Manually coded language
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Manually coded languages (MCLs) are a family of gestural communication methods which include
History
It is unknown when the first attempts were made to represent an oral language with gesture. Indeed, some have speculated that oral languages may have evolved from sign languages, and there may be undocumented cases in history when vocal and signed modes of a language existed side by side. It is not uncommon for people to develop gestures to replace words or phrases in contexts where speech is not possible or not permitted, such as in a
In seventh century England, the years of (672-735),
The earliest known attempt to develop a complete signed mode of a language which could be used to teach deaf children was by the
The emerging
Criticisms
The use of MCLs is controversial and has been opposed since Épée's time by "
Research[
Major approaches
There have been many different approaches to manually coding oral languages. Some consist of
The Paget Gorman Sign System (PGSS) is an MCL that began development in the 1930s by Sir Richard Paget. He studied extant sign languages and looked to create an easier way to understand signs that were pantomimic in nature. He worked with Grace Paget (his wife) and Pierre Gorman, who both took over his work after his death in 1955. Paget published a book in 1951 focusing on children's vocabulary that included 900 signs.[citation needed]
In 1964, PGSS was taught for the first time to a group of deaf adults in an experiment. It evolved from education for the deaf to teaching those with speech and language disorders. New systems were developed for deaf adults to transition into British Sign Language (BSL), thus causing the pivot in use.[citation needed]
PGSS currently has an estimated 56,000 word combinations.[3]
Signed oral languages
These systems ("
Mouth–hand systems
Another widespread approach is to visually represent the
Cued Speech can be seen as a manual supplement to
Cued Speech is not traditionally referred to as a manually coded language; although it was developed with the same aims as the signed oral languages, to improve English language literacy in Deaf children, it follows the sounds rather than the written form of the oral language. Thus, speakers with different accents will "cue" differently.
Cued speech has been used to prepare deaf children for hearing aids and cochlear implants by teaching the prospective wearer the oral language's phonemes. By the time the child has received a hearing aid or has been implanted with a cochlear implant, the child does not need such intense auditory training to learn to hear the oral language.[citation needed]
List of signed languages
Below are some of the signed systems that have been developed for various oral languages. They range from formal systems that encode the grammar of the oral language, to informal systems of using sign together with speech, to translating oral words one-by-one to sign.
See Australian Aboriginal sign languages for traditional manually coded languages such as Warlpiri Sign Language.
Language | Signed encoding | |
---|---|---|
Afrikaans | Signed Afrikaans (signs of SASL)
| |
Amharic |
Signed Amharic[7] | |
Arabic |
Signed Arabic[citation needed] | |
Mandarin Chinese | ] | |
Danish | Signed Danish[9] | |
Dutch | Nederlands met Gebaren, NmG (Signed Dutch, the Netherlands) | |
English | generic English | The Signed English depends on signs from the local sign language.
|
American English | Conceptually Accurate Signed English (CASE)
| |
Australian English | Australasian Signed English
| |
British English | Paget Gorman Signed Speech (PGSS)
| |
Hiberno-English (Ireland) | Irish Signed English, using signs from Irish Sign Language (Ireland) and Signed English, using signs from Northern Ireland Sign Language (Northern Ireland)
| |
Kenyan English | Kenya Signed English
| |
South African English | South African Signed English (using SASL signs)
| |
Esperanto | Signuno (proposed) | |
Finnish | Signed Finnish[10] | |
French | Signed French | |
German | Signed German – Lautsprachbegleitende Gebärden (LBG, 'signs accompanying speech') and Lautsprachunterstützende Gebärden (LUG, 'signs supporting speech')[11] | |
Hebrew | Signed Hebrew (oral Hebrew accompanied by sign)[12]
| |
Hindi-Urdu and other languages of India | Indian Signing System (ISS) (vocabulary taken from ISL, adapted to at least six Indian languages) | |
Indonesian | Sistem Isyarat Bahasa Indonesia (SIBI, 'Signed Indonesian')[citation needed] | |
Italian | italiano segnato esatto 'Signed Exact Italian'
| |
Japanese | Signed Japanese, 日本語対応手話 (also known as Manually Coded Japanese, Simultaneous Methodic Signs) | |
Malay | Bahasa Malaysia Kod Tangan (BMKT) (Manually Coded Malay)
| |
Nepali | Signed Nepali, also known as Sign-Supported Nepali | |
Norwegian | Signed Norwegian[13] | |
Polish | System Językowo-Migowy (SJM) (Signed Polish); Signing Exact Polish[citation needed ]
| |
Portuguese | Signed Portuguese[citation needed] | |
Russian | Signed Russian[citation needed] | |
Spanish | Signed Spanish (Mexico, Spain, and presumably elsewhere; also Signed Catalan) | |
Swedish | Tecknad svenska, ('Signed Swedish'), developed in the 1970s but now largely out of use | |
toki pona |
toki pona luka, ('toki pona by hand'), published in Toki Pona: The Language of Good
| |
Urdu | Signed Urdu (Pakistan)[14] | |
Xhosa | Signed Xhosa (and similarly other official languages of South Africa)
|
See also
- Contact sign — a variety or style of signing arising from contact between a spoken or manually coded language and a deaf sign language.
- Fingerspelling — a means of representing the written alphabet of an oral language, but often a central part of natural sign languages.
- Makaton
References
- ^ Spencer, Amy; Glover, Cathy (2015-06-15). "A Continuum of Communication: Manually Coded English Systems" (PDF). Maine Educational Center for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing. Retrieved 2021-03-15.
- ^ "Manually Coded Language and Alternate Sign Systems · Deaf: Cultures and Communication, 1600 to the Present · Online Exhibits@Yale". exhibits.library.yale.edu. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
- ^ "Paget Gorman Signed Speech | Our History". www.pagetgorman.org. Retrieved 2017-09-08.
- ^ Sign Language Archived 2007-03-02 at the Wayback Machine (Singapore Association or the Deaf website)
- ^ Birch-Rasmussen, S. (1982). Mundhandsystemet. Copenhagen: Doves Center for Total Kommunikation.
Reynolds, Brian Watkins (1980). Speechreading training related to the Danish mouth handsystem for adventitiously hearing impaired adults. Ann Arbor : U.M.I. 1980 - 145 p. Dissertation: Purdue Univ. - ^ Deaf Way II Presentation On Iranian Deaf Culture, by Abbas Ali Behmanesh
- ^ "Complexities of Ethiopian Sign Language Contact Phenomena & Implications for AAU".
- ^ "台灣手語簡介" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-10. Retrieved 2014-01-10.
- ^ Danish Sign Language at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
- ^ Finnish Sign Language at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
- ^ article on German Wikipedia about LBG and LUG
- ^ Meir & Sandler, 2013, A Language in Space: The Story of Israeli Sign Language
- ^ Norwegian Sign Language at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
- ^ "Indo-Pakistani Sign Language", Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
- ISO 639-2 codes for "signed oral languages" (e.g. Ethnologue Table C)
- Cued Languages – list of languages and dialects to which Cued Speech has been adapted.
- Sign Languages and Codes of the World by Region and by Name – Gallaudet University library online
- Rehab Council of India
- Kluwin, T. (1981). The grammaticality of manual representation of English in classroom settings. American Annals of the Deaf, 126, 417–421.
- Marmor, G. & Pettito, L. (1979). Simultaneous communication in the classroom: How well is English grammar represented? Sign Language Studies, 23, 99–136.
- Woodward, J. & Allen, T. (1988). Classroom use of artificial sign systems by teachers. Sign Language Studies, 61, 405–418.