List of crossings of the River Thames
The River Thames is the second-longest river in the United Kingdom, passes through the capital city, and has many crossings.
Counting every channel – such as by
The river's lower estuary is shallow – but wide – and has no crossing east of Tilbury, the easternmost half as most broadly defined which even extends to the end of the rivers Medway and Crouch.
Barrier and boundary
Until sufficient crossings were established, the river provided a formidable barrier for most of its course – in post-
In 1911
Lessening these last changes, in the sports of
History of crossings
The original crossings over the Thames would all have been fords- typically on gravel beds. Well known ones include Wallingford and Oxford, but it is likely that there was a prehistoric ford where the Romans built London Bridge. In the upper reaches of the Thames, the river depth was raised by dams and in the lower reaches it was raised by embankments, so gradually most fords were lost.[1] At least one regular ford remains, at Duxford.
Many of the present road bridges over the river are on the sites of earlier fords, ferries and wooden structures. The earliest known major crossings of the Thames by the
Proposals to build bridges for Lambeth/Westminster and Putney/Fulham in around 1670 were defeated by the Rulers of the
The development of the railways resulted in a spate of bridge building in the 19th century, including
The world's first underwater tunnel was the
Many footbridges were made across the
Six ferries cross the river:
- The North and South Circular roads. The Gravesend–Tilbury Ferryfurther downstream is a pedestrian ferry only.
- Upstream of central London, the Hammertons Ferry is a passenger link between the tourist attractions of Ham House and Marble Hill House in Twickenham.[3]
- Further upstream, the Hampton Ferry, the Sunbury Ferry, and the Shepperton to Weybridge Ferry are all pedestrian ferries to the west of London.[4]
Note on the listing
The list is from the estuary to the source. A few of the crossings listed are public foot bridges using walkways across
Also operating are boat services, ranging from year-round in London to seven or fewer months (including the summer) serving upper stretches. Whilst their main purpose is not to carry people across the river, several bring about one or more crossings but usually not to points facing each other.
North Sea to London
Crossing | Type | Coordinates | Opened | Notes | Photo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thames Cable Tunnel | Utility tunnel | 51°26′35″N 0°24′22″E | 1970 | Carries two 400kV circuits;[5][6] accessible by authorised personnel only | |
Gravesend–Tilbury Ferry | Ferry route | 51°26′55″N 0°22′3″E | 1571 or before[7] | Foot/bicycle ferry | |
400 kV Thames Crossing | Overhead power line crossing | 51°27′53″N 0°17′48″E | 1965 | Overhead power line 623 ft tall crossing the Thames at Swanscombe and Grays | |
High Speed 1 tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°27′46″N 0°17′37″E | 2007 | Two 2.5 km tunnels, 7.15 m internal diameter, between West Thurrock (Essex) and Swanscombe (Kent) | |
road bridge 51°27′52″N 0°15′30″E | 30 Oct 1991 | Cable-stayed bridge – the southbound element of the Dartford Crossing | | ||
Road tunnel | 51°27′54″N 0°15′29″E | May 1980 | |||
Road tunnel | 51°27′55″N 0°15′27″E | 18 Nov 1963 | |||
Dartford Cable Tunnel | Utility tunnel | 51°28′5″N 0°14′58″E | 2005 | Carrying electrical cable; accessible by authorised personnel only |
Proposed
- The Lower Thames Crossing is an awaiting-planning-consent road tunnel close to the Thames Cable Tunnel that may open in 2028.[8]
- KenEx tunnel is a proposed tunnel to carry trams between Kent and Essex, as part of a proposed KenEx Transit network.[9]
East London
Crossing | Type | Coordinates | Opened | Notes | Photo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barking cable tunnel | Utility tunnel[11] | 51°30′43″N 0°6′33″E | 1920s[12] | Carries four 33 kV electricity circuits from Barking substation to Sewell Road substation, Thamesmead[10] | |
Docklands Light Railway tunnel Woolwich Arsenal stations | |||||
Crossrail tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°29′48″N 0°3′50″E | 2014[14] | Completed in 2014,[13] part of the Elizabeth line, opened to the public in 2022. | |
Woolwich foot tunnel | Pedestrian tunnel | 51°29′56″N 0°3′42″E | 26 Oct 1912 | ||
Woolwich Ferry | Ferry route | 51°29′46″N 0°3′43″E | 23 Mar 1889 | ||
Thames Barrier | Flood barrier | 51°29′52″N 0°2′12″E | 1984 | Service tunnel accessible by authorised personnel only | |
London cable car | Gondola lift, public transport route | 51°30′10″N 0°0′42″E | 28 Jun 2012 | ||
Millennium Dome cable tunnel | Utility tunnel | 1999[15] | Accessible by authorised personnel only | ||
Jubilee line tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°30′17″N 0°0′31″E | 1999 | Between North Greenwich and Canning Town stations. | |
Road tunnel | 51°30′19″N 0°0′7″W | 1967 | For southbound vehicular traffic only | ||
Road tunnel | 51°30′13″N 0°0′14″W | 22 May 1897[16] | For northbound vehicular traffic only | ||
Isle of Dogs Jubilee line tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°30′1″N 0°0′19″W | 1999 | Between Canary Wharf and North Greenwich stations. | |
Greenwich foot tunnel | Pedestrian tunnel | 51°29′0″N 0°0′37″W | 1899 | ||
Docklands Light Railway tunnel Cutty Sark stations. | |||||
Deptford cable tunnel | Utility tunnel | 51°29′11″N 0°1′18″W | Carries 30 11 kV electricity circuits[17] | ||
Jubilee line tunnels Canada Water and Canary Wharf stations. | |||||
Canary Wharf – Rotherhithe Ferry | Ferry route | 51°30′17″N 0°1′55″W | |||
Rotherhithe Tunnel | Road tunnel, pedestrian tunnel | 51°30′23″N 0°2′55″W | 12 Jun 1908 | Single carriageway in each direction, with footways on each side. Built originally for horse-drawn carriages. Pedestrians, riders, cyclists are permitted, but advised to use alternatives due to fumes and speed. | |
Thames Tunnel | Railway tunnel | 51°30′11″N 0°3′16″W[18] | 1843 | The world's first underwater tunnel, linking Wapping to Rotherhithe. Originally designed as a road tunnel for horse-drawn traffic, the necessary access ramps were never built and it was opened as a pedestrian tunnel. It was converted to a rail tunnel, reopening in 1869 and becoming part of the London Overground network in 2010. | |
New Cross to Finsbury Market Cable Tunnel | Utility tunnel | 51°29′3″N 0°3′31″W, 51°30′7″N 0°3′44″W | 2017 | Carries three 132 kV electricity circuits[19] |
Under construction
- The Silvertown Tunnel began construction in August 2020[20] and should be completed in 2025.[21] This will relieve the Blackwall Tunnels between the Greenwich Peninsula and West Silvertown and to allow larger HGVs and double-decker buses to cross the river at this point.
Proposed
- The Belvedere Crossing, a bridge between Belvedere and Rainham.
- The Gallions Reach Crossing has been proposed as a ferry, bridge, or tunnel between Beckton and Thamesmead.
- An extension of the Docklands Light Railway across the river to Thamesmead is proposed.[22]
- The Rotherhithe crossing, a pedestrian and cycle crossing between Rotherhithe and Canary Wharf, was originally proposed as a bridge, but Transport for London abandoned plans for a bridge in 2019, and has since explored establishing a ferry service instead.
Central London
Crossing | Type | Coordinates | Opened | Notes | Photo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tower Subway | Utility tunnel, tube railway (until Dec 1870), pedestrian tunnel (from Dec 1870) | 51°30′30″N 0°4′44″W | 2 Aug 1870 | Formerly an underground railway – now used for water mains and telephone cables and accessible only by authorised personnel | |
Northern Line (Bank branch) tunnels Bank | |||||
Road bridge, prestressed concrete bridge, arch bridge, box girder bridge, Roman bridge 51°30′29″N 0°5′16″W | 16 Mar 1973[24] | Other bridges have stood on or near this site since around AD 50 | | ||
City & South London Railway tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°30′29″N 0°5′20″W | 1890 | This railway's original crossing of the river between Borough and King William Street; abandoned in 1900 when the Northern line City branch tunnels were opened on a new alignment | |
Millennium Bridge | Suspension bridge, footbridge | 51°30′37″N 0°5′54″W | 10 Jun 2000 | ||
Bankside Cable Tunnel | Utility tunnel | 51°30′35″N 0°5′56″W | 1940s | East of Blackfriars rail bridge, 132 kV and 33 kV electricity circuits[25] | |
Waterloo & City line tunnels Bank | |||||
Northern line (Charing Cross branch) tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°30′23″N 0°7′10″W | 1926 | Between Waterloo and Embankment | |
railway bridge, cable-stayed bridge 51°30′22″N 0°7′12″W | 1845 | Rail bridge incorporating newer pedestrian paths on either side | | ||
Bakerloo line tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°30′20″N 0°7′14″W | 1906 | Between Waterloo and Embankment | |
Bankside–Charing Cross cable tunnel | Utility tunnel | 51°30′22″N 0°7′13″W | Underneath Hungerford Bridge[25] | ||
Jubilee Line Extension tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°30′4″N 0°7′18″W | 1999 | Between Waterloo and Westminster | |
Road bridge, arch bridge, tram bridge (from 1909 until Jul 1952) 51°30′3″N 0°7′19″W[27][28] | 24 May 1862, 18 Nov 1750 | | |||
Victoria line tunnels | Railway tunnel | 51°29′14″N 0°7′39″W | 1971 | Between Vauxhall and Pimlico | |
Wimbledon – Pimlico cable tunnel | Utility tunnel | 51°29′10″N 0°7′42″W | 1996 | Electricity cables[30] | |
Battersea steam tunnel | Utility tunnel | 51°29′3″N 0°8′31″W | 20th century | Between Battersea and Pimlico is a single tunnel carrying four pipes, two 30" Thames Water mains and two 11" pipes feeding the Pimlico District Heating system, originally powered by Battersea Power Station.[31] | |
Battersea exhaust tunnels | Utility tunnel | 51°29′2″N 0°8′48″W | 1920s | Between Battersea and either side of Victoria are two tunnels. Tunnels are labelled 'A' and 'B'; A splits further to become 'C' under Ranelagh Gardens.[citation needed] | |
Former
- At least two Emergency Thames Bridges were erected as a precaution against destructions during World War II. The first was built from Victoria Embankment to County Hall, London in 1942[32] before being demolished in 1948.[33] Between the same years stood another, between Millbank outside the Tate Britain and Lambeth.[34][35]
Planned
South West London
Crossing | Type | Co-ordinates | Date opened | Notes | Photo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Battersea Bridge | Arch bridge[39], iron bridge[39], tram bridge (from 1909 until 1950) | 51°28′52″N 0°10′21″W | 21 Jul 1890 | Replaced an earlier bridge, opened in 1771. | |
road bridge 51°29′20″N 0°13′47″W[46][47] | 1827 | As of August 2020[update], Hammersmith Bridge is closed, with river navigation beneath also prohibited. | | ||
Richmond Lock and Footbridge | footbridge, arch bridge, Lock | 51°27′44″N 0°19′2″W | 1894 | ||
Richmond Bridge | Bridge | 51°27′26″N 0°18′26″W | 1777 | ||
Hammerton's Ferry | Ferry route | 51°26′48″N 0°18′50″W | 1909 | From Marble Hill House, Twickenham to Ham House, Ham. | |
Teddington Lock Footbridges | Iron bridge, suspension bridge, girder bridge, footbridge | 51°25′50″N 0°19′18″W | 1889 | The Thames Path crosses these bridges; downstream there are paths on both sides of the river until the Greenwich foot tunnel. | |
road bridge, arch bridge, toll bridge (until Mar 1870) 51°24′40″N 0°18′31″W[49][50] | 17 Jul 1828 | The Thames Path crosses this bridge. | | ||
East Molesey. The Thames Path crosses this bridge. | |||||
Planned
- Diamond Jubilee Footbridge, a pedestrian bridge adjacent to Battersea Railway Bridge, granted planning permission in 2013.
London to Windsor
Crossing | Type | Co-ordinates | Date opened | Notes | Photo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sunbury Ferry | Ferry route | 51°24′20″N 0°24′21″W | 2019 | April to November | |
Shepperton to Weybridge Ferry | Passenger ferry | 51°22′57″N 0°27′25″W | 16th century | The only ferry on any form of the Thames Path – and the most upstream | |
M3 Chertsey Bridge | Highway bridge | 51°23′39″N 0°29′12″W | 1971 | Carrying the M3 motorway | |
M25 motorway and, on the older part of the bridge, the A30; widened in 1983 and 2005. | |||||
Windsor Bridge | Footbridge (from 1970), bicycle bridge | 51°29′9″N 0°36′30″W | 1 Jun 1824 | Bridges recorded on this site since 1172. Pedestrian/cycle bridge since 1970. | |
Former
- The Datchet Bridge, built in 1707, was demolished in 1848, and replaced by the Albert and Victoria bridges.
Windsor to Reading
Crossing | Type | Co-ordinates | Date opened | Notes | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Summerleaze Footbridge | Wooden bridge, footbridge | 51°29′59″N 0°40′54″W | 1992 | ||
Maidenhead Bridge | Bridge | 51°31′26″N 0°42′7″W | 1777 | Bridge recorded 1280. | |
Taplow Bridge | Footbridge | 51°32′0″N 0°41′55″W | 2018 | Newest Thames crossing. | |
Railway bridge, footbridge 51°34′30″N 0°42′51″W | 1895 | Footbridge added onto the rail bridge specifically for the Thames Path. | | ||
Temple Footbridge | Footbridge | 51°33′7″N 0°47′49″W | 1989 | Temple Footbridge was built in 1989 specifically for the Thames Path. | |
Hambleden Lock | Lock, footbridge | 51°33′37″N 0°52′24″W | 1884 | ||
Caversham Lock and Weir | Lock, footbridge, weir | 51°27′39″N 0°57′51″W | 1875 | ||
Christchurch Bridge | Footbridge, bicycle bridge, cable-stayed bridge | 51°27′44″N 0°58′13″W | 30 Sep 2015 | ||
Former
- A footbridge was built in 2012, for the London Olympics, to enable spectators of the rowing events held at Dorney Lake to gain access from Windsor Racecourse. It was removed after the Olympics.[59]
Reading to Oxford
Crossing | Type | Co-ordinates | Date opened | Notes | Photo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Benson Lock | Lock, footbridge | 51°36′59″N 1°7′3″W | |||
Little Wittenham Bridge | Footbridge | 51°38′15″N 1°10′47″W | 1870 | ||
Day's Lock | Lock, footbridge | 51°38′18″N 1°10′45″W | |||
Sutton Pools footbridges | Footbridge | 51°38′45″N 1°16′34″W | Linking four islands in the river course | ||
Culham Cut Bridge | Bridge | 51°39′2″N 1°15′58″W[68] | A bridge across the weir on the Culham Cut, west of Culham Lock | ||
Culham Lock | Lock, footbridge | 51°39′1″N 1°16′3″W | Other bridges cross the main river channel | ||
Abingdon Lock | Lock, footbridge | 51°40′14″N 1°16′9″W | |||
Sandford Lock | Lock, footbridge | 51°42′29″N 1°13′59″W | |||
Iffley Lock | Lock, footbridge | 51°43′43″N 1°14′25″W | |||
Folly Bridge | Deck arch bridge | 51°44′47″N 1°15′23″W[71] | 1827 | Stone bridge built 1085 | |
Grandpont Bridge | Footbridge | 51°44′50″N 1°15′39″W | 1930s | ||
Gasworks Bridge | Footbridge | 51°44′47″N 1°15′49″W | 1886 | Originally built to carry a rail line to the Oxford Gasworks, which closed in 1960. | |
Planned
- Oxpens River Bridge (between Gasworks and Osney Rail Bridges in Oxford, 51°44'50.2"N 1°15'56.0"W) a footbridge, for completion in 2025.[72]
Oxford to Cricklade
Cricklade to the source
Not all of the bridges above Cricklade are listed below. For example, there are a number of small agricultural bridges allowing access between fields, and bridges to properties in Ashton Keynes that are not mentioned.
Crossing | Type | Co-ordinates | Date opened | Notes | Photo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aqueduct footings footbridge | |||||
Midland and South Western Junction Railway bridge Railway bridge, footbridge 51°39′4″N 1°52′55″W | Formerly a bridge for the Midland and South Western Junction Railway. | | |||
Stones Lane footbridge | Footbridge | 51°38′57″N 1°53′11″W | Footbridge at Hailstone House. | ||
Manor Farm bridge | |||||
Brook Farm bridge | |||||
Waterhay bridge | |||||
Unnamed footbridge | Footbridge | 51°38′20″N 1°55′25″W | The footbridge and a ford carry a bridlepath over the river, just outside Ashton Keynes. | ||
Bridge on High Road | |||||
Bridge on The Derry | |||||
Bridge on Gosditch, Ashton Keynes | Road bridge | 51°38′42″N 1°56′7″W / 51.64500°N 1.93528°W | |||
Bridge on Church Walk, Ashton Keynes | Road bridge | 51°38′48″N 1°56′10″W / 51.64667°N 1.93611°W | |||
Bridge on Church Lane, Ashton Keynes | Road bridge | 51°38′48″N 1°56′14″W / 51.64667°N 1.93722°W | |||
Bridge on B4696, Ashton Keynes | Road bridge | 51°38′46″N 1°56′31″W / 51.64611°N 1.94194°W | |||
Bridges | Road bridge and pedestrian bridge | 51°38′46″N 1°56′56″W / 51.64611°N 1.94889°W | |||
Bridge | Road bridge | 51°38′43″N 1°57′38″W / 51.64528°N 1.96056°W | |||
Footbridge | Pedestrian bridge | 51°38′48″N 1°57′46″W / 51.64667°N 1.96278°W | |||
Bridge | Road bridge | 51°38′51″N 1°57′58″W / 51.64750°N 1.96611°W | |||
Bridge | Road bridge | 51°38′52″N 1°58′2″W / 51.64778°N 1.96722°W | |||
Bridge | Road bridge | 51°38′54″N 1°58′8″W / 51.64833°N 1.96889°W | |||
Footbridge | Pedestrian bridge | 51°38′59″N 1°58′17″W / 51.64972°N 1.97139°W | |||
Bridge | Road bridge | 51°39′2″N 1°58′24″W / 51.65056°N 1.97333°W | |||
Neigh Bridge | Road bridge | 51°39′6″N 1°58′29″W / 51.65167°N 1.97472°W | |||
Bridge south of Ewen
|
Road bridge | 51°40′27″N 1°59′44″W / 51.67417°N 1.99556°W | |||
Parker's Bridge, Ewen | Road bridge | 51°40′31″N 2°0′25″W / 51.67528°N 2.00694°W | |||
A429 Road Bridge | Road bridge | 51°40′47″N 2°0′53″W / 51.67972°N 2.01472°W | Demolished bridge on the currently closed Beeching Axe legacy.
|
||
A433 Road Bridge, Fosse Way Roman Road | Road bridge | 51°41′24″N 2°1′21″W / 51.69000°N 2.02250°W | At Thames Head |
The river splits as it passes through Ashton Keynes. An alternative route to that listed above crosses High Bridge at 51°38′13″N 1°55′46″W / 51.63694°N 1.92944°W and Three Bridges at 51°38′18″N 1°56′21″W / 51.63833°N 1.93917°W.
See also
- Islands in the River Thames
- Locks and weirs on the River Thames
- List of bridges in London
- London River Services
- Thames Path
- Tunnels underneath the River Thames
Notes
- ^ For example Berkshire County Council and Middlesex County Council were abolished and smaller authorities have been created in the counties adjoining the Thames, from the Borough of Swindon unitary authority to Medway Council on the Thames Estuary.
- ^ e.g. Buckinghamshire County Cricket Club, Middlesex County Football Association and Middlesex County Cricket Club
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Further reading
- Tucker, Joan (2012). Ferries of the Upper Thames. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84868-967-1.
External links
- Media related to Crossings of the River Thames at Wikimedia Commons