Maiasaura
Maiasaura | |
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Mounted cast, Brussels Natural History Museum
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Clade: | Dinosauria |
Clade: | †Ornithischia |
Clade: | †Ornithopoda |
Family: | †Hadrosauridae |
Subfamily: | †Saurolophinae |
Tribe: | †Brachylophosaurini |
Genus: | †Maiasaura Horner & Makela, 1979 |
Type species | |
†Maiasaura peeblesorum Horner & Makela, 1979
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Maiasaura (from the
Maiasaura peeblesorum is the state fossil of Montana.The first remains of Maiasaura peeblesorum were discovered in the Two Medicine Formation near Chouteau, Montana in 1978 by Bynum, Montana resident Laurie Trexler. This holotype specimen was later described by Horner and Makela in 1979. The given genus name refers to the finding of Maiasaura peeblesorum eggs, embryos, and juveniles in a nest-like structure by Marion Brandvold in 1978 relatively close to the holotype specimen. This discovery of fifteen juvenile dinosaurs in close proximity to an adult showed the first instance of parental and social behavior in dinosaurs. It allowed for interpretations such as that Maiasaura peeblesorum fed its young while they were in the nest. Further work in this area led to the discovery of more dinosaur eggs, leading to the area being named “Egg Mountain.” Hundreds of bones of Maiasaura peeblesorum have been dug up.
Maiasaura was about 9 metres (30 ft) long. Young animals walked on their hind legs, adults on all fours. Maiasaura was probably closely related to Brachylophosaurus.
Description
Maiasaura peeblesorum were large, attaining a maximum known length of about 9 metres (30 ft) and a body mass is measured approximately up to 4 metric tons (4.4 short tons).
Maiasaura were
Discovery
A skull of Maiasaura, specimen PU 22405 (now in the collections of the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History as YPM PU 22405 following the transfer of the Princeton University vertebrate paleontology collections), was discovered by Laurie Trexler in 1979 and described by dinosaur
Over 200 specimens, in all age ranges, have been found.[10] The announcement of the discovery of Maiasaura attracted renewed scientific interest to the Two Medicine Formation and many other new kinds of dinosaurs were discovered as a result of the increased attention.[11] Choteau Maiasaura remains are found in higher strata than their Two Medicine River counterparts.[12]
Classification
Maiasaura peeblesorum is in the tribe Brachylophosaurini along with these related taxa:
- Probrachylophosaurus bergei[13]
- Brachylophosaurus canadensis[14]
- Acristavus gagslarsonoi[15]
- Brachylophosaurus goodwini[16]
- Ornatops[17]
The following cladogram of hadrosaurid relationships was published in 2013 by Albert Prieto-Márquez et al.:[18]
Saurolophinae |
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Palaeobiology
Maiasaura lived in herds and it raised its young in nesting colonies. The nests in the colonies were packed closely together, like those of modern seabirds, with the gap between the nests being around 7 metres (23 ft); less than the length of the adult animal.[19] The nests were made of earth and contained 30 to 40 eggs laid in a circular or spiral pattern. The eggs were about the size of ostrich eggs and are oval shaped with one slightly more pointed end.[20] Fossilized M. peeblesorum eggs are black in color and have high, prominent ridges on the outer surface.[20]
The eggs were incubated by the heat resulting from rotting vegetation placed into the nest by the parents, rather than a parent
The hatchlings grew from a size of 41 to 147 centimetres (16 to 58 in) long in the span of their first year. At this point, or perhaps after another year, the animal left the nest. This high rate of growth may be
Studies led by Holly Woodward, Jack Horner, Freedman Fowler et al. have given insight into the life history of Maiasaura, resulting in what is perhaps the most detailed life history of any dinosaur known, and to which all others can be compared. From a sample of fifty individual Maiasaura tibiae, it was found that Maiasaurs had a mortality rate of about 89.9% in their first year of life. If the animals survived their second year, their mortality rate would drop to 12.7%. The animals would spend their next six years maturing and growing. Sexual maturity was found to occur in their third year, while skeletal maturity was attained at eight years of age. In their eighth year and beyond, the mortality rate for Maiasaura would spike back to around 44.4%. The studies that followed also found that Maiasaurs were primarily bipedal as juveniles, and switched to a more quadrupedal stance as they aged. It was also found that Maiasaura also included rotting wood in its diet, as well that its environment had a long, dry season prone to drought. The results of the study were published in the journal Palaeobiology on September 3, 2015.[21][22]
Diet
A paper from 2007 showed that Maiasaura had a diet consisting of
Sexual dimorphism
Studies of Maiasaura by Saitta et al., suggest that one sex was roughly 45% larger than the other according to the mathematical analysis known as size statistics. However, it cannot be ascertained at this time whether the larger gender was male or female.[25][26]
Palaeoecology
Maiasaura is a characteristic fossil of the middle portion (lithofacies 4) of the Two Medicine Formation, dated to about 76.4 million years ago.
In the
See also
Footnotes
- ^ S2CID 233851376.
- ^ a b c Horner, J. R., Schmitt, J. G., Jackson, F., & Hanna, R. (2001). Bones and rocks of the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine-Judith River clastic wedge complex, Montana. In Field trip guidebook, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 61st Annual Meeting: Mesozoic and Cenozoic Paleontology in the Western Plains and Rocky Mountains. Museum of the Rockies Occasional Paper (Vol. 3, pp. 3-14).
- S2CID 221666530.
- S2CID 4332144.
- PMID 26153689.
- ISSN 0008-4077.
- S2CID 239729209.
- S2CID 4370793.
- ^ a b c "Maiasaura," Dodson, et al. (1994); pages 116-117.
- ^ Horner and Gorman (1988).
- ^ "Introduction," Trexler (2001); pages 299-300.
- ^ "Faunal Turnover, Migration, and Evolution," Trexler (2001); page 304.
- PMID 26560175.
- S2CID 85767827.
- S2CID 8878474.
- ISSN 0272-4634.
- PMID 33859873.
- .
- ^ Palmer (1999); page 148.
- ^ ISSN 0272-4634.
- ^ "Largest dinosaur population growth study ever shows how Maiasaura lived and died: Decades of research on Montana's state fossil -- the 'good mother lizard' Maiasaura peeblesorum -- has resulted in the most detailed life history of any dinosaur known".
- S2CID 85902880.
- S2CID 86197149. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
- ^ ""The Best of all Mothers" Maiasaura peeblesorum". bioweb.uwlax.edu/. University of Wisconsin-La Crosse. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
- ^ "Using math to examine the sex differences in dinosaurs".
- ^ "Statistical analysis reveals differences between dinosaur sexes".
- ^ a b c d "Faunal Turnover, Migration, and Evolution," Trexler (2001); page 306.
- ^ Sullivan, R. M.; Lucas, S. G. (2006). "The Kirtlandian land-vertebrate "age"–faunal composition, temporal position and biostratigraphic correlation in the nonmarine Upper Cretaceous of western North America". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 35: 7–29.
References
- Dodson, Peter & Britt, Brooks & Carpenter, Kenneth & Forster, Catherine A. & Gillette, David D. & Norell, Mark A. & Olshevsky, George & Parrish, J. Michael & Weishampel, David B. The Age of Dinosaurs. Publications International, LTD. p. 116-117. ISBN 0-7853-0443-6.
- Horner, Jack and Gorman, James. (1988). Digging Dinosaurs: The Search that Unraveled the Mystery of Baby Dinosaurs, Workman Publishing Co.
- Lehman, T. M., 2001, Late Cretaceous dinosaur provinciality: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, pp. 310–328.
- Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 148. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
- Trexler, D., 2001, Two Medicine Formation, Montana: geology and fauna: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, pp. 298–309.