Liu Guoxuan
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Liu Guoxuan Wuping Marquis | |
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劉國軒 | |
Personal details | |
Born | 1628 |
Died | 1693 | (aged 64–65)
Nobility titles | Marquis, and later, count |
Battles | The siege of Fort Zeelandia and the Battle of Penghu |
Liu Guoxuan | |
---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin | Liú Guóxuān |
Liu Guoxuan (1628–1693)[1] was the Wuping Marquis and a 17th-century military officer of the Kingdom of Tungning based in Taiwan. He fought all over the island of Taiwan and the nearby mainland. He also commanded the Penghu defense during the Battle of Penghu.
Early life
Liu Guoxuan was born in the mountain town of Sidu on the borders of
Career in Tungning
In 1659, Liu Guoxuan accompanied Zheng Chenggong to fight south of the
Liu Guoxuan became allies with
The Battle of Penghu
In 1683, the Kangxi Emperor sent Admiral Shi Lang to attack Tungning with about 21,000 men and 238[2] warships. Liu Guoxuan led the Penghu defense fleet to drive back Shi Lang before a major hurricane struck, which was successful.
After the hurricane ended, the forces engaged in battle once again. Liu predicted that the Qing navy would send a small detachment around the battle to land directly on his land base so he had archers and cannons on the beaches along with a detachment of soldiers. Shi Lang's navy took the Hujing Island and the Tongpan Island on July 12.[3]: 42 During the battle, the Qing navy smashed and broke Liu's formation.
Due to the better equipped Qing navy, most of the Tungning fleet was under the ocean within an hour. Liu's fleet surrendered when they had run out of ammunition to continue fighting.[4] Their land base was also taken by many skilled Qing generals. It was said that Mazu, a Chinese sea goddess personally aided Shi Lang in defeating Liu.
Surrender of Tungning
Liu Guoxuan was about to commit suicide when he was stopped by Shi Lang. After a brief talk about the battle, Liu was freed. After the battle, the Tungning royal court split into two factions: the "war" faction and the "surrender" faction. Ruler Zheng Keshuang heeded Liu's advice to surrender.[5]
Later years and death
After surrendering, Liu Guoxuan was summoned to Beijing by the Kangxi emperor. He was given a title of a count (伯)[6] and worked as the commander of a city gate in Beijing. In 1693, he succumbed to his illness and died in Tianjin. He was posthomusly given the titles of "Guanglu Dafu" (光禄大夫) and "Taizi Shaobao" (太子少保) – literally the "Bright Prosperity Grand Master" and the "Assistant Protector of the Crown Prince."
In popular culture
- The Deer and the Cauldron, a wuxia novel by Jin Yong. Liu Guoxuan is a minor character and one of the "Five Tiger Generals" under Koxinga.
- Kangxi Dynasty, a 2001 Chinese television series based on the novel Kangxi Da Di (康熙大帝; The Great Kangxi Emperor) by Eryue He. Liu Guoxuan is a minor character played by actor Zhang Suguo.
References
- ^ 中華客家網, 18 October 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20081018185636/http://www.fj.xinhuanet.com/zhkjw/2007-12/26/content_12053210.htm. Accessed 11 December 2021.
- ^ Wong, p. 168
- ISBN 978-986-05-5274-4.
7.12 奪虎井、桶盤
- ^ Wong
- ^ Hung, “Taiwan Under the Cheng Family, 1662 – 1683"
- ^ Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.
Bibliography
- Wong, Young-tsu (2017) China's Conquest of Taiwan in the Seventeenth Century: Victory at Full Moon. Springer. ISBN 978-9811022470
- Hung, Chien-chao (1981). Taiwan Under the Cheng Family, 1662–1683: Sinicization After Dutch Rule (Ph.D. dissertation). Georgetown University. OCLC 63232462.
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