Macrolepiota clelandii

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Macrolepiota clelandii
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Agaricaceae
Genus: Macrolepiota
Species:
M. clelandii
Binomial name
Macrolepiota clelandii
Grgur. (1997)

Macrolepiota clelandii, commonly known as the slender parasol or graceful parasol, is a species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Agaricaceae. The species is found in Australia and New Zealand, where it fruits singly or in small groups on the ground in eucalypt woodlands, parks, and roadsides. It is a tall mushroom up to roughly 20 cm (8 in), with a broad cap covered with distinctive rings of dark brown scales. The whitish gills on the cap underside are closely spaced and free from attachment to the slender stipe, which has a loose ring on its upper half, and a bulbous base. The edibility of the mushroom is not known with certainty, but closely related parasol mushrooms are edible and some are very sought after.

The fungus, first documented by naturalist

molecular phylogenetic
analysis that these names refer to European species and were misapplied by Australian authors.

Taxonomy

Macrolepiota clelandii was officially

basidia, as a distinct species.[3] The type collection was made by Cleland in 1912, near Hawkesbury River in New South Wales.[1] The specific epithet clelandii honours Cleland's early work in documenting the species several times in the early 20th century.[1] The mushroom is commonly called the slender or graceful parasol fungus.[4] "Bush parasol" is a proposed common name for use in New Zealand.[5]

species concept of Macrolepiota clelandii to include specimens with four-spored basidia and pale fruitbody colouring.[3] Phylogenetically, M. clelandii is in a clade with closely related species such as M. procera, M. dolichaula, and M. mastoidea. This clade is sister to a group containing Leucoagaricus and Leucocoprinus species.[9] The presence of clamp connections in the hyphae place M. clelandii in the section Macrolepiota of genus Macrolepiota.[1]

Description

In Dandenong Ranges National Park, Victoria

The fruitbody of Macrolepiota clelandii has a cap that is initially egg-shaped, later becoming convex and then flattened in maturity, reaching diameters of 7.6–12.5 cm (3.0–4.9 in). It has a dark brown umbo and small dark brown scales that show the whitish flesh underneath.[1] These scales are arranged in concentric rings that become increasingly crowded until the umbo, which is completely covered in scales. Small fragments of the partial veil may be left hanging on the cap margin.[10]

Fragments of the partial veil may remain hanging on the cap margin.

The white gills are free from attachment to the stipe and closely spaced. The slender, hollow stipe measures up to 18.7 cm (7.4 in) long, and has a somewhat bulbous base. It has a pale brown colour, and features a ring on its upper half that often detaches to become freely movable up and down the stipe.[1] The mushrooms have no distinctive odour.[10] Its tall stature means the gills are usually clean, having avoided rain splash from the forest floor.[4]

According to Peter Roberts and Shelley Evans, all "parasol" species (i.e., M. procera and its close relatives, including M. clelandii) are edible. Anthony M. Young notes the similarity of M. clelandii to the edible European species M. konradii, but warns "the toxicity of the Australian species is unknown."[10]

Macrolepiota clelandii produces a white

Cheilocystidia are plentiful on the edge of the gill. They have dimensions of 24.8–42.4 by 7.2–10.4 µm, with a cylindrical to club shape. There are no cystidia on the gill face (pleurocystidia). Clamp connections are present in the hyphae.[1]

Similar species

Macrolepiota konradii
Macrolepiota procera
Chlorophyllum molybdites

The European species

Macrolepiota konradii, similar in appearance to M. clelandii,[10] has a smaller range of spore dimensions, typically 13–17 by 8–10 µm.[11] M. subcitrophylla, described from China in 2012, is genetically close to M. clelandii. Unlike the latter species, it has yellow gills.[12] M. procera is a larger with broad caps up to 12 in (30 cm) in diameter, and the stipe surface is covered with brownish zigzag bands or scaly girdles on a whitish background. Its spores are smaller than those of M. konradii, measuring on average 13.8–15.7 µm.[13] It is now known to occur only in Europe.[14]

The "false parasol", Chlorophyllum molybdites, a toxic species that can be mistaken for M. konradii, also occurs in Australia (but not New Zealand). It can be distinguished by its green spore print and gills that turn light green in age. Some deadly poisonous Lepiota species have a similar pattern of scales on the cap, but their fruitbodies are smaller.[2]

Habitat and distribution

Macrolepiota clelandii fruits singly or in small groups on the ground in grass or among leaf litter. It is typically found in

kauri (Agathis) forest, and in conifer plantations. It is the smallest and most slender of the Macrolepiota species that occur there.[8]

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7308-0737-7
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  2. ^
    ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0
    .
  3. ^
    doi:10.1071/SB02013
    .
  4. ^ a b c Robinson R. (2007). Macrolepiota clelandii—slender parasol (PDF) (Report). Western Australia: Science Division, Department of Environment and Conservation.
  5. ^ Ridley GS. (2004). "A system for the development of English language names for agarics and boletes in New Zealand (and Australia?)". Australasian Mycologist. 23 (1): 27–30.
  6. ISBN 978-1-875560-80-6
    .
  7. ISBN 978-0-86840-650-3
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  8. ^
    ISBN 978-1-86966-134-2
    .
  9. PMID 21156633. Open access icon
  10. ^
    ISBN 978-0-86840-742-5
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  11. ISBN 978-1-4472-6402-6
    .
  12. S2CID 84732479
    .
  13. ISBN 978-90-5410-495-7
    .
  14. ^ Vellinga EC. (2006). "What ever happened to the shaggy parasol?" (PDF). McIlvainea. 16 (2): 11–17.
  15. ^ Robinson RM, Tunsell VL (2007). "A list of macrofungi recorded in burnt and unburnt Eucalyptus diversicolor regrowth forest in the southwest of Western Australia: 1998–2002" (PDF). Conservation Science Western Australia. 6 (1): 75–96.
  16. PMID 20943127
    .
  17. S2CID 85352273. Open access icon

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