List of baryons
Baryons are composite particles made of three quarks, as opposed to mesons, which are composite particles made of one quark and one antiquark. Baryons and mesons are both hadrons, which are particles composed solely of quarks or both quarks and antiquarks. The term baryon is derived from the Greek "βαρύς" (barys), meaning "heavy", because, at the time of their naming, it was believed that baryons were characterized by having greater masses than other particles that were classed as matter.
Until a few years ago, it was believed that some experiments showed the existence of
bottom lambda baryons (Λ0
b).[4]
b).[4]
Since baryons are composed of quarks, they participate in the strong interaction. Leptons, on the other hand, are not composed of quarks and as such do not participate in the strong interaction. The best known baryons are protons and neutrons, which make up most of the mass of the visible matter in the universe, whereas electrons, the other major component of atoms, are leptons. Each baryon has a corresponding antiparticle, known as an antibaryon, in which quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks. For example, a proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark, while its corresponding antiparticle, the antiproton, is made of two up antiquarks and one down antiquark.
Baryon properties
These lists detail all known and predicted baryons in total angular momentum J = 1/2 and J = 3/2 configurations with positive parity.[5]
- Baryons composed of one type of quark (uuu, ddd, ...) can exist in J = 3/2 configuration, but J = 1/2 is forbidden by the Pauli exclusion principle.
- Baryons composed of two types of quarks (uud, uus, ...) can exist in both J = 1/2 and J = 3/2 configurations.
- Baryons composed of three types of quarks (uds, udc, ...) can exist in both J = 1/2 and J = 3/2 configurations. Two J = 1/2 configurations are possible for these baryons.
The symbols encountered in these lists are: I (
total angular momentum), P (parity), u (up quark), d (down quark), s (strange quark), c (charm quark), b (bottom quark), Q (charge), B (baryon number), S (strangeness), C (charm), B′ (bottomness), as well as a wide array of subatomic particles (hover for name). (See Baryon
for a detailed explanation of these symbols.)
Antibaryons are not listed in the tables; however, they simply would have all quarks changed to antiquarks, and Q, B, S, C, B′, would be of opposite signs. Particles with † next to their names have been predicted by the Standard Model but not yet observed. Values in parentheses have not been firmly established by experiments, but are predicted by the quark model and are consistent with the measurements.[6][7]
JP = 1/2+ baryons
| Particle name | Symbol | Quark content | Rest mass ( MeV/c 2)
|
I | JP
|
Q (e) | S | C | B′ | Mean lifetime (s )
|
Commonly decays to |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| proton[8] | p , p+ , N+ |
u u d |
938.2720813(58)[a] | 1/2 | 1/2+ | +1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | stable[b] | unobserved |
| neutron[9] | n , n0 , N0 |
u d d |
939.5654133(58)[a] | 1/2 | 1/2+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (8.794±0.006)×10+2[c] | p+ + e− + ν e |
| lambda[10] | Λ0 |
u d s |
1115.683±0.006 | 0 | 1/2+ | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | (2.632±0.020)×10−10 | p+ + π− or n0 + π0 |
| charmed lambda[11] | Λ+ c |
u d c |
2286.46±0.14 | 0 | 1/2+ | +1 | 0 | +1 | 0 | (2.024±0.031)×10−13 | see Λ+ c decay modes |
| bottom lambda[12] | Λ0 b |
u d b |
5619.6±0.17 | (0) | (1/2+) | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | (1.471±0.009)×10−12 | see Λ0 b decay modes |
| sigma[13] | Σ+ |
u u s |
1189.37±0.07 | 1 | 1/2+ | +1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | (8.018±0.026)×10−11 | p+ + π0 or n0 + π+ |
| sigma[14] | Σ0 |
u d s |
1192.642±0.024 | 1 | 1/2+ | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | (7.4±0.7)×10−20 | Λ0 + γ |
| sigma[15] | Σ− |
d d s |
1197.449±0.030 | 1 | 1/2+ | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | (1.479±0.011)×10−10 | n0 + π− |
| charmed sigma[16] | Σ++ c |
u u c |
2453.97±0.14 | 1 | 1/2+ | +2 | 0 | +1 | 0 | 3.48+0.37 −0.16×10−22[d] |
|
| charmed sigma[16] | Σ+ c |
u d c |
2452.9±0.4 | 1 | 1/2+ | +1 | 0 | +1 | 0 | >1.43×10−22[d] | |
| charmed sigma[16] | Σ0 c |
d d c |
2453.75±0.14 | 1 | 1/2+ | 0 | 0 | +1 | 0 | 3.60+0.42 −0.20×10−22[d] |
|
| bottom sigma[17] | Σ+ b |
u u b |
5810.56±0.25 | (1) | (1/2+) | +1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | (1.32±0.13)×10−22[d] | |
| bottom sigma† | Σ0 b |
u d b |
unknown | (1) | (1/2+) | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| bottom sigma[17] | Σ− b |
d d b |
5815.64±0.27 | (1) | (1/2+) | −1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | (1.24±0.12)×10−22[d] | |
| xi[18] | Ξ0 |
u s s |
1314.86±0.20 | 1/2 | 1/2(+) | 0 | −2 | 0 | 0 | (2.90±0.09)×10−10 | Λ0 + π0 |
| xi[19] | Ξ− |
d s s |
1321.71±0.07 | 1/2 | 1/2(+) | −1 | −2 | 0 | 0 | (1.639±0.015)×10−10 | Λ0 + π− |
| charmed xi[20] | Ξ+ c |
u s c |
2467.94+0.17 −0.20 |
(1/2) | (1/2+) | +1 | −1 | +1 | 0 | (4.56±0.05)×10−13 | see Ξ+ c decay modes |
| charmed xi[21] | Ξ0 c |
d s c |
2470.90+0.22 −0.29 |
(1/2) | (1/2+) | 0 | −1 | +1 | 0 | (1.53±0.06)×10−13 | see Ξ0 c decay modes |
| charmed xi prime[22] | Ξ′+ c |
u s c |
2578.4±0.5 | (1/2) | (1/2+) | +1 | −1 | +1 | 0 | unknown | (seen) |
| charmed xi prime[23] | Ξ′0 c |
d s c |
2579.2±0.5 | (1/2) | (1/2+) | 0 | −1 | +1 | 0 | unknown | (seen) |
| double charmed xi[24] | Ξ++ cc |
u c c |
3621.2±0.7 | (1/2) | (1/2+) | +2 | 0 | +2 | 0 | unknown | see Ξ++ cc decay modes |
| double charmed xi[e] | Ξ+ cc |
d c c |
unknown | (1/2) | (1/2+) | +1 | 0 | +2 | 0 | unknown | unknown |
| bottom xi cascade B
|
Ξ0 b |
u s b |
5791.9±0.5 | (1/2) | (1/2+) | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 | (1.480±0.030)×10−12 | see Ξ0 b decay modes |
| bottom xi[25] or cascade B |
Ξ− b |
d s b |
5797.0±0.6 | (1/2) | (1/2+) | −1 | −1 | 0 | −1 | (1.572±0.040)×10−12 | see Ξ− b decay modes |
| bottom xi prime† | Ξ′0 b |
u s b |
unknown | (1/2) | (1/2+) | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| bottom xi prime† | Ξ′− b |
d s b |
unknown | (1/2) | (1/2+) | −1 | −1 | 0 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| double bottom xi† | Ξ0 bb |
u b b |
unknown | (1/2) | (1/2+) | 0 | 0 | 0 | −2 | unknown | unknown |
| double bottom xi† | Ξ− bb |
d b b |
unknown | (1/2) | (1/2+) | −1 | 0 | 0 | −2 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed bottom xi† | Ξ+ cb |
u c b |
unknown | (1/2) | (1/2+) | +1 | 0 | +1 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed bottom xi† | Ξ0 cb |
d c b |
unknown | (1/2) | (1/2+) | 0 | 0 | +1 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed bottom xi prime† | Ξ′+ cb |
u c b |
unknown | (1/2) | (1/2+) | +1 | 0 | +1 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed bottom xi prime† | Ξ′0 cb |
d c b |
unknown | (1/2) | (1/2+) | 0 | 0 | +1 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed omega[26] | Ω0 c |
s s c |
2695.2±1.7 | (0) | (1/2+) | 0 | −2 | +1 | 0 | (2.68±0.24 ± 0.10)×10−13 | see Ω0 c decay modes |
| bottom omega[27] | Ω− b |
s s b |
6046.1±1.7 | (0) | (1/2+) | −1 | −2 | 0 | −1 | 1.64+0.18 −0.17×10−12 |
Ω− + J/ψ (seen) |
| double charmed omega† | Ω+ cc |
s c c |
unknown | (0) | (1/2+) | +1 | −1 | +2 | 0 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed bottom omega† | Ω0 cb |
s c b |
unknown | (0) | (1/2+) | 0 | −1 | +1 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed bottom omega prime† | Ω′0 cb |
s c b |
unknown | (0) | (1/2+) | 0 | −1 | +1 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| double bottom omega† | Ω− bb |
s b b |
unknown | (0) | (1/2+) | −1 | −1 | 0 | −2 | unknown | unknown |
| double charmed bottom omega† | Ω+ ccb |
c c b |
unknown | (0) | (1/2+) | +1 | 0 | +2 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed double bottom omega† | Ω0 cbb |
c b b |
unknown | (0) | (1/2+) | 0 | 0 | +1 | −2 | unknown | unknown |
†^ Particle has not yet been observed.
[a]
[b] ^ At least 1035 years. See proton decay.
[c] free neutrons; in most common nuclei, neutrons are stable.
[d] resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = ħ/Γ is given instead.
[e] ^ There is a controversial discovery claim, disfavored by other experimental data.[30]
JP = 3/2+ baryons
| Particle name | Symbol | Quark content |
MeV/c 2)
|
I | JP
|
Q (e) | S | C | B′ | Mean lifetime (s )
|
Commonly decays to |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| delta[31] | Δ++ (1232) |
u u u |
1232±2 | 3/2 | 3/2+ | +2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (5.63±0.14)×10−24[h] | p+ + π+ |
| delta[31] | Δ+ (1232) |
u u d |
1232±2 | 3/2 | 3/2+ | +1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (5.63±0.14)×10−24[h] | π+ + n0 or π0 + p+ |
| delta[31] | Δ0 (1232) |
u d d |
1232±2 | 3/2 | 3/2+ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (5.63±0.14)×10−24[h] | π0 + n0 or π− + p+ |
| delta[31] | Δ− (1232) |
d d d |
1232±2 | 3/2 | 3/2+ | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (5.63±0.14)×10−24[h] | π− + n0 |
| sigma[32] | Σ∗+ (1385) |
u u s |
1382.80±0.35 | 1 | 3/2+ | +1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | (1.828±0.036)×10−23[h] | Λ0 + π+ or Σ+ + π0 or Σ0 + π+ |
| sigma[32] | Σ∗0 (1385) |
u d s |
1383.7±1.0 | 1 | 3/2+ | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | (1.83±0.26)×10−23[h] | Λ0 + π0 or Σ+ + π− or Σ0 + π0 |
| sigma[32] | Σ∗− (1385) |
d d s |
1387.2±0.5 | 1 | 3/2+ | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | (1.671±0.089)×10−23[h] | Λ0 + π− or Σ0 + π− or Σ− + π0 |
| charmed sigma[33] | Σ∗++ c |
u u c |
2518.41+0.21 −0.19 |
1 | (3/2+) | +2 | 0 | +1 | 0 | 4.45+0.12 −0.09×10−23[h] |
|
| charmed sigma[33] | Σ∗+ c |
u d c |
2517.5±2.3 | 1 | (3/2+) | +1 | 0 | +1 | 0 | >3.87×10−23[h] | |
| charmed sigma[33] | Σ∗0 c |
d d c |
2518.48±0.20 | 1 | (3/2+) | 0 | 0 | +1 | 0 | 4.30+0.15 −0.11×10−23[h] |
|
| bottom sigma[34] | Σ∗+ b |
u u b |
5830.32±0.27 | (1) | (3/2+) | +1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | (7.0±0.4)×10−23[h] | |
| bottom sigma[e] | Σ∗0 b |
u d b |
unknown | (1) | (3/2+) | 0 | 0 | 0 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| bottom sigma[34] | Σ∗− b |
d d b |
5834.74±0.30 | (1) | (3/2+) | −1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | (6.3±0.5)×10−23[h] | |
| xi[35] | Ξ∗0 (1530) |
u s s |
1531.80±0.32 | 1/2 | 3/2+ | 0 | −2 | 0 | 0 | (7.23±0.40)×10−23[h] | Ξ0 + π0 or Ξ− + π+ |
| xi[35] | Ξ∗− (1530) |
d s s |
1535.0±0.6 | 1/2 | 3/2+ | −1 | −2 | 0 | 0 | 6.6+1.3 −1.1×10−23[h] |
Ξ0 + π− or Ξ− + π0 |
| charmed xi[36] | Ξ∗+ c |
u s c |
2645.56+0.24 −0.30 |
(1/2) | (3/2+) | +1 | −1 | +1 | 0 | (3.08±0.28)×10−22[h] | (seen) |
| charmed xi[36] | Ξ∗0 c |
d s c |
2646.38+0.20 −0.23 |
(1/2) | (3/2+) | 0 | −1 | +1 | 0 | (2.80±0.22 ± 0.16)×10−22[h] | (seen) |
| double charmed xi† | Ξ∗++ cc |
u c c |
unknown | (1/2) | (3/2+) | +2 | 0 | +2 | 0 | unknown | unknown |
| double charmed xi† | Ξ∗+ cc |
d c c |
unknown | (1/2) | (3/2+) | +1 | 0 | +2 | 0 | unknown | unknown |
| bottom xi[37] | Ξ∗0 b |
u s b |
5952.3±0.6 | (1/2) | (3/2+) | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 | (7.31±1.34 ± 0.66)×10−22[h] | (seen) |
| bottom xi[38] | Ξ∗− b |
d s b |
5955.33±0.12 ± 0.05 | (1/2) | (3/2+) | −1 | −1 | 0 | −1 | (3.99±0.78 ± 0.24)×10−22[h] | see Ξ∗− b decay modes |
| double bottom xi† | Ξ∗0 bb |
u b b |
unknown | (1/2) | (3/2+) | 0 | 0 | 0 | −2 | unknown | unknown |
| double bottom xi† | Ξ∗− bb |
d b b |
unknown | (1/2) | (3/2+) | −1 | 0 | 0 | −2 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed bottom xi† | Ξ∗+ cb |
u c b |
unknown | (1/2) | (3/2+) | +1 | 0 | +1 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed bottom xi† | Ξ∗0 cb |
d c b |
unknown | (1/2) | (3/2+) | 0 | 0 | +1 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| omega[39] | Ω− |
s s s |
1672.45±0.29 | 0 | 3/2+ | −1 | −3 | 0 | 0 | (8.21±0.11)×10−11[h] | Λ0 + K− or Ξ0 + π− or Ξ− + π0 |
| charmed omega[40] | Ω∗0 c |
s s c |
2765.9±2.0 | 0 | (3/2+) | 0 | −2 | +1 | 0 | unknown | |
| bottom omega† | Ω∗− b |
s s b |
unknown | (0) | (3/2+) | −1 | −2 | 0 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| double charmed omega† | Ω∗+ cc |
s c c |
unknown | (0) | (3/2+) | +1 | −1 | +2 | 0 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed bottom omega† | Ω∗0 cb |
s c b |
unknown | (0) | (3/2+) | 0 | −1 | +1 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| double bottom omega† | Ω∗− bb |
s b b |
unknown | (0) | (3/2+) | −1 | −1 | 0 | −2 | unknown | unknown |
| triple charmed omega† | Ω++ ccc |
c c c |
unknown | (0) | (3/2+) | +2 | 0 | +3 | 0 | unknown | unknown |
| double charmed bottom omega† | Ω∗+ ccb |
c c b |
unknown | (0) | (3/2+) | +1 | 0 | +2 | −1 | unknown | unknown |
| charmed double bottom omega† | Ω∗0 cbb |
c b b |
unknown | (0) | (3/2+) | 0 | 0 | +1 | −2 | unknown | unknown |
| triple bottom omega† | Ω− bbb |
b b b |
unknown | (0) | (3/2+) | −1 | 0 | 0 | −3 | unknown | unknown |
†^ Particle has not yet been observed.
[h] resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = ħ/Γ is given instead.
Baryon resonance particles
This table gives the name, quantum numbers (where known), and experimental status of baryons resonances confirmed by the PDG.[41] Baryon resonance particles are excited baryon states with short half lives and higher masses. Despite significant research, the fundamental degrees of freedom behind baryon excitation spectra are still poorly understood.[42] The spin-parity JP (when known) is given with each particle. For the strongly decaying particles, the JP values are considered to be part of the names, as is the mass for all resonances.
| Nucleons | Δ particles | Λ particles | Σ particles | Ξ and Ω particles | Charmed particles | Bottom particles | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p | 1⁄2+ | **** | Δ(1232) | 3⁄2+ | **** | Λ | 1⁄2+ | **** | Σ+ | 1⁄2+ | **** | Ξ0 | 1⁄2+ | **** | Λ+ c |
1⁄2+ | **** | Λ0 b |
1⁄2+ | *** |
| n | 1⁄2+ | **** | Δ(1600) | 3⁄2+ | **** | Λ(1405) | 1⁄2− | **** | Σ0 | 1⁄2+ | **** | Ξ− | 1⁄2+ | **** | Λc(2595)+ | 1⁄2− | *** | Λb(5912)0 | 1⁄2− | *** |
| N(1440) | 1⁄2+ | **** | Δ(1620) | 1⁄2− | **** | Λ(1520) | 3⁄2− | **** | Σ− | 1⁄2+ | **** | Ξ(1530) | 3⁄2+ | **** | Λc(2625)+ | 3⁄2− | *** | Λb(5920)0 | 3⁄2− | *** |
| N(1520) | 3⁄2− | **** | Δ(1700) | 3⁄2− | **** | Λ(1600) | 1⁄2+ | *** | Σ(1385) | 3⁄2+ | **** | Ξ(1620) | * | Λc(2765)+ | * | Σb | 1⁄2+ | *** | ||
| N(1535) | 1⁄2− | **** | Δ(1750) | 1⁄2+ | * | Λ(1670) | 1⁄2− | **** | Σ(1480) | * | Ξ(1690) | *** | Λc(2880)+ | 5⁄2+ | *** | Σ* b |
3⁄2+ | *** | ||
| N(1650) | 1⁄2− | **** | Δ(1900) | 1⁄2− | *** | Λ(1690) | 3⁄2− | **** | Σ(1560) | ** | Ξ(1820) | 3⁄2− | *** | Λc(2940)+ | 3⁄2− | *** | Ξ0 b, Ξ− b |
1⁄2+ | *** | |
| N(1675) | 5⁄2− | **** | Δ(1905) | 5⁄2+ | **** | Λ(1710) | 1⁄2+ | * | Σ(1580) | 3⁄2− | * | Ξ(1950) | *** | Ξ'b(5935)− | 1⁄2+ | *** | ||||
| N(1680) | 5⁄2+ | **** | Δ(1910) | 1⁄2+ | **** | Λ(1800) | 1⁄2− | *** | Σ(1620) | 1⁄2− | * | Ξ(2030) | ≥ 5/2? | *** | Σc(2455) | 1⁄2+ | **** | Ξb(5945)0 | 3⁄2+ | *** |
| N(1700) | 3⁄2− | *** | Δ(1920) | 3⁄2+ | *** | Λ(1810) | 1⁄2+ | *** | Σ(1660) | 1⁄2+ | *** | Ξ(2120) | * | Σc(2520) | 3⁄2+ | *** | Ξb(5955)− | 3⁄2+ | *** | |
| N(1710) | 1⁄2+ | **** | Δ(1930) | 5⁄2− | *** | Λ(1820) | 5⁄2+ | **** | Σ(1670) | 3⁄2− | **** | Ξ(2250) | ** | Σc(2800) | *** | Ω− b |
1⁄2+ | *** | ||
| N(1720) | 3⁄2+ | **** | Δ(1940) | 3⁄2− | ** | Λ(1830) | 5⁄2− | **** | Σ(1690) | ** | Ξ(2370) | ** | Pc(4380)+ | * | ||||||
| N(1860) | 5⁄2+ | ** | Δ(1950) | 7⁄2+ | **** | Λ(1890) | 3⁄2+ | **** | Σ(1730) | 3⁄2+ | * | Ξ(2500) | * | Ξ+ c |
1⁄2+ | *** | Pc(4450)+ | * | ||
| N(1875) | 3⁄2− | *** | Δ(2000) | 5⁄2+ | ** | Λ(2000) | * | Σ(1750) | 1⁄2− | *** | Ξ0 c |
1⁄2+ | *** | |||||||
| N(1880) | 1⁄2+ | *** | Δ(2150) | 1⁄2− | * | Λ(2020) | 7⁄2+ | * | Σ(1770) | 1⁄2+ | * | Ω− | 3⁄2+ | **** | Ξ′+ c |
1⁄2+ | *** | |||
| N(1895) | 1⁄2− | **** | Δ(2200) | 7⁄2− | *** | Λ(2050) | 3⁄2− | * | Σ(1775) | 5⁄2− | **** | Ω(2250)− | *** | Ξ′0 c |
1⁄2+ | *** | ||||
| N(1900) | 3⁄2+ | **** | Δ(2300) | 9⁄2+ | ** | Λ(2100) | 7⁄2− | **** | Σ(1840) | 3⁄2+ | * | Ω(2380)− | ** | Ξc(2645) | 3⁄2+ | *** | ||||
| N(1990) | 7⁄2+ | ** | Δ(2350) | 5⁄2− | * | Λ(2110) | 5⁄2+ | *** | Σ(1880) | 1⁄2+ | ** | Ω(2470)− | ** | Ξc(2790) | 1⁄2− | *** | ||||
| N(2000) | 5⁄2+ | ** | Δ(2390) | 7⁄2+ | * | Λ(2325) | 3⁄2− | * | Σ(1900) | 1⁄2− | * | Ξc(2815) | 3⁄2− | *** | ||||||
| N(2040) | 3⁄2+ | * | Δ(2400) | 9⁄2− | ** | Λ(2350) | 9⁄2+ | *** | Σ(1915) | 5⁄2+ | **** | Ξc(2930) | * | |||||||
| N(2060) | 5⁄2− | *** | Δ(2420) | 11⁄2+ | **** | Λ(2585) | ** | Σ(1940) | 3⁄2+ | * | Ξc(2980) | *** | ||||||||
| N(2100) | 1⁄2+ | *** | Δ(2750) | 13⁄2− | ** | Σ(1940) | 3⁄2− | *** | Ξc(3055) | *** | ||||||||||
| N(2120) | 3⁄2− | *** | Δ(2950) | 15⁄2+ | ** | Σ(2000) | 1⁄2− | * | Ξc(3080) | *** | ||||||||||
| N(2190) | 7⁄2− | **** | Σ(2030) | 7⁄2+ | **** | Ξc(3123) | * | |||||||||||||
| N(2220) | 9⁄2+ | **** | Σ(2070) | 5⁄2+ | * | |||||||||||||||
| N(2250) | 9⁄2− | **** | Σ(2080) | 3⁄2+ | ** | Ω0 c |
1⁄2+ | *** | ||||||||||||
| N(2300) | 1⁄2+ | ** | Σ(2100) | 7⁄2− | * | Ωc(2770)0 | 3⁄2+ | *** | ||||||||||||
| N(2570) | 5⁄2− | ** | Σ(2250) | *** | Ωc(3000)0 | *** | ||||||||||||||
| N(2600) | 11⁄2− | *** | Σ(2455) | ** | Ωc(3050)0 | *** | ||||||||||||||
| N(2700) | 13⁄2+ | ** | Σ(2620) | ** | Ωc(3065)0 | *** | ||||||||||||||
| Σ(3000) | * | Ωc(3090)0 | *** | |||||||||||||||||
| Ωc(3120)0 | *** | |||||||||||||||||||
Ξ+ cc |
* | |||||||||||||||||||
Ξ++ cc |
*** | |||||||||||||||||||
| **** | Existence is certain, and properties are at least fairly well explored. |
| *** | Existence ranges from fairly certain to certain, but further confirmation is desirable, and/or quantum numbers, branching fractions, etc. are not well determined. |
| ** | Evidence of existence is only fair. |
| * | Evidence of existence is poor. |
See also
- Eightfold way (physics)
- List of mesons
- List of particles
- Roper resonance
- Timeline of particle discoveries
References
- ^ H. Muir (2003)
- ^ K. Carter (2003)
- ^ W.-M. Yao et al. (2006): Particle listings – Positive Theta
- ^ R. Aaij et al. (2015)
- ISBN 978-3-527-40601-2
- ^ P.A Zyla et al. (2020): Particle summary tables – Baryons
- ^ J.G. Körner et al. (1994)
- ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
p+
- ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
n0
- ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Λ
- ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Λ
c - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Λ
b - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ+
- ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ0
- ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ−
- ^ a b c P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ
c(2455) - ^ a b P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ
b - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ0
- ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ−
- ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ+
c - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ0
c - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ′+
c - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ′0
c - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ++
cc - ^ a b P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ
b - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ω0
c - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ω−
b - ^ "2018 CODATA Value: proton mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 2022-09-11.
- ^ "2018 CODATA Value: neutron mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 2020-06-24.
- ^ J. Beringer et al. (2012): Particle listings –
Ξ+
cc - ^ a b c d P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Δ
(1232) - ^ a b c P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ
(1385) - ^ a b c P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ
c(2520) - ^ a b P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Σ∗
b - ^ a b P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ
(1530) - ^ a b P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ
c(2645) - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ0
b(5945) - ^ P.A. Zyla et al. (2020): Particle listings –
Ξ0
b(5955) - ^ J. Beringer et al. (2012): Particle listings –
Ω−
- ^ J. Beringer et al. (2012): Particle listings –
Ω0
c(2770) - ^ C. Patrignani et al. (Particle Data Group) (2018). "Baryon Summary Table" (PDF). Chin. Phys. C. 40: 100001. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
- S2CID 24922824.
Bibliography
- R. Aaij et al. (S2CID 119204136.
- J. Beringer et al. (hdl:10481/34377.
- K. Nakamura et al. (hdl:10481/34593.
- C. Amsler et al. (S2CID 227119789.
- V.M. Abazov et al. (DØ Collaboration) (2008). "Observation of the doubly strange b baryon
Ω−
b" (PDF). Fermilab-Pub-08/335-E. - K. Carter (2006). "The rise and fall of the pentaquark". SLAC. Archived from the originalon 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
- W.-M. Yao et al. (.
- H. Muir (2003). "Pentaquark discovery confounds sceptics". New Scientist. Retrieved 2008-05-27.
- J.G. Körner; M. Krämer & D. Pirjol (1994). "Heavy Baryons". S2CID 118931787.
Further reading
- H. Garcilazo; J. Vijande & A. Valcarce (2007). "Faddeev study of heavy-baryon spectroscopy". S2CID 15445714.
- S. Robbins (2006). "Physics Particle Overview – Baryons". Journey Through the Galaxy. Archived from the original on 2008-02-28. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
- D.M. Manley (2005). "Status of baryon spectroscopy". .
- S.S.M. Wong (1998). Introductory Nuclear Physics (2nd ed.). New York (NY): ISBN 978-0-471-23973-4.
- R. Shankar (1994). Principles of Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.). New York (NY): ISBN 978-0-306-44790-7.
- E. Wigner (1937). "On the Consequences of the Symmetry of the Nuclear Hamiltonian on the Spectroscopy of Nuclei". .
- M. Gell-Mann (1964). "A Schematic of Baryons and Mesons". .
- W. Heisenberg (1932). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne I". S2CID 186218053.
- W. Heisenberg (1932). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne II". S2CID 186221789.
- W. Heisenberg (1932). "Über den Bau der Atomkerne III". S2CID 126422047.
External links
- Particle Data Group – The Review of Particle Physics (2018)
- Georgia State University – HyperPhysics
- Baryons made thinkable, an interactive visualisation allowing physical properties to be compared
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