Manually coded language

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Manually coded languages (MCLs) are a family of gestural communication methods which include

interpreters
in K-12 schools, although they have had some influence on deaf sign languages where their implementation was widespread.

History

It is unknown when the first attempts were made to represent an oral language with gesture. Indeed, some have speculated that oral languages may have evolved from sign languages, and there may be undocumented cases in history when vocal and signed modes of a language existed side by side. It is not uncommon for people to develop gestures to replace words or phrases in contexts where speech is not possible or not permitted, such as in a

auxiliary sign languages
and manually coded languages; the latter are specifically designed for use in Deaf education, and usually represent the written form of the language.

In seventh century England, the years of (672-735),

manual alphabets as well as signs, and were capable of representing a written language, if one had enough patience. Aside from the commonly understood rationale of observing a "vow of silence", they also served as mnemonics for preachers.[2]
These manual alphabets began to be used to teach the deaf children of royalty in 17th century Spain. Such alphabets are in widespread use today by signing deaf communities for representing words or phrases of the oral language used in their part of the world.

The earliest known attempt to develop a complete signed mode of a language which could be used to teach deaf children was by the

interpreting" seen on television in the 1970s and 1980s would have in fact been a transliteration
of an oral language into a manually coded language.

The emerging

Arabic Sign Language. Some MCL systems (such as the Paget Gorman Sign System
) have survived by shifting their focus from deaf education to people with other kinds of communication needs.

Criticisms

The use of MCLs is controversial and has been opposed since Épée's time by "

hearing aids rather than sign—and on the other side by members of the American Sign Language (ASL) community (see Deaf culture) who resist a wide or exclusive application of MCLs for both philosophical and practical reasons. English is not fully able to express the ability of those with disabled hearing to communicate[opinion], and just as written forms of spoken languages are useful but cumbersome for daily communication, these manual codes cannot supplant a natural Signed Language[opinion]. Nevertheless, elements of these systems have had some influence on deaf sign languages (see Contact sign
).

Research[

Pidgin Sign English" which lacks the grammatical complexity of both English and American Sign Language
.

Major approaches

There have been many different approaches to manually coding oral languages. Some consist of

deafblind people still communicate primarily using the Rochester Method. Most manually coded languages can accommodate simultaneous communication—that is, signing and speaking at the same time—although the natural pace of speech may need to be slowed down at times.[citation needed
]

The Paget Gorman Sign System (PGSS) is an MCL that began development in the 1930s by Sir Richard Paget. He studied extant sign languages and looked to create an easier way to understand signs that were pantomimic in nature. He worked with Grace Paget (his wife) and Pierre Gorman, who both took over his work after his death in 1955. Paget published a book in 1951 focusing on children's vocabulary that included 900 signs.[citation needed]

In 1964, PGSS was taught for the first time to a group of deaf adults in an experiment. It evolved from education for the deaf to teaching those with speech and language disorders. New systems were developed for deaf adults to transition into British Sign Language (BSL), thus causing the pivot in use.[citation needed]

PGSS currently has an estimated 56,000 word combinations.[3]

Signed oral languages

These systems ("

Signed English", "Signed German" and so on) were the vehicle for the world-wide explosion of MCLs in deaf education in the second half of the 20th century, and are what is generally meant by the phrase "manually coded language" today. They aim to be a word-for-word representation of the written form of an oral language, and accordingly require the development of an enormous vocabulary. They usually achieve this by taking signs ("lexicon") from the local deaf sign language as a base, then adding specially created signs for words and word endings that do not exist in the deaf sign language, often using "initializations", and filling in any gaps with fingerspelling. Thus "Signed English" in America (based on ASL) has a lexicon quite different from "Signed English" in Britain (based on BSL), as well as the Signed Englishes of Ireland, Australasia and South Africa. "Signing Exact English" (SEE2) was developed in the United States in 1969, has also been taught around the world, and is now used in deaf schools in Singapore, and taught in classes by the Singapore Association for the Deaf.[4]

Mouth–hand systems

Another widespread approach is to visually represent the

Cued Speech. As the entire set of phonemes for an oral language is small (English has 35 to 45, depending on the dialect
), an MHS is relatively easy to adapt for other languages.

Cued Speech can be seen as a manual supplement to

lipreading. A small number of hand shapes (representing consonants) and locations near the mouth (representing vowels) differentiate between sounds not distinguishable from on the lips; in tonal languages
, the inclination and movement of the hand follows the tone. When viewed together with lip patterns, the gestures render all phonemes of the oral language intelligible visually.

Cued Speech is not traditionally referred to as a manually coded language; although it was developed with the same aims as the signed oral languages, to improve English language literacy in Deaf children, it follows the sounds rather than the written form of the oral language. Thus, speakers with different accents will "cue" differently.

Cued speech has been used to prepare deaf children for hearing aids and cochlear implants by teaching the prospective wearer the oral language's phonemes. By the time the child has received a hearing aid or has been implanted with a cochlear implant, the child does not need such intense auditory training to learn to hear the oral language.[citation needed]

List of signed languages

See also: Cued speech § Languages

Below are some of the signed systems that have been developed for various oral languages. They range from formal systems that encode the grammar of the oral language, to informal systems of using sign together with speech, to translating oral words one-by-one to sign.

See Australian Aboriginal sign languages for traditional manually coded languages such as Warlpiri Sign Language.

Language Signed encoding
Afrikaans
Signed Afrikaans
(signs of SASL)
Amharic
 Signed Amharic[7]
Arabic
 Signed Arabic[citation needed]
Mandarin Chinese
Wenfa Shouyu 文法手語 ('Grammatical Sign Language', Signed Mandarin (Taiwan))[8][dubious – discuss
]
Danish Signed Danish[9]
Dutch Nederlands met Gebaren, NmG (Signed Dutch, the Netherlands)
English generic English The
Signed English
depends on signs from the local sign language.
American English
Conceptually Accurate Signed English
(CASE)
Australian English
Australasian Signed English
British English
Paget Gorman Signed Speech
(PGSS)
Hiberno-English (Ireland)
Irish Signed English, using signs from Irish Sign Language (Ireland) and Signed English, using signs from Northern Ireland Sign Language
(Northern Ireland)
Kenyan English
Kenya Signed English
South African English
South African Signed English
(using SASL signs)
Esperanto Signuno (proposed)
Finnish Signed Finnish[10]
French Signed French
German Signed German – Lautsprachbegleitende Gebärden (LBG, 'signs accompanying speech') and Lautsprachunterstützende Gebärden (LUG, 'signs supporting speech')[11]
Hebrew
Signed Hebrew (oral Hebrew accompanied by sign)[12]
Hindi-Urdu and other languages of India Indian Signing System (ISS) (vocabulary taken from ISL, adapted to at least six Indian languages)
Indonesian Sistem Isyarat Bahasa Indonesia (SIBI, 'Signed Indonesian')[citation needed]
Italian
italiano segnato esatto
 'Signed Exact Italian'
Japanese Signed Japanese, 日本語対応手話 (also known as Manually Coded Japanese, Simultaneous Methodic Signs)
Malay
Bahasa Malaysia Kod Tangan
(BMKT) (Manually Coded Malay)
Nepali Signed Nepali, also known as Sign-Supported Nepali
Norwegian Signed Norwegian[13]
Polish
System Językowo-Migowy (SJM) (Signed Polish); Signing Exact Polish[citation needed
]
Portuguese Signed Portuguese[citation needed]
Russian Signed Russian[citation needed]
Spanish Signed Spanish (Mexico, Spain, and presumably elsewhere; also Signed Catalan)
Swedish Tecknad svenska, ('Signed Swedish'), developed in the 1970s but now largely out of use
toki pona
 toki pona luka, ('toki pona by hand'), published in
Toki Pona: The Language of Good
Urdu Signed Urdu (Pakistan)[14]
Xhosa
Signed Xhosa
(and similarly other official languages of South Africa)

See also

  • Contact sign — a variety or style of signing arising from contact between a spoken or manually coded language and a deaf sign language.
  • Fingerspelling — a means of representing the written alphabet of an oral language, but often a central part of natural sign languages.
  • Makaton

References

  1. ^ Spencer, Amy; Glover, Cathy (2015-06-15). "A Continuum of Communication: Manually Coded English Systems" (PDF). Maine Educational Center for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
  2. ^ "Manually Coded Language and Alternate Sign Systems · Deaf: Cultures and Communication, 1600 to the Present · Online Exhibits@Yale". exhibits.library.yale.edu. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
  3. ^ "Paget Gorman Signed Speech | Our History". www.pagetgorman.org. Retrieved 2017-09-08.
  4. ^ Sign Language Archived 2007-03-02 at the Wayback Machine (Singapore Association or the Deaf website)
  5. ^ Birch-Rasmussen, S. (1982). Mundhandsystemet. Copenhagen: Doves Center for Total Kommunikation.
    Reynolds, Brian Watkins (1980). Speechreading training related to the Danish mouth handsystem for adventitiously hearing impaired adults. Ann Arbor : U.M.I. 1980 - 145 p. Dissertation: Purdue Univ.
  6. ^ Deaf Way II Presentation On Iranian Deaf Culture, by Abbas Ali Behmanesh
  7. ^ "Complexities of Ethiopian Sign Language Contact Phenomena & Implications for AAU".
  8. ^ "台灣手語簡介" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-10. Retrieved 2014-01-10.
  9. ^ Danish Sign Language at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) Closed access icon
  10. ^ Finnish Sign Language at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) Closed access icon
  11. ^ article on German Wikipedia about LBG and LUG
  12. ^ Meir & Sandler, 2013, A Language in Space: The Story of Israeli Sign Language
  13. ^ Norwegian Sign Language at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) Closed access icon
  14. ^ "Indo-Pakistani Sign Language", Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
  • ISO 639-2 codes for "signed oral languages" (e.g. Ethnologue Table C)
  • Cued Languages – list of languages and dialects to which Cued Speech has been adapted.
  • Sign Languages and Codes of the World by Region and by Name – Gallaudet University library online
  • Rehab Council of India
  • Kluwin, T. (1981). The grammaticality of manual representation of English in classroom settings. American Annals of the Deaf, 126, 417–421.
  • Marmor, G. & Pettito, L. (1979). Simultaneous communication in the classroom: How well is English grammar represented? Sign Language Studies, 23, 99–136.
  • Woodward, J. & Allen, T. (1988). Classroom use of artificial sign systems by teachers. Sign Language Studies, 61, 405–418.

External links

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