Tripura

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Coordinates: 23°50′N 91°17′E / 23.84°N 91.28°E / 23.84; 91.28
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For other uses, see Tripura (disambiguation).

Tripura
Neermahal palace; rock-cut sculptures at Unakoti
Official emblem of Tripura
Emblem of Tripura
Etymology: Land near water
Nickname(s): 
"Hill Tipperah", " Twipra"
Motto(s): 
Satyameva Jayate
(Truth alone triumphs)
Formation
21 January 1972
State Legislature
Unicameral
 • AssemblyTripura Legislative Assembly (60 seats)
National ParliamentParliament of India
 • Rajya Sabha1 seat
 • Lok Sabha2 seats
High CourtTripura High Court
Area
Foundation day
Tripura Day
BirdGreen imperial pigeon
FishPabda
FlowerIndian rose chestnut
FruitQueen pineapple
MammalPhayre's leaf monkey
TreeAgarwood
State highway mark
State highway of Tripura
List of Indian state symbols
†It was elevated from the status of Union territory by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act 1971

Tripura (/ˈtrɪpʊrə, -ərə/)[10] is a state in northeastern India. The third-smallest state in the country, it covers 10,491 km2 (4,051 sq mi); and the seventh-least populous state with a population of 3.67 million.[11] It is bordered by Assam and Mizoram to the east and by Bangladesh to the north, south and west.[12] Tripura is divided into 8 districts and 23 sub-divisions, where Agartala is the capital and the largest city in the state. Tripura has 19 different tribal communities[13] with a majority Bengali population. Bengali, English and Kokborok are the state's official languages.[7]

The area of modern Tripura — ruled for several centuries by the

Tripuri Kingdom (also known as Hill Tippera). It became a princely state under the British Raj during its tenure, and acceded to independent India in 1947. It merged with India in 1949 and was designated as a 'Part C State' (union territory).[14] It became a full-fledged state
of India in 1972.

Tripura lies in a geographically isolated location in India, as only one major highway,

south west monsoon
.

Forests cover more than half of the area, in which bamboo and cane tracts are common. Tripura has the highest number of primate species found in any Indian state. Due to its geographical isolation, economic progress in the state is hindered. Poverty and unemployment continue to plague Tripura, which has a limited infrastructure. Most residents are involved in agriculture and allied activities, although the service sector is the largest contributor to the state's gross domestic product.

According to the 2011 census, Tripura is one of the most literate states in India, with a literacy rate of 87.75%. Mainstream Indian cultural elements coexist with traditional practices of the ethnic groups, such as various dances to celebrate religious occasions, weddings and festivities; the use of locally crafted musical instruments and clothes; and the worship of regional deities. The sculptures at the archaeological sites Unakoti, Pilak and Devtamura provide historical evidence of artistic fusion between organised and indigenous religions.

Etymology

Tripura Sundari Temple in Udaipur.

The name Tripura is linked to the Hindu goddess

Lunar Dynasty.[17]

There are alternative theories regarding the origin of the name Tripura, such as a possible

Burma; so the name may reflect vicinity to the sea.[15][16][18]

History

Main article: History of Tripura
See also:
Kings of Tripura, and Insurgency in Tripura
Rock-cut sculpture of Shiva at Unakoti

Although there is no evidence of

Kirata Kingdoms or the more generic term Kirata.[20]: 155  However, it is unclear whether the extent of modern Tripura is coterminous with Kirat Desh.[21] The region was under the rule of the Twipra Kingdom for centuries, but when this dynasty began is not documented. The Rajmala, a chronicle of Tripuri kings which was first written in the 15th century,[22] provides a list of 179 kings, from antiquity up to Krishna Kishore Manikya (1830–1850),[23]: 3 [24][25] but it is not a reliable source.[26]

Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman of the Kingdom of Tripura
.

The boundaries of the kingdom changed over the centuries. At various times, the borders reached south to the jungles of the Sundarbans on the Bay of Bengal; east to Burma; and north to the boundary of the Kamarupa kingdom in Assam.[22] There were several Muslim invasions of the region from the 13th century onward,[22] which culminated in Mughal dominance of the plains of the kingdom in 1733,[22] although their rule never extended to the hill regions.[22] The Mughals had influence over the appointment of the Tripuri kings.[22]

instrument of accession
to India as president of the Council of Regency.

Tripura became a

British India, and enacted reforms including the formation of Agartala Municipal Corporation.[29]

Post-independence (1947–present)

Following the

Union Territory, without a legislature, in November 1956 and an elected ministry was installed in July 1963.[30]: 3  Full statehood was conferred in 1971 by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971. The geographic partition that coincided with the independence of India resulted in major economic and infrastructural setbacks for the state, as road transport between the state and the major cities of the newly independent India had to follow a more circuitous route, around East Pakistan. The road distance between Kolkata and Agartala before the partition was less than 350 km (220 mi), and increased to 1,700 km (1,100 mi), as the route now avoided East Pakistan.[31] The geopolitical isolation was aggravated by an absence of rail transport.[32][33]
: 93 

After the partition of India, many

communal violence against the Hindu minority in neighbouring Bangladesh, mosques in several areas in Tripura were attacked from 19 to 26 October 2021.[39] The influx of refugees from erstwhile East Pakistan and present day Bangladesh leads to minoritisation of the indigenous peoples of Tripura.[40]

Geography

Green agricultural field, with a hill range far in the background.
Rice is grown on Tripura's alluvial plains, which include lungas, the narrow valleys that are found mainly in the west of the state.

Tripura is a

national highways passing through the Karimganj district of Assam and Mamit district of Mizoram.[41]

Topography

The physiography is characterised by hill ranges, valleys and plains. The state has five

Gumti to the west; and the Muhuri and Feni to the south west.[42]
: 73 

The

seismic zone V.[43]

Climate

The state has a

south west monsoon brings heavy rains, which cause frequent floods.[30]: 4 [42]: 73  The average annual rainfall between 1995 and 2006 ranged from 1,979.6 to 2,745.9 mm (77.94 to 108.11 in).[46] During winter, temperatures range from 13 to 27 °C (55 to 81 °F), while in the summer they fall between 24 and 36 °C (75 and 97 °F).[45] According to a United Nations Development Programme report, the state lies in "very high damage risk" zone from wind and cyclones.[47]

Climate data for Agartala, the capital of Tripura
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 25.6
(78.1) 		28.3
(82.9) 		32.5
(90.5) 		33.7
(92.7) 		32.8
(91.0) 		31.8
(89.2) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.7
(89.1) 		31.7
(89.1) 		31.1
(88.0) 		29.2
(84.6) 		26.4
(79.5) 		30.5
(86.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 10
(50) 		13.2
(55.8) 		18.7
(65.7) 		22.2
(72.0) 		23.5
(74.3) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.8
(76.6) 		24.7
(76.5) 		24.3
(75.7) 		22
(72) 		16.6
(61.9) 		11.3
(52.3) 		19.7
(67.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 27.5
(1.08) 		21.5
(0.85) 		60.7
(2.39) 		199.7
(7.86) 		329.9
(12.99) 		393.4
(15.49) 		363.1
(14.30) 		298.7
(11.76) 		232.4
(9.15) 		162.5
(6.40) 		46
(1.8) 		10.6
(0.42) 		2,146
(84.49)
Source: [48]

Flora and fauna

See also:
Tourism in North East India
State symbols of Tripura[49]
State animal Phayre's leaf monkey
State bird Green imperial pigeon
State tree Agarwood
State flower Mesua ferrea
State fruit Queen pineapple

Like most of the Indian subcontinent, Tripura lies within the

Schumannianthus dichotoma (shitalpati), Phragmites and Saccharum (sugarcane).[53]

According to a survey in 1989–90, Tripura hosts 90 land mammal species from 65 genera and 10 orders,

Bubalus arnee) is extinct now.[55] There are nearly 300 species of birds in the state.[56]

National parks of the state are Clouded Leopard National Park and Rajbari National Park.[57] These protected areas cover a total of 566.93 km2 (218.89 sq mi).[57] Gumti is also an Important Bird Area.[58] In winter, thousands of migratory waterfowl throng Gumti and Rudrasagar lakes.[59]

Administrative divisions

Tripura Assembly
Tripura district map
See also: List of districts of Tripura

In January 2012, major changes were implemented in the administrative divisions of Tripura. There had previously been four districts –

sub-divisional magistrate and each subdivision is further divided into blocks. The blocks consist of Panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. As of 2012, the state had eight districts, 23 subdivisions and 58 development blocks.[62] National census and state statistical reports are not available for all the new administrative divisions, as of March 2013. Agartala, the capital of Tripura, is the most populous city. Other major towns with a population of 10,000 or more (as per 2015 census) are Sabroom, Dharmanagar, Jogendranagar, Kailashahar, Pratapgarh, Udaipur, Amarpur, Belonia, Gandhigram, Kumarghat, Khowai, Ranirbazar, Sonamura, Bishalgarh, Teliamura, Mohanpur, Melaghar, Ambassa, Kamalpur, Bishramganj, Kathaliya, Santirbazar and Baxanagar
.

Government and politics

Main articles: Government of Tripura and Tripura Legislative Assembly
See also: Political parties in Tripura
Facade of a Ujjayanta Palace, used earlier as the state's Legislative Assembly
Ujjayanta Palace, built in the 19th century as a replacement for a former royal palace destroyed in an earthquake, was used until 2011 as the meeting place of Tripura's State Legislative Assembly.

Tripura is governed through a

Chief Minister. The Governor, the titular head of state, is appointed by the President of India
. The leader of the party or a coalition of parties with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the chief minister by the governor. The Council of Ministers are appointed by the governor on the advice of the chief minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly.

Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council, pictured, encompasses much of the state

Tripura sends two representatives to the

local self-governments) elected by local body elections operate in many villages for self-governance. Tripura also has a unique tribal self-governance body, the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council.[67] This council is responsible for some aspects of local governance in 527 villages with high density of the scheduled tribes.[67][68]

The main political parties are the

BJP won 44 out of 60 seats in the Assembly by coalition with the IPFT. The CPI (M) only got 16 seats and Indian National Congress
lost by huge margins in all constituencies.

Communism in the state had its beginnings in the pre-independence era, inspired by freedom struggle activities in Bengal, and culminating in regional parties with communist leanings.[74]: 362  It capitalised on the tribal dissatisfaction with the mainstream rulers,[74]: 362  and has been noted for connection with the "sub-national or ethnic searches for identity".[75]

Since the 1990s, there has been an ongoing

Tripura rebellion, involving militant outfits such as the National Liberation Front of Tripura and the All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF); terrorist incidents involving the ATTF claimed a recorded number of 389 victims in the seven-year period from 1993 to 2000.[76] The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) was first enforced in Tripura on 16 February 1997 when terrorism was at its peak in the state. The Act, as per its provisions, was subsequently reviewed and extended every six months. However, in view of the improvement in the situation and fewer terrorist activities being reported, the Tripura government in June 2013 reduced operational areas of the AFSPA to 30 police station areas. The last six-month extension to AFSPA was approved in November 2014, and after about 18 years of operation, it was repealed on 29 May 2015.[73][77]

Economy

GSDP at Constant Prices (2004–05 base)[78]

figures in crores Indian rupee

Year GSDP
2004–05   8,904
2005–06   9,482
2006–07 10,202
2007–08 10,988
2008–09 11,596
2009–10 12,248
2010–11 12,947

Tripura's gross state domestic product for 2022–23 was ₹640 billion (US$7.5 billion) at constant price (2022–23),[78] recording 10.38% growth over the previous year. In the same period, the GDP of India was ₹277,520 billion (US$3.2 trillion), with a growth rate of 8.55%.[78] Annual per capita income at current price of the state was ₹157,752 (US$1,800), compared to the national per capita income ₹197,280 (US$2,300).[79] In 2009, the tertiary sector of the economy (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 53.98 per cent of the state's economy compared to 23.07 per cent from the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, mining) and 22.95 per cent from the secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing).[79] According to the Economic Census of 2005, after agriculture, the maximum number of workers were engaged in retail trade (28.21% of total non-agricultural workforce), followed by manufacturing (18.60%), public administration (14.54%), and education (14.40%).[80]

Tripura is an agrarian state with more than half of the population dependent on agriculture and allied activities.

jhum method (a type of slash-and-burn) of cultivation. The number of people dependent on jhum has declined over the years.[83]
: 37–9 

Green paddy field with a few huts at a distance
Rice is the major crop in Tripura and accounts for 91 per cent of the land under cultivation.

sal, garjan, teak and gamar are found abundantly in the forests of Tripura. Tata Trusts signed a pact with Government of Tripura in July 2015 to improve fisheries and dairy production in the state.[86]

Per Capita Income with 2004–05 Base
Year Tripura
2004–05 24,394
2005–06 26,668
2006–07 29,081
2007–08 31,111
2008–09 33,350
2010–11 33,493
2011–12 47,079
2012–13 52,434
2013–14 61,570
2014–15 69,474
2015–16 83,680
2016–17 90,827
2017–18 100,477
2018–19 113,102
2019–20 139,512
2020–21 147,501

The industrial sector of the state continues to be highly underdeveloped –

trade deficit with India, its export to Tripura is significantly more than import from the state; a report in the newspaper The Hindu estimated Bangladesh exported commodities valued at about ₹3.5 billion (US$41 million) to the state in 2012, as opposed to "very small quantity" of import.[89] Alongside legal international trade, unofficial and informal cross-border trade is rampant.[90] In a research paper published by the Institute of Developing Economies in 2004, the dependence of Tripura's economy on that of Bangladesh was emphasised.[91]
: 313 

The economy of Tripura can be characterised by the high rate of poverty, low capital formation, inadequate infrastructure facilities, geographical isolation and communication bottlenecks, inadequate exploration and use of forest and mineral resources, slow industrialisation and high unemployment. More than 50% of the population depends on agriculture for sustaining their livelihood.[92] However agriculture and allied activities contribution to Gross State Domestic Production (GSDP) is only 23%, this is primarily because of low capital base in the sector. Despite the inherent limitation and constraints coupled with severe resource shortages for investing in basic infrastructure, this has brought consistent progress in the quality of life and income of people across all sections of society. The state government through its Tripura Industrial Policy and Tripura Industrial Incentives Scheme, 2012, has offered heavy subsidies in capital investment and transport, preferences in government procurement, waivers in tender processes and fees, yet the impact has not been much significant beyond a few industries being set up in the Bodhjungnagar Industrial Growth Center.[93]

The Planning Commission estimates the poverty rate of all North East Indian states by using headcount ratio of Assam (the second largest state in North East India after Arunachal Pradesh). According to 2001 Planning Commission assessment, 22 per cent of Tripura's rural residents were below the poverty line. However, the Tripura government's independent assessment, based on consumption distribution data, reported that, in 2001, 55 per cent of the rural population was below the poverty line.[80] Geographic isolation and communication bottlenecks coupled with insufficient infrastructure have restricted economic growth of the state.[81] High rate of poverty and unemployment continues to be prevalent.[81]

Transport

Air

Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport.

Spicejet and IndiGo.[94] Passenger helicopter services are available between the capital and major towns (Kailashahar, Dharmanagar) as well as to more remote areas such as Kanchanpur, Belonia and Gandacherra.[95]

Railway

Agartala Railway Station
.

Agartala was connected to India's railway network with the advent of the railways in the

broad gauge at Lumding. The major railway stations in this line are in Agartala, Dharmanagar, and Kumarghat. This metre gauge track was converted to 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge in 2016 and now trains run from Agartala to Kolkata and Delhi
. The total length of this railway track in Tripura state is 153 km. It is a single line without electrification. The Agartala sabroom line was coupled and became fully operational from 2019.

A new railway line is being laid westwards from

Akhaura in Bangladesh. This will reduce the distance between Agartala and Kolkata by over 1000 km and provide rail access to the Port of Chittagong
.

Some major Express trains that operate from Agartala are –

Agartala – Anand Vihar Terminal Rajdhani Express

Road

Akhaura
.

Only one major road, the

NH 108, connects the town of Panisagar in northern Tripura with Aizawl, Mizoram.[41] The Tripura Road Transport Corporation is the government agency overlooking public transport on road. A hilly and land-locked state, Tripura is dependent mostly on roads for transport.[95] The total length of roads in the state is 16,931 km (10,520 mi) of which national highways constitute 88 km (55 mi) and state highways 689 km (428 mi), as of 2009–10.[95] Residents in rural areas frequently use waterways as a mode of transport.[96]
: 140 

Tripura has an 856 km (532 mi) long international border with Bangladesh, of which 777.4 km (483.1 mi) is fenced, as of 2012.

visa to legally enter the other country; however, illegal movement and smuggling across the border are widespread.[91]: 314 [101]

Media and communication

Doordarshan (DD) has a television station in Agartala. Other full-time based channels are Headlines Tripura,[102] News Vanguard, PB 24, Prime Television Network, Chini Khorang, Swrangchati News and many more.

As of 2014, 56 daily and weekly newspapers are published in Tripura.

Vi, Jio and BSNL. Mobile connections outnumber landline connections by a wide margin. As of 2011, the state-controlled BSNL has 57,897 landline subscribers and 325,279 GSM mobile service connections.[95] There are 84 telephone exchanges (for landlines) and 716 post offices in the state, as of 2011.[95]

Electricity

Till 2014, Tripura was a power deficit state. In late 2014, Tripura reached surplus electricity production capacity by using its recently discovered natural gas resources, and installing high efficiency gas turbine power plants. The state has many power-generating stations. These are owned by Tripura State Electricity Corporation (TSECL), natural gas-powered thermal power stations at Rokhia and Baramura, and the ONGC Tripura Power Company in Palatana.[105] The ONGC plant has a capacity of 726.6 MW, with the second plant's commissioning in November 2014.[106][107] It is the largest individual power plant in the northeast region.[108]

The state also has a

MW.[109] The North Eastern Electric Power Corporation (NEEPCO) operates the 84 MW Agartala Gas Turbine Power Plant near Agartala.[109] As of November 2014, another thermal power plant is being built at Monarchak.[110]

With the newly added power generation capacity, Tripura has with enough capacity to supply all seven sister states of northeast India, as well export power to neighbouring countries such as Bangladesh.[111] With recent discoveries, the state has abundant natural gas reserves to support many more power generation plants, but lacks pipeline and transport infrastructure to deliver the fuel or electricity to India's national grid.

Irrigation and fertilizers

As of 2011, 255,241 hectares (985 sq mi) of land in Tripura cultivable, of which 108,646 hectares (419 sq mi) has the potential to be covered by irrigation projects. However, only 74,796 hectares (289 sq mi) is irrigated.[112] The state lacks major irrigation projects; it depends on medium-sized projects sourced from Gumti, Khowai (at Chakmaghat) and Manu rivers, and minor projects administered by village-level governing bodies that utilise tube wells, water pumps, tanks and lift irrigation.[112]

ONGC and Chambal Fertilizers & Chemicals are jointly building a fertiliser plant to leverage ONGC's natural gas discoveries in Tripura.[113] Expected to be in operation by 2017, the 1.3 million tonnes per year plant will supply the northeastern states.[114]

Drinking water

Drinking Water and Sanitation (DWS) wing] of Public Works Department manages the drinking water supply in the state.[115] Schools and Anganwadi Centers have been specifically targeted to improve drinking water supply as well as attendance to these institutions. Many areas of Tripura have the problem of excessive iron content in groundwater requiring the installation of Iron Removal Plants (IRP). Tripura State has received the best State Award for Water & Sanitation under the category of Small States in the IBN7 Diamond State Award function for doing commendable work to provide drinking water supply to the people with the sparsely distributed tribal population in hamlets of hilly regions of the State. However, a study by the DWS Department found a depleting water table and excessive contamination.[116] Still, packaged drinking water under brands "Tribeni", "Eco Freshh", "Blue Fina", "Life Drop" and "Aqua Zoom" among others is manufactured and sold in the state. Filters of many types and brands, in addition to locally manufactured ceramic type filters, are sold in the state although their acceptance in rural areas is less.

Education

Main article: Education in Tripura
See also: List of institutions of higher education in Tripura
Classrooms made of bamboo in a school
Classrooms built of bamboo in a school. In 2010–11, Tripura had 4,455 schools run by the state government or private organisations.[117] Instruction is mainly in English or Bengali.

As per

2011 census, the literacy rate of Tripura was 87.75 per cent, the fourth-highest in India (which had a national literacy rate of 74.04 per cent).[118] A state government survey in 2013 announced that Tripura has the highest literacy rate in India at 94.65 per cent.[118] Schools in Tripura are run by the state government, TTAADC or private organisations, which include religious institutions. Instruction in schools is mainly in Bengali or English, though Kokborok and other regional languages are also used. Some of the special schools include Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya, residential schools run by Tripura Tribal Welfare Residential Educational Institutions Society (TTWREIS),[119]
missionary organisations like St. Paul's, St. Arnold's, Holy Cross, Don Bosco, and St. John's. The schools are affiliated to the
Higher Secondary Examination (the grade 12 examination), students may enroll in general degree programs such as bachelor's degree
in arts, commerce or science, or professional degree programs such as engineering, law or medicine.

According to the Economic Review of Tripura 2010–11, Tripura has a total of 4,455 schools, of which 2,298 are primary schools.

Tripura Medical College),[122][123] three nursing or paramedical colleges, three polytechnic colleges, one law college, one Government Music College Archived 1 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine, one College of Fisheries, Institute of Advance Studies in Education, one Regional College of Physical Education Archived 5 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine at Panisagar and one art college.[117][124]

Healthcare

Main article: Healthcare in Tripura
Health indices as of 2010[125]
Indicator Tripura India
Birth rate 14.9 22.1
Death rate
 5.0 7.2
Infant mortality rate
 27 47
Total fertility rate 2.2 2.7
Natural growth rate 9.9 14.9

Healthcare in Tripura features a

diarrhoea, Japanese encephalitis and meningitis. In summer 2014 the state witnessed a major malaria outbreak.[129]

Demographics

Population

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1871 65,334—    
1881 95,637+46.4%
1891 137,442+43.7%
1901 173,325+26.1%
1911 229,613+32.5%
1921 304,437+32.6%
1931 382,450+25.6%
1941 513,010+34.1%
1951 639,029+24.6%
1961 1,142,005+78.7%
1971 1,556,342+36.3%
1981 2,053,058+31.9%
1991 2,757,205+34.3%
2001 3,199,203+16.0%
2011 3,673,917+14.8%
Source: Census of India[130][131][132]

Tripura ranks second to Assam as the most populous state in North East India. According to the provisional results of 2011 census of India, Tripura has a population of 3,671,032 with 1,871,867 males and 1,799,165 females.[133] It constitutes 0.3% of India's population. The sex ratio of the state is 961 females per thousand males,[133] higher than the national ratio 940. The population density is 350 persons per square kilometre.[134] The literacy rate of Tripura in 2011 was 87.75%,[133] above the national average of 74.04%, and third highest among all the states.

Tripura ranked sixth in Human Development Index (HDI) among 35 states and union territories of India, according to the 2006 estimate by India's Ministry of Women and Child Development; the HDI of Tripura was 0.663, better than the all-India HDI of 0.605.[135]

In 2011, the police in Tripura recorded 5,803 cognisable offences under the Indian Penal Code, a number second only to Assam (66,714) in North East India.[136] The crime rate in the state was 158.1 per 100,000 people, less than the all-India average of 192.2.[137] However, 2010 reports showed that the state topped all the states for crime against women, with a rate of 46.5 per 100,000 people, significantly more than the national rate of 18.[138]

Ethnic groups

Tripuri children preparing for a dance performance
Tripuri children preparing for a dance performance.[35][139]

According to the 2001 census of India,

Mog (3.1 per cent), Munda (1.2 per cent), Kuki (1.2 per cent), Garo (1.1 per cent) and a sizeable Meitei population.[139]

Languages

Main article: Languages of Tripura
Languages of Tripura (2011)[140]
  1. Bengali (63.48%)
  2. Tripuri
    (25.9%)
  3. Chakma (2.29%)
  4. Hindi (2.11%)
  5. Mogh
    (Marma) (0.97%)
  6. Meitei (Manipuri) (0.64%)
  7. Others (4.61%)

The official languages of the state are

Bishnupriya, belonging to Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan families are spoken in the state.[142] Thadou, a nearly extinct language, was spoken by only four people in one village as of 2012.[145]

Religion

Religion in Tripura (2011)[146]
  1. Hinduism (83.4%)
  2. Islam (8.6%)
  3. Christianity (4.35%)
  4. Buddhism (3.41%)
  5. Other or not stated (0.24%)

According to 2011 census,

Old Kukis) and as per 2011 census has 159,882 adherents.[146][96]
: 135–6 

Demography of indigenous population

Percentage of Scheduled Tribes by decade[148][149][150][151]
Year Percent Increase
1871 90.04% —
1881 87.06% -2.98%
1891 75.75% -11.31%
1901 74.68% -1.07%
1911 64.34% -10.34%
1921 68.34% +4%
1931 70.09% +1.75%
1941 62.06% –8.03%
1951 48.65% -13.41%
1961 31.55% -17.1%
1971 28.95% -2.6%
1981 28.44% -0.51%
1991 30.95% +2.51%
2001 31.05% +0.1%
2011 31.78% +0.73%

Before Indian independence, Tripura was a tribal majority state.[152] In 1941, the native Tripuris made up 62.06% of the population in present- day Tripura while the non-Tripuri people, mainly Bengalis and non-Bengalis occupies rest of the percentage.[149] The percentage of Tripuris decreased from 62.06% in 1941 (before partition) to 48.65% (after partition) in 1951 due to East Bengali refugees who were coming from East Pakistan present-day-Bangladesh. Since 1971, the indigenous Tripuri population of Tripura has increased from 28.44% in 1981 to 31.05% in 2001.[153] The 2011 census stated that indigenous Tripuri constitute 31.78% of the state population which is up from the previous census record of 31.05% in 2001.[150]

By geography

See also: Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council

Most of the area of Tripura is part of the TTAADC area, which is an Autonomous Region within Tripura under 6th schedule of the Indian Constitution and the western part of Tripura is called the General ward area, where Bengalis formed the overwhelming majority of the population.[154]

Autonomous councils in North East India

The total area of the TTAADC is about 7,132.56 km2, which covers about 68% of the total area (10,491 km2) of Tripura respectively. It's a thinly populated area of the state with vast area.[154]

Ethnicity in TTAADC area (2011 Census)[154]
  1. Scheduled Tribes (83.4%)
  2. Bengalis (16%)
  3. Others (0.6%)

The population of the TTAADC area is 1,216,465 out of which the Native Scheduled Tribes (Tripuris) are 1,021,560, constituting an overwhelming 83.4% of the region's population.[154] While the population of General ward area of Tripura is 2,457,452 but out of total 10,491 km2 state area, the General region have a total area of only 3,358.44 km2, which covers only about 32% of the total area of the state.

Out of the total population of 3,673,917 (as per 2011

Scheduled Tribes is 1,166,813 (31.76% of the state population).[155]
Therefore, the number of Scheduled Tribes of the state who reside in the TTAADC area is 87.55% of the total Indigenous population of Tripura as a whole, while small segments of the native Tribes population also reside in General ward area.

Arrival of Bengali refugees

East Bengali refugees coming to Tripura during Bangladesh liberation war.

During the

Bangladesh liberation war of 1971, in the second phase of migration, around 1.038 million Bengalis (most being Hindus) moved into various parts of Tripura as refugees with most of them settling down permanently afterwards.[157] Until Bangladesh liberation war, Tripura had sheltered around 1.3 million refugees. The number of the refugees was almost equal to the indigenous population and the majority of them were rehabilitated and permanently settled in Tripura, altering the demography which became the basis of changes in resource distribution, economy, culture, polity, society and a cause of conflicts between the immigrants and the indigenous peoples.[158]

Annual Arrival of Bengali refugees in Tripura[159][160]
Year Numbers
1946 (riot year) 3,327
1947 (year of Partition) 8,124
1948 9,554
1949 (communal disturbance) 11,575
1950 (serious communal riots) 67,151
1951 184,000
1952 (serious riots) 233,000
1953 80,000
1954 4,700
1955 17,500
1956 50,700
1957 57,700
1958 3,600
1964–65 (serious riots) 100,340
1965–66 13,073
1966–67 1,654
1967–68 12,229
1968–69 3,120
1969–70 4,334
1970–71 (to 24 March) 5,774
From (1946–71) Total – (871,455)

Culture

See also:
Bengali culture
Durga Puja is the major festival of Tripura

The diverse ethno-linguistic groups of Tripura have given rise to a composite culture.

Bengali music, and Bengali cuisine are widespread, particularly in the urban areas of the state.[165]: 110 [166]

Tripura is noted for bamboo and cane handicrafts.

Sachin Dev Burman, a member of the royal family, was a maestro in the filmi genre of Indian music.[170]

Hindus believe that

patron goddess of Tripura and an aspect of Shakti.[23]: 30  Durga Puja, Kali Puja, Dolyatra, Ashokastami and the worship of the Chaturdasha deities are important festivals in the state. Some festivals represent confluence of different regional traditions, such as Ganga puja, Garia puja, Kharchi puja and Ker puja.[171][172] Unakoti, Pilak and Devtamura are historic sites where large collections of stone carvings and rock sculptures are noted.[162][173] Like Neermahal is a cultural Water Palace of this state. Sculptures are evidence of the presence of Buddhist and Brahmanical orders for centuries, and represent a rare artistic fusion of traditional organised religions and tribal influence.[174][175][176]

Performing arts

Tripuri dance

Tripura had a wide collection of notable art and cultural displays.[177][178][179]

Other dance forms of minority groups include

Sachin Dev Burman, a member of the Tripuri royal family, was a maestro in the filmi genre of Indian music.[170]

Local musical instruments are:

Sports

Football and cricket are the most popular sports in the state. The state capital Agartala has its own club football championships every year in which many local clubs compete in a league and knockout format. The Tripura cricket team participates in the Ranji Trophy, the Indian domestic cricket competition. The state is a regular participant of the Indian National Games and the North Eastern Games.[181][182]

Tennis player

Men's Singles event at the 2010 Asian Games, has family roots in Tripura.[183] He was the first Indian to win a gold medal in the men's singles tennis event of the Asian Games.[184]

In 2016, Dipa Karmakar from Agartala became the first ever female gymnast from India to qualify for the Olympics when she qualified for the women's artistic gymnastics event of 2016 Summer Olympics.[185] Other notable gymnasts from Tripura include Mantu Debnath, Kalpana Debnath, and Bishweshwar Nandi.[186]

People

Further information: Category:People from Tripura

See also

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Bibliography

Further reading
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Hill Tippera".
Wikiquote has quotations related to Tripura.

Government

General information

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