Mariano Marcos
Mariano Marcos | |
---|---|
Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Ilocos Norte's 2nd district | |
In office 1925–1931 | |
Preceded by | Roman Pada Campos |
Succeeded by | Emilio Medina |
Personal details | |
Born | Mariano Marcos y Rubio April 21, 1897 Batac, Ilocos Norte, Captaincy General of the Philippines |
Died | March 8, 1945 Bacnotan, La Union, Philippine Commonwealth | (aged 47)
Political party | Nacionalista |
Spouse |
Josefa Edralin (m. 1916) |
Children | 4 (including Ferdinand and Pacifico) |
Occupation | Lawyer, educator, legislator |
Mariano Marcos y Rubio (Spanish pronunciation: [maˈɾjano ˈmaɾkos i ˈruβjo]; April 21, 1897 – March 8, 1945) was a lawyer, educator, and politician from Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines. A Congressman from 1925 to 1931,[1] he is best known for being the father of Ferdinand Marcos, who was President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986, and the grandfather of current senator Imee Marcos and the current 17th Philippine president Bongbong Marcos.
There are conflicting accounts about the exact nature of his death, with the mainstream version coming from American guerilla unit leader Major
He is the namesake of two Philippine state universities: the Mariano Marcos State University in Ilocos Norte, and the Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University in La Union, as well as the town of Marcos, Ilocos Norte.[citation needed]
Early life
Mariano Marcos was born in Batac, Ilocos Norte on April 21, 1897, to Fabián Marcos y Galimba and Cresencia Rubio y Manglal-lan. A farmer, the elder Marcos had served as gobernadorcillo and justice of the peace of Batac after the Philippine Revolution, who championed the Ilocano language but at the same time cultivated a scholarship in the Spanish language.
A militant follower of Gregorio Aglipay and member of the Philippine Independent Church, he had his son baptised and raised in the Aglipayan faith. Mariano Marcos had his primary and intermediate education in his hometown. Then he went to Manila to study at the Philippine Normal School (now the Philippine Normal University), where he graduated in 1916.
Education
Right after he received his diploma, the Bureau of Education named him maestro insular in Laoag, a position he held until 1917, when he was promoted to maestro principal. A year later, he was enlisted in the National Guard and given the rank of lieutenant. On September 16, 1919, after passing a rigid examination, he was named supervising teacher, a position that required traveling and doing the rounds of the public schools in the whole province. He held this position until January 4, 1921, when he resigned to accept the position of high school teacher at the National University. There is no record whatsoever that Mariano Marcos ever graduated with a law degree from the University of the Philippines.[6] Nor could he have been the class valedictorian in the University of the Philippines College of Law, since the class valedictorian was Rafael Dinglasan.[7] He and his lawyer-brother Pio opened a law office in Batac, with a branch in Manila.
Political life
Meanwhile, with the encouragement of his friends and admirers, he had entered politics. Running under the banner of the
Nalundasan murder and acquittal
In 1935, Marcos cast another bid at the legislature, this time for a seat at the National Assembly under the Commonwealth government, but lost to Nalundasan. Two days after the elections, Julio Nalundasan was hit in the head by a rifle shot while inside his home and died instantly. Mariano Marcos, his son Ferdinand, his brother Pio, and his brother-in-law Quirino Lizardo, were accused of the crime and eventually arrested and tried for the crime in 1938. He and his brother were eventually acquitted but his son and brother-in-law were both convicted. A Supreme Court decision penned by Associate Justice Jose P. Laurel would reverse the conviction in 1940. It is believed that the young Marcos's godfather Ferdinand Chua who was also the municipal court judge in Batac interceded for him.
Marcos also placed a bid once more in the 1936 special elections, but lost to Ulpiano Arzadon by a huge margin.[8]
Death
Documents at the Philippine Archives Collection at the U.S. National Archives in Washington D.C. state that Marcos was tried and executed by the Luzon Guerrilla Armed Forces (LGAF), a guerrilla force fighting the Japanese under the command of U.S. Major Robert Lapham.[9]
In Lapham's account, Mariano Marcos was tried, and having "readily confessed," was executed on March 8, 1945, for being a Japanese collaborator by the Luzon Guerrilla Armed Forces. Mariano Marcos was drawn and quartered - his hands were tied to two carabaos, which were then whipped to run in opposite directions.[3] His body parts were then hung by ropes on the branches of a large tree in what is now the Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University's Bacnotan campus, as a demonstration of what would happen to those who collaborated with the Japanese.[5]
In a book written by Lapham later, he adds that some of the guerrillas who were allowed to participate in the execution were related to Julio Nalundasan.[4]
Members of the Marcos family dispute these accounts,[5][10] saying that Mariano Marcos was executed by the Japanese.[11][12] However, it is known that Marcos also gave propaganda speeches on behalf of the KAMISHIBAI or medical treatment squad of the Japanese. Furthermore, Lapham's surviving relative who acted as guard in Lapham's unit reiterated the same story years later, that Marcos was drawn and quartered in Sapilang, Bacnotan, La Union.[13]
Legacy
Namesake places and institutions
A number of streets and schools in Manila and in the Ilocos Region were named after Mariano Marcos, including the
The town of
The Marcos dynasty
Because the Nalundasan murder trial resulting drew wide public attention in the years immediately prior to the war, Mariano's son
This would pave the way for other members of the Marcos family to be appointed or elected to various national elections - what would eventually become known as the
Although the Marcos family was removed from power by civilian protests during the
In the May 13, 2019 National and Local Election, Imee was elected as a senator. She is serving a 6-year term starting on June 30, 2019.[17]
In 2022, Ferdinand Jr. was elected president of the Philippines, marking the return of the Marcoses to Malacañang, via landslide victory. Meanwhile, his son Sandro was elected representative of the 1st district of Ilocos Norte and was later named House Senior Deputy Majority Leader.
Personal life
This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. (April 2022) |
One of his co-graduates at the Philippine Normal School was Josefa Edralin (1893–1988), a lady four years his senior and hailing from a landed family whom he married that same year. They had four children:
- Ferdinand Marcos (1917–1989), who became president of the Philippines (1965–1986)
- Pacifico Marcos (1919–unknown), a physician
- Elizabeth Marcos-Keon (1921–1986), former Ilocos Norte governor (1971–1983) and mother of Michael Marcos Keon
- Fortuna Marcos-Barba (1931–2018)
References
- ^ "Families Remain Strong in Congress, but their Influence is Waning". Archived from the original on 2015-12-10. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
- ^ "The Official Website of the Municipality of Bacnotan, la Union". Archived from the original on 2007-10-14. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
- ^ The Philippine STAR. Archivedfrom the original on 2018-01-18. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
- ^ ISBN 9780813145709. Archivedfrom the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ from the original on 2021-10-17. Retrieved 2020-07-06.
- ^ Commencement exercises. [Program] [1925]. 2005.
- ^ Commencement exercises. [Program] [1925]. 2005.
- ^ Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior to His Excellency President of the Philippines for the Fiscal Year 1936. Manila: Bureau of Printing. 1937.
- ^ Ariate, Joel F. Jr.; Reyes, Miguel Paolo P. (2016-07-02). "File No. 60: A family affair". VeraFiles. Archived from the original on 2020-08-28. Retrieved 2020-07-06.
- from the original on 2020-07-06. Retrieved 2020-07-06.
- ^ "gov.ph". Archived from the original on 2021-10-17. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
- ^ "History | DMMMSU North la Union Campus Official Website". Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
- ^ Montalvan II, Antonio J. (2021-09-28). "Ferdinand Marcos: Master in revising history".
- ^ Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads". Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
- New York Times. Archivedfrom the original on 2009-12-12. Retrieved 2018-08-16.
- ^ "Anti-Corruption Campaigner and General Lead in Early Philippine Returns". The New York Times. 13 May 1992. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
- Philippine Star. Archivedfrom the original on 2018-09-15. Retrieved 2018-09-15.