Mathematical tile

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For tilings in geometry, see Tessellation.

Mathematical tiles nailed to wooden planks, overlapped and mortared to give the appearance of a brick surface

Mathematical tiles are tiles which were used extensively as a building material in the southeastern counties of England—especially East Sussex and Kent—in the 18th and early 19th centuries.[1] They were laid on the exterior of timber-framed buildings as an alternative to brickwork, which their appearance closely resembled.[2] A distinctive black variety with a glazed surface was used on many buildings in Brighton (now part of the city of Brighton and Hove) from about 1760 onwards, and is considered a characteristic feature of the town's early architecture.[1][3] Although the brick tax (1784–1850) was formerly thought to have encouraged use of mathematical tiles, in fact the tiles were subject to the same tax.[4]

Name

The precise origin of the name "mathematical" is unknown.

attributive names include "brick", "geometrical", "mechanical", "rebate", "wall", or "weather" tiles.[5] According to Christopher Hussey, "weather tile" is an earlier more general term, with the true "mathematical tile" distinguished by its flush setting.[10] In 18th-century Oxford "feather edge tile" was used.[11] While "mathematical tile" is now usual, Nail considered it a "pretentious" innovation, preferring "brick tile" as an older and more authentic name.[12]

Usage and varieties

9 Pool Valley, Brighton has a black tile façade of 1794.

The tiles were laid in a partly overlapping pattern, akin to roof shingles. Their lower section—the part intended to be visible when the tiling was complete—was thicker; the upper section would slide under the overlapping tile above and would therefore be hidden. In the top corner was a hole for a nail to be inserted. They would then be hung on a lath of wood, and the lower sections would be moulded together with an infill of lime mortar to form a flat surface.[13] The interlocking visible surfaces would then resemble either header bond or stretcher bond brickwork.[1][2][14][15] Mathematical tiles had several advantages over brick: they were cheaper,[1] easier to lay than bricks (skilled workmen were not needed),[16] and were more resistant to the weathering effects of wind, rain and sea-spray, making them particularly useful at seaside locations such as Brighton.[17]

Various colours of tile were produced: red, to resemble brick most closely; honey; cream; and black. Brighton, the resort most closely associated with mathematical tiles, has examples of each. Many houses on the seafront east of the

Gault clay to make them.[18]

A 1987 count of surviving mathematical tiles in English counties found the most in Kent (407 buildings), followed by Sussex (382), Wiltshire (50), Surrey (47), and Hampshire (37 including the Isle of Wight).[19]

Black glazed tiles

Black glazed mathematical tiles—as seen here at 44 Old Steine—are a characteristic feature of Brighton's 18th-century architecture.

The black glazed type is most closely associated with the Brighton's early architecture:

The Lanes, Brighton's ancient core of narrow streets.[3]

Quaker meeting house of 1784.[31]

Examples from Brighton

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Antram & Morrice 2008, p. 6
  2. ^ a b Nairn & Pevsner 1965, p. 661
  3. ^ a b c Carder 1990, §4.
  4. ^ Smith 1985, p. 132
  5. ^ a b DL. "Mathematical Tiles". Canterbury Historical and Archaeological Society. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  6. ^ Griffiths, John. "Mathematical Tiles". Rye Conservation Society. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  7. ^ "Mathematical tiles". Hove: Regency Town House. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  8. ^ Nail 1996, p. 5
  9. ^ Cowan, John (25 August 2017). "Comment 2740529". Bungaroosh. languagehat. Retrieved 25 August 2017.; citing Oxford English Dictionary 3rd edition, s.v. "mathematical" sense 5(b).
  10. ^ Hussey, Christopher (1956). Mid Georgian, 1760–1800. English Country Houses. Vol. 2. Country Life. p. 28.
  11. ISBN 9781782970323
    . Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  12. ^ Nail 1996, p. 4
  13. ^ Berry 2005, p. 110
  14. ^ Martin, Ron (22 March 2006). "Building materials in Brighton and Hove: Mathematical Tiles". My Brighton and Hove (c/o QueensPark Books). Retrieved 9 February 2010.
  15. ^ Chitham, Robert (February 1987). "Conservation Bulletin, Issue 1, February 1987" (PDF). English Heritage. p. 4. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
  16. ^ a b Berry 2005, p. 103
  17. ^ Brighton Polytechnic. School of Architecture and Interior Design 1987, p. 65
  18. ^ Antram & Morrice 2008, p. 31
  19. ISSN 0960-7870
    .
  20. ^ Musgrave 1981, p. 125
  21. ^ Carder 1990, §15.
  22. ^ Brighton Polytechnic. School of Architecture and Interior Design 1987, p. 111
  23. ^ Antram & Morrice 2008, p. 133
  24. ^ Carder 1990, §125.
  25. ^ "The Brighton and Hove Summary Lists of Historic Buildings (ENS/CR/LB/03)" (PDF). Brighton and Hove City Council Register of Listed Buildings. Brighton and Hove City Council. 18 May 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
  26. ^ "Listed Buildings". English Heritage. 2010. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
  27. ^ a b Antram & Morrice 2008, p. 92
  28. ^ Brighton Polytechnic. School of Architecture and Interior Design 1987, p. 43
  29. ^ Historic England (2007). "Jireh Chapel & Sunday School to north, Malling Street (east side), Lewes (1192055)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  30. ^ a b Harris 2005, p. 42
  31. ^ Harris 2005, p. 43

References

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