Nakhichevan Khanate
Nakhichevan Khanate | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1747–1828 | |||||||||
Erivan khanates in c. 1800 | |||||||||
| Status | Khanate Under Iranian suzerainty[1][2] | ||||||||
| Capital | Nakhichevan | ||||||||
| Common languages | Persian (official)[3][4][5] Azerbaijani Armenian Kurdish | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1747 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1828 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | |||||||||
The Nakhichevan Khanate (Persian: خانات نخجوان, romanized: Khānāt-e Nakhjavān) was a khanate under Iranian suzerainty, which controlled the city of Nakhichevan and its surroundings from 1747 to 1828.
The territory of the khanate corresponded to most of the present-day Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and Vayots Dzor Province of present-day Armenia.[6]
History
Nakhichevan is both the name of a city and historical region located in the
The Kangarlu were described by J. M. Jouannin as “a small tribe established in
Following the Treaty of Georgievsk in 1783 between the Russian Empire and the east Georgian kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, Kalb-Ali tried to establish contact with Russia. This action angered the Qajar king of Iran, Agha Mohammad Khan (r. 1789–1797), who as a result had Kalb-Ali seized and taken to Tehran in 1796, where he was blinded.[13] Another khan, Mohammad Khan Qajar of Erivan, had attempted the same, but his Qajar ancestry saved him from the same punishment; he was instead put under house arrest.[14] Following the assassination of Agha Mohammad Khan in 1797, Kalb-Ali went back to Nakhichevan, where he was appointed as its khan by Agha Mohammad Khan's successor, Fath-Ali Shah Qajar (r. 1797–1834).[15] In return, Kalb-Ali supplied Fath-Ali Shah's army with soldiers from the Kangarlu tribe. In 1809, Prince Abbas Mirza annexed Nakhichevan and sent Kalb-Ali to Erivan. In Nakhichevan, he installed Kalb-Ali's sons, Nazar-Ali Beg and Abbas Qoli Agha, as his deputies.[16]
In 1808, during the
In 1827, during the
Population
| Group | Families | Males | Females | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iranian elite/army | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 3,000 |
| Turks and Kurds (settled, semi-settled, and nomadic) | 3,863 | 9,033 | 8,105 | 17,138 |
| Armenians | 530 | 1,404 | 1,286 | 2,690 |
| Total | 22,828 |
Administration
It appears that Nakhichevan had a much higher proportion of private property than Erivan because it was less centrally organized, which allowed the illegal conversion of state lands into private property. This was caused by the lack of state lands in Nakhichevan.[19]
Taxes
Every adult male over the age of fifteen living in a city had paid an income or head tax, known as the bash-puli ("head money") in Nakhichevan. Despite Nader Shah's removal of the poll tax paid by Eastern Armenian Christians at Catholicos Abrahim III's request in 1736, Armenians (including in Nakhichevan) often paid more taxes than Muslims did.[20]
On Nowruz and other holidays, the khan and senior administrators received taxes in the form of presents. These were initially given as gifts but quickly transitioned to formal taxes and were commonly sought as bribes or tribute. These type of gifts were known as pishkesh, salamane and bairamlik / nowruzi / eydi.[21]
Coinage
The coins minted in the Nakhichevan Khanate were in the abbasi currency and equal to that of the coins minted by Karim Khan Zand, with the verse shod and the exclamation ya Karim on them. There are only a dozen of these extremely rare coins in existence, being minted between 1766–1777. Compared to Iranian coins that weigh a mithqal, these Nakhichevan coins are a little lighter. The few coins produced reveal their supposedly philanthropic and non-economic purposes.[22]
References
- ^ Bournoutian 2016a, p. xvii.
- ^ Hambly 1991, pp. 145–146.
- ISBN 978-0521522458.
(...) and Persian continued to be the official language of the judiciary and the local administration [even after the abolishment of the khanates].
- ^ Pavlovich, Petrushevsky Ilya (1949). Essays on the history of feudal relations in Armenia and Azerbaijan in XVI - the beginning of XIX centuries. LSU them. Zhdanov. p. 7.
(...) The language of official acts not only in Iran proper and its fully dependant Khanates, but also in those Caucasian khanates that were semi-independent until the time of their accession to the Russian Empire, and even for some time after, was New Persian (Farsi). It played the role of the literary language of class feudal lords as well.
- ^ Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. pg 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability."
- ^ Hewsen, Robert H. Armenia: a Historical Atlas. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001, map 149.
- ^ Sinclair 2014.
- ^ Tsibenko 2021.
- ^ Floor 2008, p. 171.
- ^ a b Floor 2008, p. 248.
- ^ a b c Oberling 2010.
- ^ Bournoutian, George A. (1992). The Khanate of Erevan Under Qajar Rule, 1795–1828. p. 32.
- ^ Bournoutian 2021, pp. 258, 283. For information about the treaty, see p. 16.
- ^ Bournoutian 2021, p. 264.
- ^ Bournoutian 2021, p. 283. For information about Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's death and his succession, see pp. 20–21.
- ^ Bournoutian 2021, p. 283.
- ^ a b Ekbal, Kamran. "ʿAbbāsābād". Encyclopædia Iranica. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
- ^ Bournoutian 1980, p. 12.
- ^ Bournoutian 1982, p. 115.
- ^ Bournoutian 1982, pp. 125, 128.
- ^ Bournoutian 1982, p. 126.
- ^ Akopyan & Petrov 2016, p. 2.
Sources
- Akopyan, Alexander; Petrov, Pavel (2016). "The Coinage of Īrawān, Nakhjawān, Ganja and Qarabāḡ Khānates in 1747–1827". State Hermitage: 1–9.
- ISBN 978-0755637379.
- ISBN 978-0939214181.
- Bournoutian, George (1980). The Population of Persian Armenia Prior to and Immediately Following its Annexation to the Russian Empire: 1826–1832. The Wilson Center, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies.
- Bournoutian, George (1982). Eastern Armenia in the Last Decades of Persian Rule 1807–1828: A Political and Socioeconomic Study of the Khanate of Erevan on the Eve of the Russian Conquest. Undena Publications. ISBN 978-0890031223.
- Bournoutian, George (1997). "Eastern Armenia from the Seventeenth Century to the Russian Annexation". In ISBN 0-312-10169-4.
- Bournoutian, George (2016a). The 1820 Russian Survey of the Khanate of Shirvan: A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of an Iranian Province prior to its Annexation by Russia. Gibb Memorial Trust. ISBN 978-1909724808.
- Bournoutian, George (2016b). "Prelude to War: The Russian Siege and Storming of the Fortress of Ganjeh, 1803–4". Iranian Studies. 50 (1). Taylor & Francis: 107–124. S2CID 163302882.
- Bournoutian, George (2018). Armenia and Imperial Decline: The Yerevan Province, 1900–1914. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. OCLC 1037283914.
- Bournoutian, George (2021). From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813. ISBN 978-9004445154.
- Broers, Laurence (2019). Armenia and Azerbaijan: Anatomy of a Rivalry. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1474450522.
- ISBN 978-1933823232.
- Floor, Willem (2018). "Tribal Resurgence in the Eighteenth Century: A Useful Label?". In Axworthy, Michael (ed.). Crisis, Collapse, Militarism and Civil War: The History and Historiography of 18th Century Iran. Oxford University Press. pp. 151–162. ISBN 978-0190250331.
- Floor, Willem (2021). "The Safavid court and government". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge. pp. 203–224.
- Fowkes, B. (2002). Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in the Post-Communist World. Springer. ISBN 978-0333792568.
- Hambly, Gavin R. G. (1991). "Āghā Muhammad Khān and the establishment of the Qājār dynasty". In ISBN 0-521-20095-4.
- Hambly, Gavin R. G. (1991). "Iran during the reigns of Fath 'Alī Shāh and Muhammad Shāh". In ISBN 0-521-20095-4.
- Hewsen, Robert (1972). The Meliks Of Eastern Armenia I.Revue des Études Arménie.
- Kazemzadeh, F. (1991). "Iranian relations with Russia and the Soviet Union, to 1921". In ISBN 0-521-20095-4.
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- ISBN 978-0857731814.
- Matthee, Rudi; Floor, Willem; Clawson, Patrick (2013). The Monetary History of Iran: From the Safavids to the Qajars. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0857721723.
- Oberling, P. (2010). "Kangarlu". In ISBN 978-1-934283-28-8.
- Perry, John R. (1979). Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran, 1747-1779. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226660981.
- Reid, James J. (1978). "The Qajar Uymaq in the Safavid Period, 1500-1722". Iranian Studies. 11 (1/4). JSTOR 4310299. (registration required)
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- Yilmaz, Harun (2015). "A Family Quarrel: Azerbaijani Historians against Soviet Iranologists". Iranian Studies. 48 (5). Cambridge University Press: 769–783. S2CID 142718875.
