Mycena sanguinolenta

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Mycena sanguinolenta
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Mycenaceae
Genus: Mycena
Species:
M. sanguinolenta
Binomial name
Mycena sanguinolenta
(Alb. & Schwein.) P.Kumm. (1871)
Synonyms[1]
  • Agaricus sanguinolentus Alb. & Schwein. (1805)
  • Galactopus sanguinolentus (Alb. & Schwein.)
    Murrill
    (1916)
Mycena sanguinolenta
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Gills on hymenium
Cap is conical or convex
saprotrophic
Edibility is unknown

Mycena sanguinolenta, commonly known as the bleeding bonnet, the smaller bleeding Mycena, or the terrestrial bleeding Mycena, is a species of

antifungal compound, and is bioluminescent. The edibility
of the mushroom has not been determined.

Taxonomy

First called Agaricus sanguinolentus by

specific epithet is derived from the Latin word sanguinolentus and means "bloody".[3] It is commonly known as the "bleeding bonnet"[4] the "smaller bleeding Mycena",[5] or the "terrestrial bleeding Mycena".[6]

The fungus is

classified in the section Lactipedes along with other latex-producing species.[7] A molecular phylogenetic analysis of several dozen European Mycena species suggests that M. sanguinolenta is closely related to M. galopus. Other phylogenically related species include M. galericulata and M. haematopus.[8]

Description

The gills are distantly spaced and have edges that are dark reddish brown.
The mushroom "bleeds" red latex when injured.

The cap of M. sanguinolenta is either convex or conic when young, with its margin pressed against the stipe. As it expands, it becomes broadly convex or bell-shaped, ultimately reaching a diameter of 3–15 mm (0.1–0.6 in).[6] The surface is initially covered with a dense whitish-grayish coating or powder that is produced by delicate microscopic cells, but these cells soon collapse and disappear, leaving the surface naked and smooth. The surface is moist with an opaque margin that soon developing furrows. The cap color is variable but always some shade of bright or dull reddish brown with a dull grayish-brown margin. The flesh is thin, not very fragile, sordid reddish, and exudes a reddish latex when cut. The odor and taste are not distinctive.[9]

The gills are adnate or slightly toothed, and well-spaced. They are narrow to moderately broad, sordid reddish to grayish, with even edges that are dark reddish brown. The stipe is 2–6 cm (0.8–2.4 in) long, 1–1.5 mm thick, equal in width throughout, and fragile. The base of the stipe is covered with coarse, stiff white hairs, while the remainder is covered with a drab powder that soon sloughs off to leave the stipe polished, and more or less the same color as the cap. It also exudes a bright or dull-red juice when cut or broken.[9] The edibility of the mushroom is unknown—but it is considered too insubstantial to be of culinary interest.[5][6]

The

basidia (spore-bearing cells) four-spored (occasionally two- or three-spored). The pleurocystidia (cystidia on the face of a gill) are rare to scattered or sometimes quite abundant, narrowly to broadly ventricose, measuring 36–54 by 8–13 μm. They are filled with a sordid-reddish substance. The cheilocystidia (cystidia on the gill edge) are similar to the pleurocystidia or shorter and more obese, and very abundant. The flesh if the gill is made of broad hyphae the cells of which are often vesiculose (covered with vesicles) in age, and stain pale reddish brown in iodine. The flesh of the cap is covered with a thin pellicle, and the hypoderm (the layer of cells immediately underneath the pellicle) is moderately well-differentiated. The remainder of the cap flesh is floccose and filamentous, and all except the pellicle stain pale vinaceous-brown in iodine. Lactiferous (latex-producing) hyphae are abundant.[9]

Similar species

The similar species M. haematopus typically grows in clusters on rotting wood.

The other "bleeding Mycena" (M. haematopus) is readily distinguished from M. sanguinolenta by its larger size, different color, growth on rotting wood, and presence of a sterile band of tissue on the margin of the cap. Further, M. sanguinolenta consistently has red-edged gills, while the gill edges of M. haematopus are more variable.[10] The similarly named M. subsanguinolenta has red to orange juice, is slightly yellower, and does not have pleurocystidia. M. plicatus has a similar furrowed cap, but also has a tough stipe and does not ooze liquid when injured.[6] Mycena specialist Alexander H. Smith has noted a "striking" resemblance to M. debilis, but this species has different colors (pale vinaceous brown or sordid brown when faded), produces uncolored latex, and does not have differently-colored gill edges.[11]

Distribution and habitat

Mycena sanguinolenta is common and widely distributed. It has been found from

Jilin Province, China,[20] and from the provinces of Ōmi and Yamashiro in Japan.[21]

The fruit bodies grow in groups on leaf mold, moss beds, or needle carpets during the spring and fall.[9] It is common in forests of fir and beech,[22] and prefers to grow in soil of high acidity.[18]

Chemistry

Sanguinone A
Names
IUPAC name
(8aS)-5-Oxo-2,4,5,7,8,8a,9,10-octahydro-1H-4,6,8,10a-tetraazacyclopenta[cd]pyrene-1-carboxylic acid
Identifiers
3D model (
JSmol
)
ChemSpider
  • InChI=1S/C15H14N4O3/c20-14-11-9-6(4-16-11)3-8(15(21)22)19-2-1-7-10(13(9)19)12(14)18-5-17-7/h4,7-8,16-17H,1-3,5H2,(H,21,22)/t7-,8?/m0/s1
    Key: BWNDFVAUUSWIHO-JAMMHHFISA-N
  • c1c2c3c([nH]1)C(=O)C4=NCN[C@@H]5C4=C3N(CC5)C(C2)C(=O)O
Properties
C15H14N4O3
Molar mass 298.302 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

The fruit bodies of Mycena sanguinolenta contain the blue

antifungal compound hydroxystrobilurin-D.[23] M. sanguinolenta is one of over 30 Mycena species that is bioluminous.[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Mycena sanguinolenta (Alb. & Schwein.) P. Kumm. 1871". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
  2. ^ Kummer P. (1871). Der Führer in die Pilzkunde (in German). Zerbst. p. 107.
  3. ^ Wakefield EM, Dennis RW (1950). Common British fungi: a guide to the more common larger Basidiomycetes of the British Isles. London: P. R. Gawthorn. p. 155.
  4. ^ Holden L. (July 2014). "English names for fungi 2014". British Mycological Society. Retrieved 2016-02-07.
  5. ^
    ISBN 0-8131-9039-8
    .
  6. ^
    ISBN 0-89815-169-4
    .
  7. ^ Smith 1947, pp. 132–33.
  8. S2CID 20653008
    .
  9. ^ a b c d e Smith 1947, pp. 146–49.
  10. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5
    .
  11. JSTOR 2435962
    .
  12. JSTOR 4107821
    .
  13. JSTOR 4109111
    .
  14. JSTOR 3776760
    .
  15. ^ Arnolds E, Veerkamp M (2009). "Nieuwsbrief paddenstoelenmeetnet - 10" [Newsletter mushrooms network-10]. Coolia (in Dutch). 52 (3): 125–42.
  16. ^ Aronsen A. "Mycena sanguinolenta". A key to the Mycenas of Norway. Archived from the original on 2010-10-12. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
  17. ^ Silaghi, Gheorghe (1959). "Specii de Mycena noi pentru micoflora R.P.R." [New species of Mycena for the mycological flora of the People's Republic of Rumania]. Studii și cercetări de biologie (in Romanian). X (2). The Academy of the People's Republic of Romania. Cluj branch (Academia Republicii Populare Romîne. Filiala Cluj): 195–202.
  18. ^
    ISSN 0105-9327
    .
  19. ISBN 0-86840-742-9
    .
  20. ISSN 1672-3538
    .
  21. ^ Hongo T. (1953). "Larger fungi of the provinces of Omi and Yamashiro (5)". Journal of Japanese Botany. 28 (11): 330–36.
  22. ^
    PMID 17658856
    .
  23. ISSN 0170-2041
    .
  24. PMID 18264584
    .

Cited text

  • Smith AH. (1947). North American species of Mycena. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

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