is commonly and erroneously cited as the first African-American to receive a medal because his actions in combat did precede those of the other African-American recipients, although his physical medal was not presented until 1900). The only female Medal of Honor recipient is Mary Edwards Walker, a Civil War surgeon. Her medal was rescinded in 1917 along with many other non-combat awards, but it was restored by President Jimmy Carter in 1977.[9]
While current law, (10 U.S.C. § 6241), beginning in 1918, explicitly states that recipients must be serving in the U.S. Armed Forces at the time of performing a valorous act that warrants the award, exceptions have been made. Notably, Charles Lindbergh, while a reserve member of the U.S. Army Air Corps, received his Medal of Honor as a civilian pilot. Although Medals of Honor can only be awarded to members of the U.S. Armed Forces, being a U.S. citizen is not a prerequisite for eligibility to receive the medal. Sixty-one Canadians who were serving in the United States Armed Forces have received the Medal of Honor; most received it for actions in the American Civil War. Since 1900, only four have been awarded to Canadians.[10] In the Vietnam War, Peter C. Lemon was the only Canadian-born recipient of the Medal of Honor. However, he was a U.S. citizen.[11]
19th century
American Civil War
The American Civil War (1861–1865) was a war between the United States (the Union) and the Southern states of the newly formed Confederate States of America under Jefferson Davis. The Medal of Honor was established during this conflict; 1523 were awarded (33 posthumously) for acts of bravery and gallantry in combat.[12] Most awards were granted after the end of the Civil War with two late awards to Andrew Jackson Smith and Alonzo Cushing in 2001 and 2014.[7]
Indian Wars
The term
Korean Expedition
The
Image | Name | Service | Rank | Place of action | Date of action | Unit | Notes[15] |
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—
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John Andrews | Navy | Ordinary Seaman
|
aboard USS Benicia | Jun 9, 1871 – Jun 10, 1871 | USS Benicia | Stood on the gunwale on the Benicia's launch, lashed to the ridgerope and remained unflinchingly in this dangerous position and gave his soundings with coolness and accuracy under a heavy fire. |
(Brown at right) | Charles Brown | Marine Corps | Corporal | aboard USS Colorado | June 11, 1871 | USS Colorado | Assisted in capturing the Korean flag from the citadel of the fort |
—
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John Coleman | Marine Corps | Private | aboard USS Colorado | June 11, 1871 | USS Colorado | For hand-to-hand combat and saving the life of Alexander McKenzie |
—
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James Dougherty | Marine Corps | Private | aboard USS Benicia | June 11, 1871 | USS Benicia | Returned to duty after being wounded several times |
—
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Frederick Franklin | Navy | Quartermaster | aboard USS Colorado | June 11, 1871 | USS Colorado | For assuming command of Company D, after Lt. McKee was wounded, and handling the company until relieved |
—
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Patrick H. Grace | Navy | Chief Quartermaster
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aboard USS Benicia | Jun 10, 1871 – Jun 11, 1871 | USS Benicia | Carrying out his duties with coolness, Grace set forth gallant and meritorious conduct throughout this action |
(Hayden at left) | Cyrus Hayden | Navy | Carpenter
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aboard USS Colorado | June 11, 1871 | USS Colorado | Serving as color bearer of the battalion, Hayden planted his flag and protected it under heavy fire |
William F. Lukes | Navy | Landsman
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Ganghwa Island | Jun 9, 1871 – Jun 10, 1871 | USS Colorado | Fighting the enemy inside the fort, Lukes received a severe cut over the head | |
—
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Alexander McKenzie | Navy | Boatswain's Mate
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aboard USS Colorado | June 11, 1871 | USS Colorado | Fighting at the side of Lt. McKee during this action, McKenzie was struck by a sword and received a severe cut in the head from the blow. |
—
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Michael McNamara | Marine Corps | Private | aboard USS Benicia | June 11, 1871 | USS Benicia | For taking a match-lock from the hands of the enemy while advancing to the parapet |
—
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James F. Merton | Navy | Landsman
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Ganghwa Island | Jun 9, 1871 – Jun 10, 1871 | USS Colorado | Merton was severely wounded in the arm while trying to force his way into the fort |
—
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Michael Owens | Marine Corps | Private | aboard USS Colorado | June 11, 1871 | USS Colorado | Fighting courageously in hand-to-hand combat, Owens was badly wounded by the enemy during this action |
(Purvis in center) | Hugh Purvis | Marine Corps | Private | aboard USS Alaska | June 11, 1871 | USS Alaska | Braving the enemy fire, Purvis was the first to scale the walls of the fort and capture their flag |
—
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Samuel F. Rogers | Navy | Quartermaster | aboard USS Colorado | June 11, 1871 | USS Colorado | Fighting courageously at the side of Lt. McKee during this action, Rogers was wounded by the enemy |
—
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William Troy | Navy | Ordinary Seaman
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aboard USS Colorado | June 11, 1871 | USS Colorado | Fighting at the side of Lt. McKee, by whom he was especially commended, Troy was badly wounded by the enemy |
Spanish–American War
The Spanish–American War (Spanish: Guerra Hispano-Estadounidense, desastre del 98, Guerra Hispano-Cubana-Norteamericana or Guerra de Cuba) was a military conflict between Spain and the United States that began in April 1898. Hostilities halted in August of that year, and the Treaty of Paris was signed in December. The war began after the American demand for Spain's peacefully resolving the Cuban fight for independence was rejected, though strong expansionist sentiment in the United States may have motivated the government to target Spain's remaining overseas territories: Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and the Caroline Islands.[16]
Riots in Havana by pro-Spanish "Voluntarios" gave the United States reason to send in the warship USS Maine. This action by the U.S. indicated high national interest. Tension among the American people was raised because of the explosion of USS Maine, and "yellow journalism" - sensationalist reporting that exposed Spain's extensive atrocities, agitating American public opinion. The war ended after decisive naval victories for the United States in the Philippines and Cuba. The Treaty of Paris ended the conflict 109 days after the outbreak of war giving the United States ownership of the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam.[17] 111 people received the Medal of Honor from the Spanish–American War.
Samoan Civil War
The
Image | Name | Service | Rank | Place of action | Date of action | Unit | Notes[19] |
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—
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Frederick T. Fisher | Navy | First Class
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aboard USS Philadelphia, Samoa | April 1, 1899 | USS Philadelphia | For distinguishing himself by his conduct in the presence of the enemy |
—
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Bruno A. Forsterer | Marine Corps | Sergeant | Samoa | April 1, 1899 | Unknown | For distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy. |
Henry L. Hulbert | Marine Corps | Private | Samoa | April 1, 1899 | Unknown | For distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy. Subsequently, awarded the Navy Cross and the Distinguished Service Cross for actions during World War I. | |
—
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Michael J. McNally | Marine Corps | Sergeant | Samoa | April 1, 1899 | Unknown | For distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy |
Philippine-American War
The
Eighty-six men were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions in the Philippine–American War: 70 from the
Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Movement or
During the Boxer rebellion, 59 American servicemen received the Medal of Honor for their actions. Four of these were for Army personnel, twenty-two went to navy sailors and the remaining thirty-three went to Marines. Harry Fisher was the first Marine to receive the medal posthumously and the only posthumous recipient for this conflict.[25]
20th century
United States occupation of Veracruz, 1914
The United States occupation of the Mexican port of Veracruz lasted for six months in response to the Tampico Affair of April 9, 1914. The incident came in the midst of poor diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States, related to the ongoing Mexican Revolution.[26]
Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels ordered that 56 Medals of Honor be awarded to participants in the occupation of Veracruz, the most for any single action before or since. In total 63 Medals of Honor were received for actions during the occupation; 1 Army, 9 to members of the United States Marine Corps and 53 to Navy personnel.[25]
Invasion and occupation of Haiti
The first United States occupation of Haiti began on July 28, 1915, and ended in mid-August 1934.
Portrait | Name | Service | Rank | Place of action | Date of action | Unit | Notes[27][28] |
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Smedley Butler | Marine Corps | Major | Fort Riviere, Haiti
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November 17, 1915 | 2nd Marines | Second award – previously awarded a Medal of Honor for action in the Mexican Campaign. | |
William R. Button | Marine Corps | Corporal | near Grande Riviere, Haiti | Oct 31, 1919 – Nov 1, 1919 | 7th Marines
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For the assassination of rebel leader Charlemagne Péralte and the routing of his followers | |
Daniel Daly | Marine Corps | Gunnery Sergeant
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near Fort-Liberté, Haiti | October 24, 1915 | 15th Company, 2nd Marines | Second award – previously awarded a Medal of Honor for action in the Boxer Rebellion | |
Herman H. Hanneken | Marine Corps | Sergeant | near Grande Riviere, Haiti | Oct 31, 1919 – Nov 1, 1919 | 7th Marines
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For the assassination of rebel leader Charlemagne Péralte and the routing of his followers | |
Ross L. Iams | Marine Corps | Sergeant | Fort Riviere, Haiti
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November 17, 1915 | 5th Company, 2nd Marines | Approaching a breach in the wall which was the only entrance to the fort, Sergeant Iams unhesitatingly jumped through the breach despite constant fire from the Cacos and engaged the enemy in a desperate hand-to-hand combat until the bastion was captured and Caco resistance neutralized. | |
—
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Samuel Marguiles
|
Marine Corps | Private | Fort Riviere, Haiti
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November 17, 1915 | 23rd Company, 2nd Marines | Served under the name Samuel Gross. |
Edward A. Ostermann | Marine Corps | First Lieutenant
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near Fort-Liberté, Haiti | October 24, 1915 | 15th Company, 2nd Marines | In command of one of the three squads which advanced in three different directions, led his men forward, surprising and scattering the Cacos, and aiding in the capture of Fort Dipitie. | |
William P. Upshur | Marine Corps | Captain | near Fort-Liberté, Haiti | October 24, 1915 | 15th Company, 2nd Marines | In command of the three squads which advanced in three different directions, led his men forward, surprising and scattering the Cacos, and aiding the capture of Fort Dipitie. |
Occupation of the Dominican Republic
The United States
Image | Name | Service | Rank | Place of action | Date of action | Unit | Notes[30] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Joseph A. Glowin | Marine Corps | Corporal | Guayacanes, Dominican Republic | July 3, 1916 | 13th Company, Artillery Battalion, 1st Brigade | For action against a considerable force of rebels | |
—
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Ernest C. Williams | Marine Corps | First Lieutenant
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San Francisco de Macorís, Dominican Republic | November 29, 1916 | 1st Brigade | For leading the capture of a fort |
Roswell Winans | Marine Corps | First Sergeant
|
Guayacanes, Dominican Republic | July 3, 1916 | 1st Brigade | For action against a considerable force of rebels |
World War I
During this war, 126 men received the Medal of Honor for their actions, including five Marines who received both the Army and Navy versions of the medal for the same action.[25]
Occupation of Nicaragua
The United States
Image | Name | Service | Rank | Place of action | Date of action | Unit | Notes[35] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Christian F. Schilt | Marine Corps | First Lieutenant
|
Quilali, Nicaragua | Jan 6, 1928 – Jan 8, 1928 | Observation Squadron 7-M | For evacuating wounded Marines by plane while under fire | |
Donald L. Truesdale
|
Marine Corps | Corporal | near Constancia, near Coco River, northern Nicaragua | April 24, 1932 | a Guardia Nacional Patrol | Served under the name "Truesdale" before officially changing name to "Truesdell" on 25 July 1942.[36] Lost his hand while attempting to save his patrol from an accidentally activated grenade. |
World War II
During this conflict 471 United States military personnel received the Medal of Honor, 273 of them posthumously. A total of 42 Medals of Honor, representing 9% of all awarded during World War II, were presented for action in just two battles – 15 for actions during the Japanese
Korean War
The Korean War was ignited by the 1950 invasion of South Korea when the North Korean Army moved south on June 25, 1950, to seize the rest of the Korean peninsula, which had been formally divided since 1948. The conflict was then expanded by the United States, China's and the Soviet Union's involvement. The main hostilities were during the period from June 25, 1950, until the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed on July 27, 1953.
In South Korea, the war is often called "6•25", or the 6•25 War (Korean: 6•25 전쟁), from the date of the start of the conflict or, more formally, Hanguk Jeonjaeng literally "Korean War". In North Korea, while commonly known as the Korean War, it is formally called the Fatherland Liberation War. In the early days of the war, United States President
During this war, 146 Medals of Honor were awarded.[44]
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the American War, occurred from 1959 to April 30, 1975. The term "Vietnam Conflict" is often used to refer to events which took place between 1959 and April 30, 1975. The war was fought between the Communist-supported Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the United States supported Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam).
During the Vietnam War and in the following twelve months, 234 Medals of Honor were received and since 1978 a further 32 awards have been presented. Of the total of 266 awards, 174 were to the US Army, 15 to the US Navy, 57 to the USMC and 14 to the USAF.
USS Liberty incident
The
Image | Name | Service | Rank | Place of action | Date of action | Unit | Notes[51] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
William L. McGonagle | Navy | Commander | Eastern Mediterranean Sea | June 8–9, 1967 | USS Liberty (AGTR-5) | Continued to lead his ship despite being severely wounded |
Post-Vietnam
Since the end of the
Somalia
On October 3, 1993, during the
Upon reaching the downed Blackhawk, which was under intense enemy fire, Gordon and Shughart pulled the crew from the wreckage and proceeded to set up a defensive perimeter. The snipers, assisted by the severely injured Durant, began to engage the attacking Somalis from the opposite side of the wreckage using assault rifles stored on the Blackhawk. Shughart and Gordon were eventually mortally wounded after nearly exhausting all available ammunition; Durant, the only survivor, was taken hostage. According to Durant's account, 25 Somalis were killed and many more were wounded.
On Monday, May 23, 1994, President Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to the widows of Gordon and Shughart.[57] They are the only snipers to have received the Medal of Honor.[58] The film Black Hawk Down, based on the book of the same name, includes a narrative of the events.
21st century
War in Afghanistan
The
Iraq War
The
Non-combat
Before 1963, the Medal of Honor could be received for actions not involving direct
Foreign
Current law,
Notes
- Philippine Insurrection. This name was historically the most commonly used in the U.S., but some Filipino historians refer to these hostilities as the Philippine-American War, and, in 1999, the U.S. Library of Congressreclassified its references to use this term. Most historians continue to refer to the Insurrection.
- C.P. StaceyOfficial History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War, for example. "Official" usage of these terms is giving way to popular usage and the two terms are becoming interchangeable even in formal military history.
References
- This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History.
- ^ "Honors for Valor". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
- ^ "Medal of Honor FAQs | CMOHS". Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
- ^ "A Brief History – The Medal of Honor". Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). Department of Defense. August 8, 2006. Archived from the original on May 19, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
- ^ see "Medal of Honor » Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States". Archived from the original on 2017-06-30. Retrieved 2017-07-15. which is updated when new awards are presented. The exact number is included in the main Medal of Honor article.
- ^ The Medal of Honor of the United States Army, United States. Department of the Army. Public Information Division, [Washington, [U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1948] and Medal of Honor, 1861–1949, the Navy. United States Bureau of Naval Personnel. [Washington, 1950?]
- ^ Medal of Honor recipients, 1863–1963. Prepared for the Subcommittee on Veterans' Affairs of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, United States Senate. 1964 was the first of these publications.
- ^ a b Medal of Honor Recipients: 1979–2014, Anne Leland, Information Research Specialist, Congressional Research Service, December 2, 2014
- ^ "History of the Medal | Medal of Honor Convention". www.mohconvention.com.
- ^ "Mary Edwards Walker". Women in History. Archived from the original on March 17, 2010. Retrieved July 23, 2006.
- ^ "Canada honours winners of top U.S. medal". CBC News. July 1, 2005. Archived from the original on May 29, 2007. Retrieved July 20, 2006.
- ^ "Thousands of Canadians, including a Medal of Honor recipient, served with the U.S. military in Vietnam". Veterans With a Mission. July 1, 2005. Archived from the original on May 29, 2007. Retrieved July 20, 2006.
- ^ a b "Medal of Honor » Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States". www.mohhsus.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
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- ^ "The Price of Freedom: Americans at War—Spanish American War". National Museum of American History. 2005. Archived from the original on 2009-05-30.
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- ^ Stevenson, Robert Louis. A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa. Archived from the original on July 26, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
- ^ "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Philippine Insurrection. United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Archived from the original on April 20, 2008. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- ISBN 0-8135-3411-9. Retrieved December 3, 2007.
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Medal of Honor.
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- ^ Yockelson, Mitchell (1997). "The United States Armed Forces and the Mexican Punitive Expedition: Part 1". Prologue Magazine. 29. Archived from the original on 2014-04-23.
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- ^ Haggerty, Richard A. (1989). "Dominican Republic: A Country Study". Archived from the original on August 18, 2011. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
- ^ "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Dominican Campaign. United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Archived from the original on June 23, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
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- ^ Coleman, P. (1999) "Cost of the War," Archived 2008-03-02 at the Wayback Machine World War II Resource Guide (Gardena, California: The American War Library)
- ^ "Invalid Entry". www.cmohs.org. Archived from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
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- ^ [=korean-war Medal of Honor Society FAQ]
- ^ Murphy, 1987, pp. 13–23
- ^ Murphy, 1987, pp. 36–38
- ^ Murphy, 1987, p. 97
- ^ Murphy, 1987, pp. 156–158
- ^ Murphy, 1987, pp. 150–151
- ^ "Israel attacks USS Liberty". history.com.
- ^ "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War (M—Z). United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
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- ^ Stewart, Richard W. (23 May 2006). "Rebuilding the Army Vietnam to Desert Storm". Center of Military History. United States Army. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
- ^ Bullington, James R. (September 1999). "The Coming American Retreat from Global Military Interventions". American Diplomacy. University of North Carolina. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
- ^ "Medal of Honor Recipients". Center of Military History. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
- ^ Clinton awards Medal of Honor to 2 killed in Somalia, New York Daily News, May 25, 1994, p. 16
- ^ "Shughart and Gordon". Snipercentral.com. October 3, 1993. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
- ^ "The United States Army in Afghanistan". Operation Enduring Freedom. United States Army. March 17, 2006. Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
- ^ "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Afghanistan War. United States Army Center of Military History. January 7, 2010. Archived from the original on January 29, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
- ^ "President Obama to Award Medal of Honor". White House Office of the Press Secretary. September 9, 2010. Archived from the original on April 5, 2011. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
- ^ "Army Ranger to be awarded Medal of Honor". Stars and Stripes. Washington, D.C. May 31, 2011. Archived from the original on June 3, 2011.
- ^ "Soldiers' selfless acts should inspire at holidays". CNN. December 6, 2010. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012.
- ^ Lamothe, Dan (July 19, 2011). "Obama OKs Medal of Honor for living Marine". Marine Corps Times. Springfield, Virginia. Archived from the original on July 26, 2011.
- ^ "Rescue Operations in the Second Gulf War". Air & Space Power Journal. Spring 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-03-10. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
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- ^ "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Iraq War. United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Archived from the original on May 26, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- ^ Lamothe, Dan (December 15, 2021). "After extraordinary sacrifice – and years of delay". Washington Post. Retrieved December 16, 2021.
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- Naval Historical Center. March 20, 2006. Archivedfrom the original on April 8, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
- ^ "Medal of Honor recipients". Interim (1920–1940). United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2010.
- ^ "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients by Special Legislation. United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
Further reading
- Murphy, Edward F. (1987). Vietnam Medal of Honor Heroes. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-33890-1.
- OCLC 52347641.
External links
- "Who's Who list of Marines". Who's Who in Marine Corps History. History Division, United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on February 19, 2007. Retrieved March 17, 2008.
- "Medal of Honor recipients". Listing of Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen who received the Medal of Honor during World War II. United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for the American Civil War (A–L). United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for the American Civil War (M–Z). United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Archived from the original on February 23, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars. United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for Interim period (1866–1870). United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Interim period (1871–1898). United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Spanish–American War. United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Boxer Rebellion. United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Interim period (1901–1911). United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for Outlaws—Philippines 1911. United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Mexican-American War (Vera Cruz). United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Interim period (1915–1916). United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for World War I. United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for World War II (A–F). United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Archived from the original on June 16, 2008. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for World War II (G–L). United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for World War II (M–S). United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
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- "Medal of Honor recipients". American Medal of Honor recipients for the Korean War. United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
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