Manikya dynasty

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Manikya
Parent houseLunar dynasty (legendary)
Country
Foundedc. 1400
Founder
Kirit Pradyot Manikya (titular)
Final rulerKirit Bikram Kishore Manikya
Titles
Deposition1949
Rajadhara Manikya
(1586-1599 CE), king of Tripura.

The Manikya dynasty was the ruling house of the Twipra Kingdom and later the princely Tripura State, what is now the Indian state of Tripura. Ruling since the early 15th century, the dynasty at its height controlled a large swathe of the north-east of the Indian subcontinent. After coming under British influence, in 1761 they transitioned from feudal monarchs into rulers of a princely state, though the Manikyas maintain control of the region until 1949, when it ascended in union with India.

History

Tracing a descent from the mythological

Ratna Fa, who is stated to have become the first Manikya after being granted the cognomen by the Sultan of Bengal.[2] However, it is now believed that the Rajmala had been mistaken in the genealogy and chronology of the initial Manikya rulers.[3] Numismatic evidence suggests that the first historical Manikya was in fact Maha Manikya,[4] a Tripuri chief who founded the kingdom after establishing dominance over neighbouring tribes in the early 1400s.[5] This monarch then took the title "Manikya" in honour of a historic victory over Bengal, with the name being inherited by his descendants.[6]

Maha Manikya's early successors achieved considerable military success, conquering territory in Bengal,

Burma. Tripura reached its zenith in the 16th century under such prominent kings as Dhanya Manikya and Vijaya Manikya II,[7] with its lands stretching from the Garo Hills in the north to the Bay of Bengal in the south. As monarchs of a Hindu kingdom, the Manikyas developed a rivalry with the successive Muslim rulers of Bengal, coming into conflict with Sultans, governors and Nawabs before being brought under Mughal suzerainty in the early 17th century. As Mughal power waned, the antagonism with Bengal re-erupted, which drove the Manikyas to first approach the British for aid. In 1761, Tripura succumbed to British influence, becoming a princely protectorate, though control of the region remained under the Manikya dynasty.[8]

In 1870,

Bir Bikram Kishore, chose to come under the jurisdiction of the predominantly Hindu Dominion of India in 1947. The final ascension of Tripura into the modern Indian nation was signed by his widow, Kanchan Prava Devi, in place of the minor Kirit Bikram Kishore, bringing to an end five centuries of Manikya rule.[8]

List of rulers

Princely States. Tripura. Vijaya Manikya II (1532-1564), dated 1560
Tripura princely state in 1909
Kingdom of Tripura
Part of History of Tripura
Kirit Pradyot Manikya
1978–present (titular)
Tripura monarchy data
Manikya dynasty (Royal family)
Agartala (Capital of the kingdom)
Ujjayanta Palace (Royal residence)
Pushbanta Palace (Royal residence)
Neermahal (Royal residence)
Rajmala (Royal chronicle)
Tripura Buranji (Chronicle)
Chaturdasa Devata (Family deities)
Rulers of the Manikya dynasty (c.1400 – 1949)[9]
Name Reign start Reign end Claim Notes
Maha Manikya c.1400 1431
Dharma Manikya I 1431 1462 Son of Maha Manikya
Ratna Manikya I 1462 c.1487 Son of Dharma Manikya I
Pratap Manikya c.1487 c.1487 Son of Ratna Manikya I
Vijaya Manikya I 1488 1488 Possibly son of Pratap Manikya
Mukut Manikya 1489 1489 Son of Ratna Manikya I
Dhanya Manikya 1490 1515 Son of Ratna Manikya I
Dhwaja Manikya 1515 1520 Son of Dhanya Manikya
Deva Manikya 1520 1530 Son of Dhanya Manikya
Indra Manikya I 1530 1532 Son of Deva Manikya
Vijaya Manikya II 1532 1563 Son of Deva Manikya
Ananta Manikya 1563 1567 Son of Vijaya Manikya II
Udai Manikya I 1567 1573 Father-in-law of Ananta Manikya Claimed the throne following the death of his predecessor, briefly supplanting the ruling dynasty with his own line.[10]
Joy Manikya I 1573 1577 Son of
Udai Manikya
Amar Manikya 1577 1586 Son of Deva Manikya Restored the Manikya dynasty after killing his predecessor.[11]
Rajdhar Manikya I 1586 1600 Son of Amar Manikya
Ishwar Manikya 1600 1600 Possibly son of Amar Manikya or Rajdhar Manikya I
Yashodhar Manikya 1600 1618 Son of Rajdhar Manikya I Monarchy temporarily overthrown by the Mughal Empire.[12]
Kalyan Manikya 1626 1660 Descendant of Maha Manikya From a cadet branch of the dynasty.[13] Elected as monarch after Mughal interregnum.[14]
Govinda Manikya 1660 1661 Son of Kalyan Manikya First reign
Chhatra Manikya 1661 1667 Son of Kalyan Manikya
Govinda Manikya 1667 1676 Son of Kalyan Manikya Second reign
Rama Manikya 1676 1685 Son of Govinda Manikya
Ratna Manikya II 1685[15] 1693[15] Son of Rama Manikya First reign
Narendra Manikya 1693[15] 1695[15] Grandson of Govinda Manikya
Ratna Manikya II 1695[15] 1712[15] Son of Rama Manikya Second reign
Mahendra Manikya 1712[16] 1714[16] Son of Rama Manikya
Dharma Manikya II 1714[16] 1725[16] Son of Rama Manikya First reign
Jagat Manikya 1725[17] 1729[17] Great-grandson of Chhatra Manikya
Dharma Manikya II 1729[17] 1729[17] Son of Rama Manikya Second reign
Mukunda Manikya 1729 1739 Son of Rama Manikya
Joy Manikya II 1739 1744 Great-great-grandson of Kalyan Manikya First reign
Indra Manikya II 1744 1746 Son of Mukunda Manikya
Udai Manikya II c. 1744 c. 1744 Son of Dharma Manikya II Briefly laid claim to the throne during a power struggle between his relatives.[18]
Joy Manikya II 1746 1746 Great-great-grandson of Kalyan Manikya Second reign
Vijaya Manikya III 1746 1748 Brother of Joy Manikya II, great-great-grandson of Kalyan Manikya
Lakshman Manikya ? ? Grandson of Dharma Manikya II Ruled as a puppet-monarch under Shamsher Gazi for three years before the latter took the throne for himself.[19]
Krishna Manikya 1760 1783 Son of Mukunda Manikya
Rajdhar Manikya II 1785 1806 Grandson of Mukunda Manikya
Rama Ganga Manikya 1806 1809 Son of Rajdhar Manikya II First reign
Durga Manikya 1809 1813 Son of Lakshman Manikya
Rama Ganga Manikya 1813 1826 Son of Rajdhar Manikya II Second reign
Kashi Chandra Manikya 1826 1829 Son of Rajdhar Manikya II
Krishna Kishore Manikya 1829 1849 Son of Rama Ganga Manikya
Ishan Chandra Manikya 1849 1862 Son of Krishna Kishore Manikya
Bir Chandra Manikya 1862 1896 Son of Krishna Kishore Manikya
Radha Kishore Manikya 1896 1909 Son of Bir Chandra Manikya
Birendra Kishore Manikya 1909 1923 Son of Radha Kishore Manikya
Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya
 1923 1947 Son of Birendra Kishore Manikya
Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya 1947 1949 Son of
Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya
Titular (1949 – 1971)
Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya 1949 1971 (title abolished) Son of
Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya

Family tree

Family tree
Maha Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. c. 1400–1431
Dharma Manikya I
Raja of Tripura
r. 1431–1462		Gagan Fa
Ratna Manikya I
Raja of Tripura
r. 1462–c. 1487
Dhanya Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1490–1515		Pratap Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. c. 1487		Mukut Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1489
Dhwaja Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1515–1520		Deva Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1520–1530		Possibly
Vijaya Manikya I
Raja of Tripura
r. 1488
Udai Manikya I
Raja of Tripura
r. 1567–1573		Indra Manikya I
Raja of Tripura
r. 1530–1532		Vijaya Manikya II
Raja of Tripura
r. 1532–1563		Amar Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1577–1586
Joy Manikya I
Raja of Tripura
r. 1573–1577		Ratnavati
Ruler of Chandipur		Ananta Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1563–1567		Rajdhar Manikya I
Raja of Tripura
r. 1586–1600
Yashodhar Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1600–1618		Ishwar Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1600		Kachu Fa
Kalyan Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1626–1660
Govinda Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1660–1661
r. 1667–1676		Jagannath ThakurChhatra Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1661–1667
Rama Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1676–1685		Durga ThakurSurya Pratap Narayan ThakurUtsab Roy
Ratna Manikya II
Raja of Tripura
r. 1685–1693
r. 1695–1712		Mahendra Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1712–1714		Dharma Manikya II
Raja of Tripura
r. 1714–1725
r. 1729		Mukunda Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1729–1739		Narendra Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1693–1695		Haradhan ThakurVijaya Narayan
Udai Manikya II
Raja of Tripura
r. c. 1744		Gadadhar ThakurIndra Manikya II
Raja of Tripura
r. c. 1744–1746		Krishna Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1760–1783		HarimaniJoy Manikya II
Raja of Tripura
r. c. 1739–1744
r. 1746		Vijaya Manikya III
Raja of Tripura
r. 1746–1748		Jagat Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1725–1729
Chakla Roshnabad

r. 1767
Durga Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1809–1813		Rama Ganga Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1806–1809
r. 1813–1826		Kashi Chandra Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1826–1829
Krishna Kishore Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1829–1849
Ishan Chandra Manikya
Raja of Tripura
r. 1849–1862		Bir Chandra Manikya
Maharaja of Tripura
r. 1862–1896
Radha Kishore Manikya
Maharaja of Tripura
r. 1896–1909
Birendra Kishore Manikya
Maharaja of Tripura
r. 1909–1923
Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya

Maharaja of Tripura
r. 1923–1947
Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya
Maharaja of Tripura
r. 1947–1949
Kirit Pradyot Manikya
Bibliography:
  • Choudhury, Achyut Charan (2000) [1910], Srihatter Itibritta: Purbangsho (in Bengali), Kolkata: Kotha, p. 502
  • Sarma, Ramani Mohan (1987), Political History of Tripura, Calcutta: Puthipatra

References

  1. ^ Singh Rana (1998), p. 210.
  2. ^ Bhattacharyya (1977), p. 13.
  3. ^ Saha (1986), p. 168.
  4. ^ Sarma (1987), p. 39.
  5. ^ Momin, Mawlong & Qādrī (2006), p. 81.
  6. ^ Lahiri (1999), p. 53.
  7. ^ Nayar (2005), p. 70.
  8. ^ a b Boland-Crewe & Lea (2005), p. 238.
  9. ^ Sarma (1987), pp. 233–34.
  10. ^ Sarma (1987), pp. 75–76.
  11. ^ Sarma (1987), p. 77.
  12. ^ Chib (1988), p. 11.
  13. ^ Gan-Chaudhuri (1980), p. 25.
  14. ^ Sarma (1987), p. 96.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Friedberg & Friedberg (2009), p. 498.
  16. ^ a b c d DebBarma (2006), p. 24.
  17. ^ a b c d DebBarma (2006), p. 25.
  18. ^ Sarma (1987), p. 130.
  19. ^ Sur (1986), p. 14.

Bibliography

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