Mekong giant catfish

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Mekong giant catfish
At the
Gifu World Freshwater Aquarium

Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Siluriformes
Family: Pangasiidae
Genus: Pangasianodon
Species:
P. gigas
Binomial name
Pangasianodon gigas
Chevey, 1931
Synonyms
  • Pangasius gigas (Chevey, 1931)
  • Pangasius paucidens Fang & Chaux, 1949
Chiang Khong
.

The Mekong giant catfish (Pangasianodon gigas;

critically endangered due to overfishing and habitat loss.[1]

Description

Depiction of a mature Mekong giant catfish from the Illustrated collection of fishes from Asia, Africa and Australia

Grey to white in color and lacking stripes, the Mekong giant catfish is distinguished from other large catfish species in the river by the near-total lack of barbels and the absence of teeth. Young Mekong catfish do exhibit barbels and oral teeth, but these features diminish as they age and are absent by the time they grow to be 30-50cm in length. [3]

Mekong giant catfish are one of the largest species of freshwater fish. In 2005, the Mekong giant catfish attained the

anadromous), until surpassed in June of 2022 by a giant freshwater stingray specimen caught in Cambodia.[6] Thai fisheries officials stripped the giant catfish, caught in 2005, of its eggs as part of a breeding program, intending then to release it, but the fish died in captivity and was sold as food to local villagers.[5][7][8]

Mekong Giant Catfish, gifted to Japan by Thailand, on display at Nagasaki Penguin Aquarium

Distribution and habitat

The Mekong giant catfish is a threatened species in the

UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. In the past, fishers have reported the fish in a number of the Mekong's tributaries. Today,[when?] however, essentially no sightings are reported outside of the main Mekong river channel and the Tonle Sap region. A 150 kg individual was found in a Kelantan
river in Malaysia, it is believed to have been released illegally.

Understanding of the species’ migration pattern is incomplete.[12] The fish are thought to rear primarily in the Mekong and Cambodia's Tonle Sap lake and migrate hundreds of miles north to spawning grounds in Thailand.[12][13] Spawning fish in the upper Cambodia are being over harvested. Fragmentation caused by infrastructure development of dams are becoming increasingly common posing threats to larval fish and reducing breeding abilities.[14][15] Overfishing, damming, destruction of spawning, and breeding grounds and siltation have taken a toll on the species' habitat.[13]

Feeding

As fry, this species feeds on

herbivorous, feeding on filamentous algae, probably ingesting larvae and periphyton accidentally.[citation needed] The fish likely obtains its food from algae growing on submerged rocky surfaces, as it does not have any sort of dentition.[16] The Mekong giant catfish are toothless herbivores that live off of the plants and algae in the river.[13] One scientific study found zooplankton and phytoplankton in their stomach contents.[17]

In captivity

Mekong giant catfish are now successfully bred in Thailand, they are often hybridised with the

paroon shark and iridescent shark. They are also bred for the aquarium trade. Ownership and importation of the fish has been restricted in various states of Australia due to fears it could become an invasive species. [18] [19]

As a sport fish

Mekong giant catfish along with the giant barb, giant pangasius, redtail catfish and alligator gar are a common sport fish in exotic fishing ponds in Thailand, Malaysia, and Vietnam. This is because of their giant size and because they often put up a strong fight after getting hooked.

Conservation

Endemic to the lower half of the Mekong River, this catfish is in danger of extinction due to

critically endangered; the number living in the wild is unknown, but catch data indicate the population has fallen by 80% in the last 14 years.[1][21] It is also listed in Appendix I of CITES, banning commercial international trade involving wild-caught specimens.[22]

In The Anthropologists' Cookbook (1977), Jessica Kuper noted the importance of the pa beuk to the Lao people and remarked, "In times gone by, this huge fish, which is found only in the Mekong, was fairly plentiful, but in the last few years, the number taken annually has dwindled to forty, thirty or twenty, and perhaps in 1976 even fewer. This is sad, as it is a noble fish and a mysterious one, revered by the Lao."[23] In 2000, fishermen hauled out 11 giant catfish. In 2001 they caught seven. In 2002 they caught just five.[24]

Fishing for the Mekong giant catfish is illegal in the wild in Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia, but the bans appear to be ineffective and the fish continue to be caught in all three countries.[1] In recognition of the threat to the species, though, nearly 60 Thai fishermen agreed to stop catching the endangered catfish in June 2006, to mark the 60th anniversary of Bhumibol Adulyadej's ascension to the throne of Thailand.[25] Thailand is the only country to allow fishing for private stocks of Mekong giant catfish. This helps save the species, as lakes purchase the small fry from the government breeding programme, generating extra income that allows the breeding program to function.[citation needed] Fishing lakes, such as Bueng Samran (บึงสำราญ) in Bangkok, have the species up to 140 kg (310 lb). The most common size landed is 18 kg (40 lb), although some companies specialise in landing the larger fish.

The species needs to reach 50–70 kg (110–150 lb) to breed, and it does not breed in lakes. The Thailand Fisheries Department has instituted a breeding programme to restock the Mekong River. From 2000 to 2003, about 10,000 captive-bred specimens were released by the Thai authorities.[1] Specimens are released into reservoirs rather than the Mekong River itself.[1]

The Mekong giant catfish is described as a contemporary example of overharvest.[12] Millions of tons of fish are harvested in Cambodia every year, with spawning fish being overharvested. Fragmentation caused by dams increasingly poses threats to larval fish.[14] Trends in water use, energy production, consumption, and associated environmental degradation are projected to continue rising in Southeast Asia. Mekong giant catfish are highly migratory, requiring large stretches of river for seasonal journeys and specific environmental conditions in their spawning and breeding areas.[13]

The World Wide Fund for Nature works in partnership with other organizations including the Mekong River Commission and the Asian Development Bank which aims to ensure that environmental and social impacts are considered in developments of hydropower infrastructures. It also implements projects dedicated to conservation, research, monitoring, and raising awareness of the Mekong giant catfish.[15]

In culture and art

In Thai folklore, this fish is regarded with reverence, and special rituals are followed and offerings are made before fishing it.[26] The species is represented as ancient art along the Mekong River.[13]

References

  1. ^ . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2014). "Pangasianodon gigas" in FishBase. July 2014 version.
  4. ^
    S2CID 42141812
    .
  5. ^ a b Mydans, Seth (2005-08-25). "Hunt for the big fish becomes a race". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  6. ^ Tsoi, Grace (20 June 2022). "World's largest freshwater fish found in Mekong, scientists say". BBC News. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  7. National Geographic News. Archived from the original
    on June 30, 2005. Retrieved 2006-06-29.
  8. ^ "Fish whopper: 646 pounds a freshwater record". NBC News. 2005-07-01. Retrieved 2006-06-29.
  9. ^ MGCCG, 2005
  10. ^ Lopez, Alvin, ed. (2007). "2.3 Focal species". MWBP working papers on Mekong Giant Catfish, Pangasianodon gigas (PDF). Mekong Wetlands Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use Programme.
  11. ^ Mattson, Niklas S.; Buakhamvongsa, Kongpheng; Sukumasavin, Naruepon; Tuan, Nguyen; Vibol, Ouk (2002). "Mekong giant fish species: on their management and biology" (PDF). Mekong River Commission Technical Paper (3): 14.
  12. ^ .
  13. ^ a b c d e The Elusive Giant Catfish (Television production). National Geographic. July 20, 2009. Archived from the original on 2021-12-13.
  14. ^ a b Searching for Giant Catfish Babies on the Mekong (Television production). National Geographic. September 4, 2018. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  15. ^ a b "The giant of the Mekong". World Wildlife Fund for Nature. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  16. ^ a b (Pholprasith, 1983 as cited in Mattson et al. 2002)
  17. ^ Yamagishi, Y.; et al. (2004). "Study on feeding habits of Mekong giant catfish in Mae Peum Reservoir, Thailand" (PDF). Proceedings of the International Sym Posium on SEA STA R2000 and Bio-logging Science (The 5th SEA STA R2000 Workshop): 105–109.
  18. ^ Authority, Victorian Fisheries (17 June 2020). "List of Noxious Aquatic Species in Victoria". VFA.
  19. ^ "Invasive fish of Queensland" (PDF). Department of Agriculture and Fisheries. The State of Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
  20. ^ Lovgren, S. (2018). "Southeast asia may be building too many dams too fast". National Geographic. Archived from the original on August 23, 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  21. National Geographic News. 2003-11-18. Archived from the original
    on November 21, 2003. Retrieved 2006-06-29.
  22. ^ "CITES Appendices I, II and III". CITES. 2006-06-14. Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2006-06-29.
  23. ^ Kuper, Jessica (1977). The Anthropologists' Cookbook. Universe Books. p. 167.
  24. ^ Roach, John (2003-05-15). "Big Trouble for Asia's Giant Catfish". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on June 28, 2003. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  25. ^ "Giant Mekong catfish off the hook". BBC News. 2006-06-10. Retrieved 2006-06-29.
  26. ^ "Pla Buek: The Giant Catfish of the Mae Khong River Chiangrai". Archived from the original on 2013-01-21. Retrieved 2012-10-05.

External links