Timeline of hadrosaur research

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Shantungosaurus giganteus

This timeline of hadrosaur research is a chronological listing of events in the

dinosaurs popularly known as the duck-billed dinosaurs. Scientific research on hadrosaurs began in the 1850s,[1] when Joseph Leidy described the genera Thespesius and Trachodon based on scrappy fossils discovered in the western United States. Just two years later he published a description of the much better-preserved remains of an animal from New Jersey that he named Hadrosaurus.[2]

The early

Horner, Weishampel, and Forster. This period is known as the great North American Dinosaur rush because of the research and excavation efforts of paleontologists like Brown, Gilmore, Lambe, Parks, and the Sternbergs. Major discoveries included the variety of cranial ornamentation among hadrosaurs as scientist came to characterize uncrested, solid crested, and hollow crested species.[2] Notable new taxa included Saurolophus, Corythosaurus, Edmontosaurus, and Lambeosaurus.[3] In 1942 Richard Swann Lull and Wright published what Horner, Weishampel, and Forster characterized as the "first important synthesis of hadrosaurid anatomy and phylogeny".[2]

More recent discoveries include gigantic hadrosaurs like

Shantungosaurus giganteus from China.[4] At 15 meters in length and nearly 16 metric tons in weight it is the largest known hadrosaur and is known from a nearly complete skeleton.[5]

Hadrosaur research has continued to remain active even into the new millennium. In 2000, Horner and others found that hatchling Maiasaura grew to adult body sizes at a rate more like a mammal's than a reptile. That same year, Case and others reported the discovery of hadrosaur bones in Vega Island, Antarctica. After decades of such dedicated research, hadrosaurs have become one of the best understood group of dinosaurs.[2]

19th century

1850s

Illustration of the Thespesius syntype
Illustration of Trachodon teeth
The first mounted dinosaur skeleton, that of Hadrosaurus

1856

1858

  • Leidy described the new genus and species
    Hadrosaurus foulkii.[6] He thought it was an amphibious animal.[7]

1860s

1868

  • Leidy collaborated with artist
    Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. This became both the first mounted dinosaur skeleton ever mounted for public display and also one of the most popular exhibits in the history of the academy. Estimates have the Hadrosaurus exhibit as increasing the number of visitors by up to 50%.[8]

1869

1870s

1870

  • Hadrosaurus minor
    .

1871

  • Cope described the new species
    Hadrosaurus cavatus
    .

1872

  • Marsh described the new species
    Hadrosaurus agilis.[11]

1874

  • Cope described the new species
    Cionodon arctatus.[9]

1875

  • Cope described the new species
    Cionodon stenopsis.[9]

1876

  • Cope described the new genus and species
    Dysganus encaustus.[9]

1880s

Orthomerus dolloi
limb bones
Type specimen of Claosaurus

1883

1888

  • Trachodon cantabrigiensis.[1]

1889

1890s

1890

  • Marsh erected the new genus
    Trachodon longiceps.[6]

1892

20th century

1900s

1900

  • Limnosaurus transsylvanicus.[11]

1902

  • Trachodon selwyni.[1]

1903

1910

Artist's restoration of Edmontosaurus regalis

1910

  • Kritosaurus navajovius.[9]

1912

  • Brown described the new genus and species
    Saurolophus osborni.[4]

1913

1914

1915

  • Charles H. Sternberg's crew excavated a Corythosaurus from quarry 243 in Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. The specimen would later be displayed at the Calgary Zoo.[14]
  • Matthew observed that fossils of hadrosaur eggs and hatchlings were absent in coastal areas and suggested that hadrosaurs may have preferred nesting grounds further inland. He believed that these inland nesting grounds were actually where hadrosaurs first evolved and therefore to breed, hadrosaurs retraced their ancestors route back to their place of origin. After hatching, the young hadrosaurs would spend some time inland maturing before migrating out to more coastal areas.[15]
Prosaurolophus maximus
specimen collected 1921, Royal Ontario Museum

1916

  • Brown described the new genus and species
    Prosaurolophus maximus.[6]

1917

  • Lambe described the new genus and species Edmontosaurus regalis.[6]
  • Lambe described the new genus and species
    Cheneosaurus tolmanensis.[4]

1918

  • Lambe named the
    Hadrosaurinae
    .

1920s

Artist's restoration of Parasaurolophus
Mummified Edmontosaurus annectens

1920

1922

1923

1924

  • Gilmore described the new species
    Thespesius edmontonensis.[6]
Artist's restoration of Tanius

1925

  • Riabinin described the new species
    Trachodon amurensis.[1]

1926

  • Sternberg described the new species
    Thespesius saskatchewanensis.[6]

1929

  • Wiman described the new genus and species
    Tanius sinensis.[11]

1930s

Skeletal mount of Bactrosaurus

1930

1931

1933

Skeletal mount of Nipponosaurus

1935

1936

  • Takumi Nagao described the new genus and species
    Nipponosaurus sachalinensis.[9]

1939

  • Riabinin described the new genus and species
    Bactrosaurus prynadai.[9]

1940s

Skeletal mount of Orthomerus

1942

  • Anatosaurus for Claosaurus annectens. They also name the new species Anatosaurus copei.[6]

1943

  • Hoffet described the new species
    Mandschurosaurus laosensis.[1]

1945

1946

1950s

Illustration of the skull of Tsintaosaurus

1952

  • Rozhdestvensky described the new species
    Saurolophus angustirostris.[4]

1953

  • Sternberg described the new genus and species
    Brachylophosaurus canadensis.[11]

1958

1960s

Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus

1960

  • Langston described the new genus and species
    Lophorhothon atopus.[6]

1961

  • Ostrom described the new species
    Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus.[9]

1964

  • Ostrom supported Krausel's 1922 claim that fossil plant material found associated with an Edmontosaurus annectens mummy was actually its gut contents.[7]

1967

  • Russel and Chamney studied distribution of hadrosaur in Maastrichtian North America. The concluded that Edmontosaurus regalis lived near the coasts while Hypacrosaurus altispinus and Saurolophus osborni lived slightly more inland.[15]

1968

  • Rozhdeventsky described the new genus and species
    Procheneosaurus convincens.[4]

1970s

1970

  • Galton argued that the anatomy of the hadrosaur pelvis was more consistent with a horizontal posture like that seen in modern flightless birds than with the "kangaroo" posture they were often reconstructed in.[7]

1971

  • Dodson argued that hadrosaurs may not have fed exclusively on land.[7]

1973

  • Shantungosaurus giganteus.[4]

1975

Skeletal mount of Maiasaura and hatchlings
  • Dodson found evidence for sexual and ontogenetic dimorphism in two different kinds of lambeosaurine using morphometrics.[16]

1976

  • Zhen described the new species
    Tanius laiyengensis.[9]

1979

1980s

Hotton argued that some hadrosaurs may have migrated

1980

  • Hotton argued that some hadrosaurs may have migrated seasonally in a north–south direction.
Artist's restoration of Barsboldia
Skeletal reconstruction and size comparison Lambeosaurus (now Magnapaulia) laticaudus

1981

1982

1983

  • Horner observed that Maiasaura peeblesorum is only known to have lived in the upper regions of contemporary coastal plains.[15]
  • Weishampel described hadrosaur chewing and cranial kinetics.[7]
  • Weishampel and Weishampel[clarification needed] reported the presence of hadrosaur remains on the Antarctic Peninsula.[15]
Illustration of a Jaxartosaurus skull
Skull of Brachylophosaurus

1984

  • Wu described the new genus and species
    Jaxartosaurus fuyuensis.[9]
  • Milner and Norman argued that hadrosaurs evolved in Asia.[15]
  • Horner observed that fossil eggs and hadrosaur hatchlings were common in sediments deposited in the upper regions of what were once coastal plains.[15]
  • Weishampel described hadrosaur chewing and cranial kinetics.[7]
  • Norman described hadrosaur chewing and cranial kinetics.[7]
  • Weishampel argued that hadrosaurs fed mainly on vegetation of 2 m in height or less but had a maximum browsing height of 4 m.[7]
  • Bonaparte and others described the new species
    Kritosaurus australis.[4]

1985

  • Norman and Weishampel described hadrosaur chewing and cranial kinetics.[7]

1987

  • Horner observed that fossil eggs and hadrosaur hatchlings were common in sediments deposited in the upper regions of what were once coastal plains.[15]
  • Farlow argued that their highly developed chewing abilities and large gut volumes meant hadrosaurs werehighly adapted to feeding on nutrient poor, fibrous vegetation.[7]

1988

  • Horner described the new species
    Brachylophosaurus goodwini.[11]

1990s

1990

  • Brett-Surman described the new genus
    Anatotitan
    for Anatosaurus copei.
  • Horner argued that the hadrosaurids were not a natural group, and instead that the two major groups of hadrosaurs, the generally uncrested hadrosaurines and the crested lambeosaurs had separate origins within the Iguanodontia. Horner thought that the uncrested hadrosaurs were descended from a relative of Iguanodon, while the crested lambeosaurs were descended from a relative of Ouranosaurus. However, this proposal would find no support in any subsequent research publication.[10]
  • Weishampel and Horner found the Hadrosauridae to be a natural group after all.[10] They also found cladistic support for the traditional division of Hadrosauridae into the subfamilies Hadrosaurinae and Lambeosaurinae.[10]
  • Weishampel reported the presence of hadrosaurs on the Antarctic peninsula.[15][clarification needed]

1991

  • Bolotsky and Kurzanov described the new genus and species
    Amurosaurus riabinini.[4]

1992

Scientists began reconstructing the hadrosaur family tree in the 1990s.
  • Horner described the new species
    Prosaurolophus blackfeetensis.[6]

1993

Hypacrosaurus stebingeri

1994

  • Horner and Currie described the new species
    Hypacrosaurus stebingeri.[4]

1996

  • Chin and Gill described Maiasaura peeblesorum
    coprolites from an ancient nesting ground of that species. The coprolites were "blocky", irregularly-shaped masses that preserved plant fragments. The researchers identified it as feces because the masses contained fossilized dung beetle burrows. The plant material suggested a diet consisting mainly of conifer stems.[7]

1997

  • Forster found the hadrosaurs to be a natural group, contrary to Horner's 1990 arguments that the hadrosaur subfamilies were descended from different kinds of iguanodont.[10] They also found cladistic support for the traditional division of Hadrosauridae into the subfamilies Hadrosaurinae and Lambeosaurinae.[10] She preferred to define the Hadrosauridae as the most recent common ancestor of the hadrosaurines and lambeosaurines and all of its descendants. Unlike the definition used by Weishampel and others in 1993, this definition excluded Telmatosaurus.[18]

1999

  • Sereno found the hadrosaurs to be a natural group, contrary to Horner's 1990 arguments that the hadrosaur subfamilies were descended from different kinds of iguanodont.[10]

21st century

2000s

2000

  • Godefroit, Zan, and Jin described the new genus and species
    Charonosaurus jiayinensis.[4]
  • Case and others reported the presence of hadrosaurs on the Antarctica peninsula.[2] The remains studied were found on Vega Island and represent the southernmost known hadrosaur fossils. When the animals were still alive, this site was probably at a latitude of about 65 degrees South.[15]
  • Horner and others studied the histology of Maiasaura peeblesorum bones. They found that Maiasaura only took 8–10 years to reach adult body size. A 7 metres (23 ft) adult Maiasaura could have an adult body mass of over 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb) despite hatching at a length of about half a meter and with a body mass of less than a kilogram. This disparity implies a rate or growth similar to those found in modern mammals.[7]
Olorotitan arharensis

2001

  • Horner and others published additional research on the histology of Maiasaura peeblesorum bones.[7]

2003

Left ilium of Cedrorestes

2004

  • Bolotsky and Godefroit described the new genus and species
    Kerberosaurus manakini.[21]

2005

  • Godefroit, Li, and Shang described the new genus and species
    Penelopognathus weishampeli.[22]

2006

  • Prieto-Márquez and others described the new genus and species
    Koutalisaurus kohlerorum.[23]

2007

  • Gilpin and others described the new genus and species
    Cedrorestes crichtoni.[24]
Artist's reconstruction of an Angulomastacator skull

2008

  • Godefroit and others described the new genus and species
    Wulagasaurus dongi.[27]
Tethyshadros insularis

2009

2010s

2010

2011

  • Gates and others described the new genus and species
    Acristavus gagslarsoni.[35]

2012

2013

Skull of Augustynolophus

2014

Artist's restoration of Probrachylophosaurus

2015

2016

  • Xu and others described the new genus and species Datonglong.[55]
  • Wang and others described the new genus and species Zuoyunlong.[56]
  • Prieto-Marquez, Erickson and Ebersole described the new genus and species
    Eotrachodon orientalis[57]

2017

  • Cruzado-Caballero and Powell described the new genus and species
    Bonapartesaurus rionegrensis
    .
  • Study of corpolites by Chin, Feldmann & Tashman show hadrosaurs occasionally consumed decaying wood and crustaceans [58]

2018

  • Gates and others described the new genus and species
    Choyrodon barsboldi.[59]

2019

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Horner, Weishampel, and Forster (2004); "Table 20.1: Hadrosauridae", page 443.
  2. ^ a b c d e Horner, Weishampel, and Forster (2004); "Introduction", page 438.
  3. ^ Horner, Weishampel, and Forster (2004); "Table 20.1: Hadrosauridae", pages 439–442.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Horner, Weishampel, and Forster (2004); "Table 20.1: Hadrosauridae", page 441.
  5. ^ Lucas (2001); "Nemegtian Vertebrates", page 181.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Horner, Weishampel, and Forster (2004); "Table 20.1: Hadrosauridae", page 440.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Horner, Weishampel, and Forster (2004); "Paleoecology, Biogeography, and Paleobiology", page 462.
  8. ^ Weishampel and Young (1996); "Haddonfield Hadrosaurus", page 71.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Horner, Weishampel, and Forster (2004); "Table 20.1: Hadrosauridae", page 442.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Horner, Weishampel, and Forster (2004); "Systematics and Evolution", page 457.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Horner, Weishampel, and Forster (2004); "Table 20.1: Hadrosauridae", page 439.
  12. ^ Lund, E.K. and Gates, T.A. (2006). "A historical and biogeographical examination of hadrosaurian dinosaurs." pp. 263 in Lucas, S.G. and Sullivan, R.M. (eds.), Late Cretaceous vertebrates from the Western Interior. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 35.
  13. ^ a b Tanke (2010); "Note 4," page 544.
  14. ^ Tanke (2010); "Note 9," page 546.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Horner, Weishampel, and Forster (2004); "Paleoecology, Biogeography, and Paleobiology", page 461.
  16. ^ a b Horner, Weishampel, and Forster (2004); "Paleoecology, Biogeography, and Paleobiology", page 463.
  17. ^ Horner, Weishampel, and Forster (2004); "Systematics and Evolution", pages 457–458.
  18. ^ Horner, Weishampel, and Forster (2004); "Systematics and Evolution", page 458.
  19. ^ You et al. (2003); "Abstract", page 347.
  20. ^ Kobayashi and Azuma (2003); "Abstract", page 166.
  21. ^ Bolotsky and Godefroit (2004); "Abstract", page 351.
  22. ^ Godefroit, Li, and Shang (2005); "Abstract", page 697.
  23. ^ Prieto-Márquez et al. (2006); "Abstract", page 929.
  24. ^ Gilpin, DiCroce and Carpenter (2007); "Abstract", page 79.
  25. ^ Mo et al. (2007); "Abstract", page 550.
  26. ^ Zhao et al. (2007); "Abstract", page 111.
  27. ^ Godefroit et al. (2008); "Abstract", page 47.
  28. ^ Wagner and Lehman (2009); "Abstract", page 605.
  29. ^ Pereda-Suberbiola et al. (2009); "Abstract", page 559.
  30. ^ Sues and Averianov (2009); "Abstract", page 2549.
  31. ^ Dalla Vecchia (2009); "Abstract", page 1100.
  32. ^ Cruzado-Caballero, Pereda-Suberbiola, and Ruiz-Omeñaca (2010); "Abstract", page 1507.
  33. ^ Prieto-Márquez (2010); "Abstract", page 1.
  34. ^ Juárez Valieri et al. (2010); "Abstract", page 217.
  35. ^ Gates et al. (2011); "Abstract", page 798.
  36. ^ Godefroit et al. (2012); "Abstract", page 335.
  37. ^ Ramírez-Velasco et al. (2012); "Abstract", page 379.
  38. ^ Godefroit et al. (2012); "Abstract", page 438.
  39. ^ Coria, Riga and Casadío (2012); "Abstract", page 552.
  40. ^ Prieto-Márquez and Brañas (2012); "Abstract", page 607.
  41. ^ Prieto-Márquez, Chiappe, and Joshi (2012); "Abstract", page 1.
  42. ^ Prieto-Márquez et al. (2013); "Canardia gen. nov", page 5.
  43. ^ Bell and Brink (2013); "Abstract", page 265.
  44. ^ Prieto-Márquez and Wagner (2013); "Abstract", page 255.
  45. ^ Wang et al. (2013); "Abstract", page 1.
  46. ^ Prieto-Márquez et al. (2014); "Abstract", page 1.
  47. ^ Gates and Scheetz (2014); "Abstract", page 798.
  48. ^ Xing et al. (2014); "Abstract", page 1.
  49. ^ Gates et al. (2014); "Abstract", page 156.
  50. ^ You, Li, and Dodson (2014); "Abstract", page 73.
  51. ^ Shibata and Azuma (2015); "Abstract", page 421.
  52. ^ Mori, Druckenmiller and Erickson (2015); "Abstract".
  53. ^ Freedman Fowler and Horner (2015); in passim.
  54. ^ Shibata et al. (2015); in passim.
  55. ^ Xu et al. (2016); in passim.
  56. ^ Wang et al. (2016); in passim.
  57. ^ Prieto-Márquez et al. (2016); in passim.
  58. PMID 28935986
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References

External links