Ma Qi
Ma Qi | |
---|---|
Military Governor of Qinghai | |
In office Oct 1915 – Dec 1928 | |
Preceded by | Lian Xing (Lien Hsing) |
Succeeded by | Sun Lianzhong (as Chairman) |
Chairman of the Government of Qinghai | |
In office Sep 1929 – May 1931 | |
Preceded by | Sun Lianzhong (Sun Lien-chung) |
Succeeded by | Ma Lin (warlord) |
Personal details | |
Born | Kuomintang Pacification of Qinghai | 23 September 1869
Ma Qi (simplified Chinese: 马麒; traditional Chinese: 馬麒; pinyin: Mǎ Qí; Wade–Giles: Ma Ch'i, Xiao'erjing: ﻣَﺎ ٿِ; 23 September 1869 – 5 August 1931) was a Chinese Muslim General in early 20th-century China.
Early life
A
During the
During the
Ma Qi developed relations with Wu Peifu, who tried to turn Gansu military leaders against Feng Yuxiang. Feng's subordinate Liu Yufen expelled all the Han generals who opposed him, which resulted in Hui Generals Ma Hongbin, Ma Lin, Ma Tingxiang, and Han Gen. Bei Jianzhang, the commander of a Hui army, to stop fighting against Feng and seek an agreement.[7]
Republican times
In 1913 a Qinghai wool and hide bureau was established by Ma Qi. It put an export tax on the wool trade with foreigners.[8]
In 1917
Ma Qi formed the Ninghai Army in Qinghai in 1915. He occupied Labrang monastery in 1917, the first time non-Tibetans had seized it.[10]
After ethnic rioting between Muslims and Tibetans broke out in 1918, Ma Qi defeated the Tibetans. He heavily taxed the town for eight years. In 1921 he and his Muslim army decisively crushed the Tibetan monks of Labrang monastery when they tried to oppose him.[11] In 1925 a Tibetan rebellion broke out, with thousands of rebels driving out the Muslims. Ma Qi responded with 3,000 Chinese Muslim troops, who retook Labrang and machine-gunned thousands of Tibetan monks as they tried to flee.[12][13] Ma Qi besieged Labrang numerous times and the Tibetans and Mongols fought against his Muslim forces for control of Labrang, until he gave it up in 1927.[14]
Ma Qi defeated the Tibetan forces with his Muslim troops.[15] His forces were praised by foreigners who traveled through Qinghai for their fighting abilities.[16]
After the founding of the Republic he was governor of Qinghai from 1915 to 1928 and the first chairman of the government of Qinghai from 1929 to 1931.[17] After Chiang Kai-shek gained control nationwide, he became a brigade commander and then was promoted to commander of the 26th Division of the National Revolutionary Army in the northwestern region. His civil posts also included director of the Gansu Bureau of Construction. Ma Qi's eldest son was Ma Buqing and another son was Ma Bufang.[18] Ma Qi was the uncle of Ma Zhongying. He died on 5 August 1931 in Xining, Qinghai, China.[19]
See also
References
- ^ S2CID 143843569.
- ^ "《民国军阀派系谈》14章 马家军阀(马鸿宾、马鸿逵、马步芳)|民国历史".
- ISBN 0-295-97644-6.
- ^ Travels of a Consular Officer in North-West China. CUP Archive. 2018. p. 188.
- ISBN 0-295-97644-6.
- ISBN 0-7425-1144-8.
- S2CID 143843569.
- ^ Millward, James A. "The Chinese Border Wool Trade of 1880–1937": 30. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ 赵颂尧,马安良其人与民初的甘肃政争,西北民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版) 1989年第02期
- ISBN 978-0-520-25059-8. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
ma qi muslim.
- ISBN 0674119681.
- ISBN 0-8133-2473-4.(Note, the google book link has gone haywire, but you should still be directed to page 123 when you go to the link, where you should see the paragraph the reference is from)
- ISBN 1-55939-090-5.
- ISBN 1-55939-090-5.
- ^ University of Cambridge. Mongolia & Inner Asia Studies Unit (2002). Inner Asia, Volume 4, Issues 1–2. The White Horse Press for the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit at the University of Cambridge. p. 204.
- ISBN 0-674-11968-1.
- ISBN 978-90-420-2406-9.
- ^ 甘、寧、青三馬家族世系簡表
- ISBN 7-101-02993-0.
External links
- Rulers
- 民国军阀派系谈 (The Republic of China warlord cliques discussed) http://www.2499cn.com/junfamulu.htm