Catfish

Catfish Temporal range: Late Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N [1][2]
Black bullhead
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
(unranked):	Otophysi
Order:	Siluriformes G. Cuvier, 1817
Type species
Silurus glanis Linnaeus , 1758
Families[4]
Extant families: Ailiidae[3] Akysidae Amblycipitidae Amphiliidae Anchariidae Ariidae Aspredinidae Astroblepidae Auchenipteridae Austroglanididae Bagridae Callichthyidae Cetopsidae Chacidae Clariidae Claroteidae Cranoglanididae Diplomystidae Doradidae Erethistidae Heptapteridae Heteropneustidae Horabagridae[3] Ictaluridae Kryptoglanidae Lacantuniidae Loricariidae Malapteruridae Mochokidae Nematogenyiidae Pangasiidae Pimelodidae Plotosidae Pseudopimelodidae Schilbeidae Scoloplacidae Siluridae Sisoridae Trichomycteridae incertae sedis: Conorhynchos Extinct family: Andinichthyidae† Bachmanniidae†

Catfish (or catfishes;

Extant catfish species live inland or in coastal waters of every continent except Antarctica. Catfish have inhabited all continents at one time or another.^[7] They are most diverse in tropical South America, Asia, and Africa, with one family native to North America and one family in Europe.^[8] More than half of all catfish species live in the Americas. They are the only ostariophysans that have entered freshwater habitats in Madagascar, Australia, and New Guinea.^[9]

They are found in fresh water/

In the Southern United States, catfish species may be known by a variety of slang names, such as "mud cat", "polliwogs", or "chuckleheads".[15] These nicknames are not standardized, so one area may call a bullhead catfish by the nickname "chucklehead", while in another state or region, that nickname refers to the blue catfish.^[16]

As invasive species

Representatives of the genus Ictalurus have been introduced into European waters in the hope of obtaining a sporting and food resource, but the European stock of American catfishes has not achieved the dimensions of these fish in their native waters and have only increased the ecological pressure on native European fauna. Walking catfish have also been introduced in the freshwater areas of Florida, with the voracious catfish becoming a major alien pest there. Flathead catfish, Pylodictis olivaris, is also a North American pest on Atlantic slope drainages.^[8] Pterygoplichthys species, released by aquarium fishkeepers, have also established feral populations in many warm waters around the world.^{[17][18][19][20][21]}

Physical characteristics

External anatomy of catfish

Most catfish are

Catfish may have up to four pairs of barbels - nasal, maxillary (on each side of mouth), and two pairs of chin barbels, though pairs of barbels may be absent depending on the species. Catfish barbels always occur in pairs. Many larger catfish also have

Juvenile catfish, like most fish, have relatively large heads, eyes, and posterior median fins in comparison to larger, more mature individuals. These juveniles can be readily placed in their families, particularly those with highly derived fin or body shapes; in some cases, identification of the genus is possible. As far as known for most catfish, features that are often characteristic of species, such as mouth and fin positions, fin shapes, and barbel lengths, show little difference between juveniles and adults. For many species, pigmentation pattern is also similar in juveniles and adults. Thus, juvenile catfish generally resemble and develop smoothly into their adult form without distinct juvenile specializations. Exceptions to this are the ariid catfish, where the young retain yolk sacs late into juvenile stages, and many pimelodids, which may have elongated barbels and fin filaments or coloration patterns.[27]

Catfish have one of the largest ranges in size within a single order of bony fish.^[9] Many catfish have a maximum length of under 12 cm (4.7 in).^[7] Some of the smallest species of the Aspredinidae and Trichomycteridae reach sexual maturity at only 1 cm (0.39 in).^[8]

The

These records pale in comparison to a Mekong giant catfish caught in northern Thailand on 1 May 2005, and reported to the press almost 2 months later, that weighed 293 kilograms (646 lb). This is the largest giant Mekong catfish caught since Thai officials started keeping records in 1981.^[31] Also in Asia, Jeremy Wade caught a 75.5-kilogram (166.4 lb) goonch following three fatal attacks on humans in the Kali River on the India-Nepal border. Wade was of the opinion that the offending fish must have been significantly larger than this to have taken an 18-year-old boy, as well as a water buffalo.^{[citation needed]}

Piraíba (Brachyplatystoma filamentosum) can grow exceptionally large and are native to the Amazon Basin. They can occasionally grow to 200 kg (440 lb), as evidenced by numerous catches. Deaths from being swallowed by these fish have been reported in the region.

Internal anatomy

In many catfish, the "humeral process" is a bony process extending backward from the

The retinae of catfish are composed of single cones and large rods. Many catfish have a tapetum lucidum, which may help enhance photon capture and increase low-light sensitivity. Double cones, though present in most teleosts, are absent from catfish.^[33]

The anatomical organization of the

Fish ovaries may be of two types - gymnovarian or cystovarian. In the first type, the oocytes are released directly into the coelomic cavity and then eliminated. In the second type, the oocytes are conveyed to the exterior through the oviduct.^[35] Many catfish are cystovarian in type, including Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, P. fasciatum, Lophiosilurus alexandri, and Loricaria lentiginosa.^[34][35]

Communication

Catfish can produce different types of sounds and also have well-developed auditory reception used to discriminate between sounds with different pitches and velocities. They are also able to determine the distance of the sound's origin and from what direction it originated.

Sound-generating mechanisms are often different between the sexes. In some catfish, pectoral fins are longer in males than in females of similar length, and differences in the characteristic of the sounds produced were also observed.[38] Comparison between families of the same order of catfish demonstrated family and species-specific patterns of vocalization, according to a study by Maria Clara Amorim. During courtship behavior in three species of Corydoras catfish, all males actively produced stridulation sounds before egg fertilization, and the species' songs were different in pulse number and sound duration.^[39]

Sound production in catfish may also be correlated with fighting and alarm calls. According to a study by Kaatz, sounds for disturbance (e.g. alarm) and agonistic behavior were not significantly different, which suggests distress sounds can be used to sample variation in agonistic sound production.^[39] However, in a comparison of a few different species of tropical catfish, some fish put under distress conditions produced a higher intensity of stridulatory sounds than drumming sounds.^[40] Differences in the proportion of drumming versus stridulation sounds depend on morphological constraints, such as different sizes of drumming muscles and pectoral spines. Due to these constraints, some fish may not even be able to produce a specific sound. In several different species of catfish, aggressive sound production occurs during cover site defense or during threats from other fish. More specifically, in long-whiskered catfish, drumming sounds are used as a threatening signal and stridulations are used as a defense signal. Kaatz investigated 83 species from 14 families of catfish, and determined that catfish produce more stridulatory sounds in disturbance situations and more swimbladder sounds in intraspecific conflicts.^[40]

Economic importance

Aquaculture

Catfish are easy to farm in warm climates, leading to inexpensive and safe food at local grocers. About 60% of U.S. farm-raised catfish are grown within a 65-mile (100-km) radius of Belzoni, Mississippi.^[41] Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) supports a $450 million/yr aquaculture industry.^[8] The largest producers are located in the Southern United States, including Mississippi, Alabama, and Arkansas.^[42]

Catfish raised in inland tanks or channels are usually considered safe for the environment, since their waste and disease should be contained and not spread to the wild.^[43]

In Asia, many catfish species are important as food. Several

There is a large and growing ornamental fish trade, with hundreds of species of catfish, such as Corydoras and armored suckermouth catfish (often called plecos), being a popular component of many aquaria. Other catfish commonly found in the aquarium trade are banjo catfish, talking catfish, and long-whiskered catfish.

Catfish as food

Catfish have widely been caught and farmed for food for hundreds of years in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. Judgments as to the quality and flavor vary, with some food critics considering catfish excellent to eat, while others dismiss them as watery and lacking in flavor.^[46] Catfish is high in vitamin D.^[47] Farm-raised catfish contains low levels of omega-3 fatty acids and a much higher proportion of omega-6 fatty acids.^[48]

In

The most commonly eaten species in the United States are the channel catfish and the blue catfish, both of which are common in the wild and increasingly widely farmed. Farm-raised catfish became such a staple of the U.S. diet that President Ronald Reagan established National Catfish Day on June 25, 1987, to recognize "the value of farm-raised catfish."

Catfish is eaten in a variety of ways. In Europe, it is often cooked in similar ways to carp, but in the United States it is popularly crumbed with cornmeal and fried.^[46]

In Indonesia, catfish is usually served fried or grilled in street stalls called warung and eaten with vegetables, sambal (a spicy relish or sauce), and usually nasi uduk (traditional coconut rice). The dish is called pecel lele or pecak lele. Lele is the Indonesian word for catfish. The same dish can also be called as lele penyet (squashed catfish) if the fish is lightly squashed along with sambal with a stone mortar-and-pestle. The pecel or pecak version presents the fish in a separate plate while the mortar is solely for sambal.

In

In Bangladesh and the Indian states of Odisha, West Bengal and Assam, catfish (locally known as magur) is eaten as a favored delicacy during the monsoons. In the Indian state of Kerala, the local catfish, known as thedu' or etta in Malayalam, is also popular.

In

Vietnamese catfish, of the genus Pangasius, cannot be legally marketed as catfish in the United States, and so is referred to as swai or basa.^[49] Only fish of the family Ictaluridae may be marketed as catfish in the United States.^[50][51] In the UK, Vietnamese catfish is sometimes sold as "Vietnamese river cobbler", although more commonly as Basa.^[52]

In Nigeria, catfish is often cooked in a variety of stews. It is particularly cooked in a delicacy popularly known as "catfish pepper soup" which is enjoyed throughout the nation.^[53]

In Jewish dietary law, known as kashrut, fish must have fins and scales to be kosher.^[54] Since catfish lacks scales, they are not kosher.^[55]

Mythology

In the mythology of the Japanese

While the vast majority of catfish are harmless to humans, a few species are known to present some risk. Many catfish species have "stings" (actually non-venomous in most cases) embedded behind their fins; thus precautions must be taken when handling them. Stings by the venomous

The catfish are a monophyletic group. This is supported by molecular evidence.^[59]

Catfish belong to a superorder called the

The taxonomy of catfish is quickly changing. In a 2007 and 2008 paper,

Between 2003 and 2005, over one hundred species were named, a rate three times faster than that of the past century.

Lacantun river in the Mexican state of Chiapas.^[66]

The higher-level phylogeny of Siluriformes has gone through several recent changes, mainly due to

Astroblepidae, and Loricariidae, which is sometimes referred to as the superfamily Loricarioidea), and the suborder Siluroidei, which contains the remaining families of the order. According to morphological data, Diplomystidae is usually considered to be the earliest branching catfish lineage and the sister group to the other two lineages, Loricarioidei and Siluroidei.^[70][71][72] Molecular evidence usually contrasts with this hypothesis, and shows the suborder Loricarioidei as the earliest branching catfish lineage, and sister to a clade that includes the Diplomystidae and Siluroidei. While in the first study this relationship was proposed^[59] the "morphological" hypothesis could not be rejected, the new, "molecular" phylogenetic hypothesis was later obtained in numerous other phylogenetic studies based on genetic data.^[67][68][73] However, a recent study based on molecular data argued that the previous "molecular" hypothesis is the result of phylogenetic artifacts due to a strong heterogeneity in evolutionary rates among siluriform lineages.^[69] In that study it was suggested that the fast evolution of the Loricarioidei suborder was attracting this clade to the outgroups through long branch attraction, incorrectly placing it as the earliest-branching catfish lineage. When a data filtering method^[74] was used to reduce lineage rate heterogeneity (the potential source of bias) on their dataset, a final phylogeny was recovered which showed the Diplomystidae are the earliest-branching catfish, followed by Loricarioidei and Siluroidei as sister lineages. Thus, there is currently both morphological and molecular evidence for a higher-level phylogenetic arrangement of Siluriformes in which Diplomystidae is the earliest branching catfish, sister to a clade including the Loricarioidei and Siluroidei suborders.^[75]

Below is a list of family relationships by different authors. Lacantuniidae is included in the Sullivan scheme based on recent evidence that places it sister to Claroteidae.^[76]

Nelson, 2006[7] Sullivan et al., 2006[59] Unresolved families Cetopsidae Pseudopimelodidae Heptapteridae Cranoglanididae Ictaluridae Loricarioidea Amphiliidae Trichomycteridae Nematogenyiidae Callichthyidae Scoloplacidae Astroblepidae Loricariidae Sisoroidea Amblycipitidae Akysidae Sisoridae Erethistidae Aspredinidae Doradoidea Mochokidae Doradidae Auchenipteridae Siluroidea Siluridae Malapteruridae Auchenoglanididae Chacidae Plotosidae Clariidae Heteropneustidae Bagroidea Austroglanididae Claroteidae Ariidae Schilbeidae Pangasiidae Bagridae Pimelodidae Unresolved families Cetopsidae Plotosidae Chacidae Siluridae Pangasiidae Suborder Loricarioidei Trichomycteridae Nematogenyiidae Callichthyidae Scoloplacidae Astroblepidae Loricariidae Clarioidea Clariidae Heteropneustidae Arioidea Ariidae Anchariidae Pimelodoidea Pimelodidae Pseudopimelodidae Heptapteridae Conorhynchos Ictaluroidea Ictaluridae Cranoglanididae Doradoidea (sister to Aspredinidae) Doradidae Auchenipteridae "Big Asia" Sisoroidea Amblycipitidae Akysidae Sisoridae Erethistidae Ailia + Laides (Asian schilbeids) Horabagridae (Horabagrus + Pseudeutropius + Platytropius) Bagridae (without Rita) "Big Africa" Mochokidae Malapteruridae Amphiliidae Claroteidae Lacantuniidae Schilbeidae

Phylogeny

Phylogeny of living Siluriformes based on 2017^[77] and extinct families based on Nelson, Grande & Wilson 2016.^[78]

Siluriformes

†Andinichthyidae Loricaroidei Nematogenyidae Trichomycteridae Callichthyidae Astroblepidae Loricariidae Diplomystoidei Diplomystidae † Bachmanniidae Siluroidei Hypsidoroidea † Hypsidoridae Cetopsoidea Cetopsidae Siluroidea Siluridae Arioidea Pangasiidae Big African catfishes Mochokidae Claroteidae Ictaluroidea Plotosidae Ictaluridae Clarioidea Clariidae Sisoroidea Ailiidae Sisoridae Bagridae Doradoidea Aspredinidae Doradidae Auchenipteridae Pimelodoidea Heptapteridae Pseudopimelodidae Pimelodidae

Unassigned families:

• Bachmanniidae†
• Scoloplacidae
  (Loricarioidei)
• Akysidae
  (Sisoroidea)
• Amblycipitidae (Sisoroidea)
• Anchariidae (Arioidea)
• Ariidae (Arioidea)
• Amphiliidae
  (Big African catfishes)
• Austroglanididae
  (Arioidea)
• Chacidae
  (Siluroidei)
• Conorhynchos (Pimelodoidea)
• Cranoglanididae
  (Ictaluroidea)
• Heteropneustidae
  (Clarioidea)
• Horabagridae (Sisoroidea)
• Kryptoglanidae
  (Siluroidea)
• Lacantuniidae
  (Big African catfishes)
• Malapteruridae
  (Big African catfishes)
• Phreatobiidae
  (Pimelodoidea)
• Rita (Sisoroidea)
• Schilbeidae (Big African catfishes)

Catfish fishing records

By information from International Game Fish Association

IGFA the most outstanding record:^[79]

• The biggest flathead catfish caught was by Ken Paulie in the
  Elk City Reservoir
  in Kansas, US on 19 May 1998 that weighed 55.79 kg (123 lb 0 oz)

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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Siluriformes.

Wikispecies has information related to Siluriformes.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Cat-fish".

• All catfish species inventory
• "Giant Baghair caught in Jamuna" Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine in The Daily Star (Bangladesh), 12 May 2009
• Skelton, Paul H. and Teugels, Guy G. 1992. Ichthyological Bulletin; No. 56: Neotype description for the African catfish Clarias Gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) (Pisces: Siluroidei: Clariidae). J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa