Bay of Bengal
Bay of Bengal | ||
---|---|---|
Primary inflows Indian Ocean | | |
Basin countries | Bangladesh India Indonesia Myanmar Sri Lanka[1][2] | |
Max. length | 2,090 km (1,300 mi) | |
Max. width | 1,610 km (1,000 mi) | |
Surface area | 2,600,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi) | |
Average depth | 2,600 m (8,500 ft) | |
Max. depth | 4,694 m (15,400 ft) |
The Bay of Bengal is the northeastern part of the
Many South Asian and Southeast Asian countries are dependent on the Bay of Bengal. Geopolitically, the bay is bounded on the west and northwest by India, on the north by Bangladesh, and on the east by Myanmar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India. Its southern limit is a line between Sangaman Kanda, Sri Lanka, and the northwesternmost point of Sumatra, Indonesia. Cox's Bazar, the longest sea beach in the world and Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest and the natural habitat of the Bengal tiger, are located along the bay.
The Bay of Bengal occupies an area of 2,600,000 square kilometres (1,000,000 sq mi). A number of large rivers flow into the Bay of Bengal: the
.Background
Extent
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Bay of Bengal as follows:[3]
- On the east: A line running from Burma Sea [A line running from "Oedjong Raja" ["Ujung Raja" or "Point Raja"] (5°32′N 95°12′E / 5.533°N 95.200°E) in Sumatra to Poeloe Bras (Breuëh) and on through the Western Islands of the NicobarGroup to Sandy Point in Little Andaman Island, in such a way that all the narrow waters appertain to the Burma Sea].
- On the east: A line running from
- On the south: Poeloe Bras (5°44′N 95°04′E / 5.733°N 95.067°E).
- On the south:
Note: Oedjong means "cape" in Dutch language on maps of the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia).[4]
Etymology
The bay gets its name from the
The other Sanskrit names for Bay of Bengal are 'Vaṅgopasāgara' (Sanskrit: वङ्गोपसागर, lit. 'Bengal Sub-sea or Bengal Bay'), 'Vaṅgasāgara' (Sanskrit: वङ्गसागर, lit. 'Bengal Sea'), 'Pūrvapayodhi' (Sanskrit: पूर्वपयोधि, lit. 'Eastern Ocean').[citation needed]
In Bengali, the Bay of Bengal is known as "বঙ্গোপসাগর".
History
In ancient
The Kakatiya dynasty reached the western coastline of the Bay of Bengal between the Godavari and the Krishna rivers. Kushanas about the middle of the 1st century AD invaded northern India perhaps extending as far as the Bay of Bengal. Chandragupta Maurya extended the Maurya Dynasty across northern India to the Bay of Bengal. Hajipur was a stronghold for Portuguese Pirates. In the 16th century the Portuguese built trading posts in the north of the Bay of Bengal at Chittagong (Porto Grande) and Satgaon (Porto Pequeno).[12]
The earliest sign of Muslims in the region came from the textile trade routes where one targeted the east Arabian Sea influencing migration of Arabs and Persians and another to the west causing Buddhist Bengalis to culturally mix with Islam.[13]
Historic sites
In alphabetical order:
- Antarvedi is a popular place of worship Southern India, in Konaseema district of Andhra Pradesh devoted to Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple. This is the place where one of the distributaries of Godavari River meets the Bay of Bengal.[14]
- Arikamedu is an archaeological site in Southern India, in Kakkayanthope, Ariyankuppam Commune, Puducherry. It is 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the capital, Pondicherry of the Indian territory of Puducherry
- British penal colony: better source needed]
- Buddhist heritage sites of Pavurallakonda, Thotlakonda and Bavikonda lie along the coast of Bay of Bengal at Visakhapatnam in India.
- Konark is the home of the Sun Temple or Black Pagoda. This Brahman sanctuary was built of black granite mid-1200 AD and has been declared a World Heritage Site.
- Jagannath Temple at Puri is one of the four sacred places in Hindu pilgrimage along with Puri beach on the banks of Bay of Bengal. Mahodadhi was named after Lord Jagannath.
- Ramanathaswamy Temple is at Dhanushkodi, where the Bay of Bengal and the Gulf of Mannar come together.[16]
- Mahabalipuram. Mahabalipuram's Shore Temple, a World Heritage Sitewas constructed in the 8th century AD and myth has it that six other temples were built here.
- Sri Vaisakheswara Swamy temple lies two kilometers from the Visakhapatnam coast under the Bay of Bengal's sea bed. Spokespeople from Marine Archaeology say the temple may be opposite the Coastal Battery.[17]
- Vivekanandar Illam was constructed in 1842 by the American "Ice King" Frederic Tudor to store and market ice year round. In 1897, Swami Vivekananda's famous lectures were recorded here at Castle Kernan. The site is an exhibition devoted to Swami Vivekananda and his legacy.[citation needed]
Marine archaeology
Maritime archaeology or marine archaeology is the study of how ancient peoples interacted with the sea and waterways. A specialized branch, archaeology of shipwrecks, studies the salvaged artifacts of ancient ships. Stone anchors, amphorae shards, elephant tusks, hippopotamus teeth, ceramic pottery, a rare wood mast and lead ingots are examples which may survive submerged for centuries for archaeologists to discover, study, and place their salvaged findings into the timeline of history. Coral reefs, tsunamis, cyclones, mangrove swamps, battles, and a criss-cross of sea routes in a high trading area combined with piracy have all contributed to shipwrecks in the Bay of Bengal.[18]
Shipwrecks and important shipping incidences
In chronological order:
- 1778 to 1783: The Naval operations in the American Revolutionary Waror American War of Independence ranged as far as the Bay of Bengal.
- c. 1816: Mornington ship burned in the Bay of Bengal.[19]
- 1850: American clipper brig Eagle is supposed to have sunk in the Bay of Bengal.[20]
- American Baptist missionary Adoniram Judson died 12 April 1850 and was buried at sea in the Bay of Bengal.
- 1855: The Bark "Incredible" struck on a sunken rock in the Bay of Bengal.[21]
- 1865: a gale dismasted the Euterpe while traversing the Bay of Bengal typhoon.
- 1875: Veleda - 76 m (250 ft) long and 15 m (50 ft) wide. It is part of a current salvage operation.[22]
- 1914: September 10 - SS Indus: A steamship that was captured and scuttled by SMS Emden.
- 1942: Japanese cruiser Yura of the Second Expeditionary Fleet, Malay Force, attacked merchant ships in the Bay of Bengal.
- April 7 - SS Selma City: Attacked by Japanese bombers in the Bay of Bengal, about 25 miles (40 km) offshore from Vizagapatam, India.
- April 9 - HMS Hermes: The world's first purpose-built aircraft carrier, which sunk after receiving 40 direct hits from 70 Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter/bombers off the coast of Sri Lanka.
- 1971: December 3 – Pakistan Navy submarine PNS Ghazi sunk under mysterious circumstances, near Visakhapatnam, in the Bay of Bengal.
Significance
Economic importance
One of the first trading ventures along the Bay of Bengal was The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies, more commonly referred to as the
The Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project is a new venture proposed which would create a channel for a shipping route to link the Gulf of Mannar with the Bay of Bengal. This would connect India from east to west without the necessity of going around Sri Lanka.
Thoni and catamaran fishing boats of fishing villages thrive along the Bay of Bengal shorelines. Fishermen can catch between 26 and 44 species of marine fish.[24] In one year, the average catch is two million tons of fish from the Bay of Bengal alone.[25] Approximately 31% of the world's coastal fishermen live and work on the bay.[26]
Geostrategic importance
The Bay of Bengal is centrally located in
Its outlying islands (the Andaman and Nicobar Islands) and, most importantly, major ports such as
China has recently made efforts to project influence into the region through tie-ups with Myanmar and Bangladesh.[30] The United States has held major exercises with Bangladesh, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and recently India.[31][32][33][34] The largest ever wargame in Bay of Bengal, known as Malabar 2007, was held in 2007 and naval warships from the United States, India, Singapore, Japan and Australia took part.[citation needed]
Large deposits of natural gas in the areas within Bangladesh's sea zone incited a serious urgency by India and Myanmar into a territorial dispute.[27] Disputes over rights of some oil and gas blocks have caused brief diplomatic spats between Myanmar and India with Bangladesh.
The disputed maritime boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar resulted in military tensions in 2008 and 2009. The maritime dispute between Bangladesh and Myanmar settled in 2012 through the judgement of ITLOS.[35] In 2014, the dispute between India and Bangladesh was also settled in which the UN tribunal awarded Bangladesh 19,467 sq. km of the 25,602 sq. km sea area of the Bay of Bengal.[36]
Religious importance
The Bay of Bengal in the stretch of
The Samudra
Key features
Beaches
Islands
The islands in the bay are numerous, including the Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands and Mergui Archipelago of India and Myanmar. The Cheduba group of islands, in the north-east, off the Burmese coast, are remarkable for a chain of mud volcanoes, which are occasionally active.[40]
Great Andaman is the main archipelago or island group of the Andaman Islands, whereas Ritchie's Archipelago consists of smaller islands. Only 37, or 6.5%, of the 572 islands and islets of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are inhabited.[41]
Rivers
Many major rivers of
The Ganga–Brahmaputra-Barak rivers deposit nearly 1000 million tons of
Further southwest of
While Myanmar's Irrawaddy River flows into the Andaman Sea, sediment from the river is found in the eastern Bay of Bengal.[43]
Seaports
Indian ports on the bay include
Oceanography
In alphabetical order
Geology
Lithosphere and plate tectonics
The lithosphere of the earth is broken up into what are called tectonic plates. Underneath the Bay of Bengal, which is part of the great Indo-Australian Plate and is slowly moving north east. This plate meets the Burma Microplate at the Sunda Trench. The Nicobar Islands and the Andaman Islands are part of the Burma Microplate. The India Plate subducts beneath the Burma Plate at the Sunda Trench or Java Trench. Here, the pressure of the two plates on each other increase pressure and temperature resulting in the formation of volcanoes such as the volcanoes in Myanmar, and a volcanic arc called the Sunda Arc. The Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and Asian tsunami was a result of the pressure at this zone causing a submarine earthquake which then resulted in a destructive tsunami.[45]
Marine geology
A zone 50 m wide extending from the island of Sri Lanka and the Coromandel coast to the head of the bay, and thence southwards through a strip embracing the Andaman and Nicobar islands, is bounded by the 100 fathom line of sea bottom; some 50 m. beyond this lies the 500-fathom limit. Opposite the mouth of the Ganges, however, the intervals between these depths are very much extended by deltaic influence.[40]
Submarine fans
Submarine fan is also known as
The fan completely covers the floor of the Bay of Bengal.[52] It is bordered to the west by the continental slope of eastern India, to the north by the continental slope of Bangladesh and to east by the northern part of Sunda Trench off Myanmar and the Andaman Islands, the accretionary wedge associated with subduction of the Indo-Australian Plate beneath the Sunda Plate and continues along the west side of the Ninety East Ridge.[52][48] The Nicobar Fan, another lobe of the fan, lies east of the Ninety East Ridge.[48]
The fan is now being explored as a possible source of
The fan was first identified by bathymetric survey in the sixties by Bruce C. Heezen and Marie Tharp which identified the abyssal cone and canyon structures. It was delineated and named by Joseph Curray and David Moore following a geological and geophysical survey in 1968.[48][53]
Oceanographic chemistry
Oceanographic climate
From January to October, the current is northward flowing, and the clockwise circulation pattern is called the "East Indian Current". The Bay of Bengal monsoon moves in a northwest direction striking the Nicobar Islands, and the Andaman Islands first end of May, then coast of Mainland India by end of June.
The remainder of the year, the counterclockwise current is southwestward flowing, and the circulation pattern is called the East Indian Winter Jet. September and December see very active weather, season varsha (or monsoon), in the Bay of Bengal producing severe cyclones which affect eastern India. Several efforts have been initiated to cope with storm surge.[56]
Marine biology, flora and fauna
The Bay of Bengal is full of biological diversity, diverging amongst
The
Another endangered species royal Bengal tiger is supported by Sundarbans a large estuarine delta that holds a mangrove area in the Ganges River Delta.[61][62]
Transboundary issues
This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2020) |
A transboundary issue is defined as an environmental problem in which either the cause of the problem and/or its impact is separated by a national boundary; or the problem contributes to a global environmental problem and finding regional solutions is considered to be a global environmental benefit. The eight Bay of Bengal countries have (2012) identified three major transboundary problems (or areas of concern) affecting the health of the Bay, that they can work on together. With the support of the Bay Of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project (BOBLME), the eight countries are now (2012) developing responses to these issues and their causes, for future implementation as the Strategic Action Programme.
Ecological degradation
Fisheries overexploitation
Marine habitats degradation
The Bay of Bengal is an area of high biodiversity, with many endangered and vulnerable species. The major transboundary issues relating to habitats are: the loss and degradation of
Environmental degradation
Environmental hazards
The Asian brown cloud, a layer of air pollution that covers much of South Asia and the Indian Ocean every year between January and March, and possibly also during earlier and later months, hangs over the Bay of Bengal. It is considered to be a combination of vehicle exhaust, smoke from cooking fires, and industrial discharges.[63] Because of this cloud, satellites attempting to track ocean acidification and other ocean health indicators in the Bay have difficulty obtaining accurate measurements.[64]
Pollution and water quality
The major transboundary issues relating to pollution and water quality are: sewage-borne pathogens and organic load; solid waste/marine litter; increasing nutrient inputs; oil pollution; persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and persistent toxic substances (PTSs); sedimentation; and heavy metals. The transboundary nature of these issues are: discharge of untreated/partially treated
Tropical storms and cyclones
A tropical storm with rotating winds blowing at speeds of 119 km/h (74 mph) is called a
- 2023: Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Mocha
- 2021: Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Yaas
- 2020: Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Nivar
- 2020: Super Cyclonic Storm Amphan
- 2019: Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Bulbul
- 2019: Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Fani
- 2018: Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Gaja
- 2018: Cyclone Titli
- 2017: Severe Cyclonic Storm Mora
- 2017: Cyclone Maarutha
- 2016: Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Vardah
- 2016: Cyclone Nada
- 2016: Cyclone Kyant
- 2016: Cyclone Roanu
- 2015: Cyclone Komen
- 2014: Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Hudhud
- 2013: Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Phailin
- 2013: Cyclone Viyaru
- 2012: Cyclone Nilam
- 2011: Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Thane
- 2010: Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Giri
- 2009: Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Aila
- 2008: Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Nargis
- 2007: Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Sidr
- 2006: Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Mala
- 1999: Odisha Super Cyclonic Storm 05B
- 1996: Konaseema Cyclone
- 1991: Super Cyclonic Storm 02B
- 1989: November Typhoon Gay
- 1985: May Tropical Storm One (1B)
- 1982: April Cyclone One (1B)
- 1982: May Tropical Storm Two (2B)
- 1982: October Tropical Storm Three (3B)
- 1981: December Cyclone Three (3B)
- 1980: October Tropical Storm One (1B)
- 1980: December Unknown Storm Four (4B)
- 1980: December Tropical Storm Five (5B)
- 1977: Andhra Pradesh Cyclone (6B)
- 1971: Odisha cyclone
- 1970: Bhola cyclone
- The 1864 Calcutta Cyclone: caused a storm surge of 40 feet. Barometer 28.025 inches of mercury. 50,000 direct deaths and 30,000 from disease.[70]
- The Backergunge cyclone of 1876: 10 to 30 or 40 feet storm surge. 100,000 direct deaths and 100,000 indirect from disease.[70]
- The False Point cyclone of 1885: 22 feet of storm surge. Barometer 27.135 inches of mercury.[70]
See also
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Further reading
- The Maritime Boundary Dispute Between Bangladesh and Myanmar: Motivations, Potential Solutions, and Implications by Jared Bissinger (Asia Policy, July 2010) published by National Bureau of Asian Research
External links
- The dictionary definition of Bay of Bengal at Wiktionary
- Media related to Bay of Bengal at Wikimedia Commons
- 487 V. Suryanarayan, Prospects for a Bay of Bengal Community
- Arabian Sea: depth contours and undersea features – Map/Still – Britannica Concise
- Bay of Bengal in Encyclopedia
- Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project