Arasbaran
Arasbaran (
This biosphere reserve situated in the north of Iran at the border to
Mediterranean region, the area covers mountains up to 2,200 metres, high alpine meadows, semi-arid steppes, rangelands and forests, rivers and springs. Arasbaran is the territory of about 23,500 nomads who are mainly living in the buffer and transition zones (2000). Economic activities in the biosphere reserve are mainly agriculture, animal husbandry, horticulture, apiculture, handicrafts and tourism, but business activities can also be found in urbanized areas.[4]
History
In antiquity, this region was inhabited by the Alarodians and Caspian tribes.
Small Armenian melikdoms of Karadagh (Arasbaran) remained until the Turkish invasion of 1918. The Armenian population is preserved in the mountains of Arasbaran(Karadagh) in modern day.[5]
There is no mention of Arasbaran as a geo-political entity in written sources dating prior to Safavid era.[6] There is a speculation that the region referred to as Syah Kuh by the 10th-century Muslim geographer, Ibn Hawqal,[7] corresponds to the present day Arasbaran.[8][9] However, the said Syahkoh has more similarities with Manghishlaq in the eastern shores of Caspian Sea.[10] Therefore, Arasbaran's history should be considered in the context of its two main towns, Ahar and Kaleybar.
Kaleybar, formerly known as bedh, was the stronghold of Babak Khorramdin who, in 816 AD, revolted against Islamic Caliphate and was defeated in 836 AD.[11] The events of the two decades long tumultuous times have been extensively reported by Islamic historians of the epoch. The first report is by Al-Masudi in The Meadows of Gold: Babak revolted in Bedh region with the disciples of Djavidan ...[12] Following a series of defeats Babak was blockaded in his native town..., which even now is known as Babak's country.[13] Ibn Athir in his book, The Complete History, has devoted many pages to the description of battles.[14]
Both towns lost most of their importance during the rule of Ilkhanate. Hamdallah Mustawfi, writing in the-mid fourteenth century, describes Ahar as "a little town",[18] and Kaleybar as "A village of Azerbaijan, in the woods near a mountain which comprises a fortress".[19][20]
Arasbaran region suffered enormously during Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) and Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) due to its proximity to the war zone. Western travellers in 1837–1843 period had found Ahar, a city with around 700 households, in wretched condition.[23]
Arasbaran was one of the epicentres of
- H. Bybordi "The history of Arasbaran" and the Bybordi migration tribe.[25]
- H. Doosti, "The history and geography of Arasbaran".[26]
- N. Sedqi, "The contemporary political and social history of Arasbaran".[27]
- S.R. Alemohammad, "The book of Arasbaran".[28]
- A concise English language article is "The Tribes of Qarāca Dāġ: A Brief History" by P. Oberling.[29]
- Encyclopediae Iranica has many articles which are related to Arasbaran.[30][31]
Arasbaran ecotourism potential
The declaration by
Arasbaran is home to 215 species of birds, notably the
Another potential tourist attraction are the summer camps (
Numerous hot springs, scattered all over the region, have been considered as attractions for promoting tourism. One example is Motaalleq hot spring therapeutic facility, which is the largest of its kind in Iran. The facility, with an area of 12870 m2 includes bathing areas, coffee-shop, restaurants, prayer room, and gymnasium.[36][37]
In recent years, the local government has organised Zoğal festivals in Kaleybar as a means of promoting tourism.[38] In addition, every year, in the second half of October, a Pomegranate Festival is organised in by the provincial authorities in Mardanaqom village.[39][40][41] The main programme of the festival is the performance of ashugh music.
Nearly every village in the region has a landmark in its territories. Some of these are potential tourism attractions. For instance, there is a landmark ancient plane tree in the Kavanaq village, whose photo is presented here. The tree is about 3 metres in diameter and is said to have lived for 500 years. The villagers have developed interesting oral narratives around the events experienced by the tree.
Demographics
In the wake of the
The defeat of Soviet-created "
After the election of
Languages
The spoken language of majority of the inhabitant is
, which is the official language of Iran and the sole language of education.The ancient language of Azerbaijan, namely
This language, has a rare and unusual point of grammar called the hearsay tense.[53] Consequently, in Azerbaijani speaking society the boundary between the private and shared memories becomes fuzzy, and the magnitude of time lapse between the events shrinks. This is an ideal feature for the generation of oral cultural artifacts, particularly mythology, epics and folkloric music.
A rare opportunity for recording and preserving Qaradağ's culture was provided by the innovative method by which Shahriar in his famous verse book, Heydar Babaya Salam[54] adopted to summarize the Cultural identity in concise poetic form. A generation of lesser known poets from Arasbaran used similar approach for perpetuating region's oral traditions.[55] Remarkable examples are mourning Sabalan by Abbas Barez,[56] and "Hail to Qizil Qala'h" by Seifollah Delkhon.[57] Another example is Mohamad Golmohamadi's long poem, titled I am madly in love with Qareh Dagh (قاراداغ اؤلکهسینین گؤر نئجه دیوانهسی ام), which is a concise description of the region's cultural landscape.[58]
Culture
Mythology
The inhabitants of every village attribute spiritual importance to at multiple sites, scattered throughout the village territory. These places, generally known as Ojaq, are located in areas with rapid variation on the land topography, and are in some way linked to Djins via established narratives. Most of these sites possess any significantly conspicuous landmark. At some sites, which are considered sacred by many villages, people will occasionally gather to slaughter sacrificial animals or offer a simple meal of freshly baked bread and cheese with tea. At some sites, they have collected medium-sized rocks around some trees and hang coloured threads or ribbons from the trees.
In most villages, there are sites with narrative associations, which are not considered sacred. These sites are in secluded locations formed by natural topography of the landscape. Often the narratives involve bears as the principal subject. The main theme of the narratives is the following. A male bear kidnaps a blackberry picking pretty girl and takes her to his den. A hybrid child is born, but the girl runs away at the first opportunity leaving the lamenting bear entreatingly crying for his lost wife.
According to a myth the wolf is found as a symbol of merciless power that is able to destroy everything. If a human being touches it, whatever frightens him/her will be frustrated.[59]
Vergi
Vergi, meaning gift, is a perceived ability for performing extraordinary feats such as prophesy or healing, which supposedly can only be received from god or from Shia' Imams.[60] It is believed that a Vergi is inherited and not to be learned. For instance, there is a family in Vayqan among whom the Vergi for catching snakes is transmitted from generation to generation. Sometimes, the Vergi is claimed to be received in dreams.[61][62] But often, it is received in Ojaqs where ghosts show themselves to and talk to gifted. It is believed that there is no escape from Vergi and that, at first, it generates suffering comparable to shamanistic illness.[60]
Toğs
Ashura, the 10th day of the lunar month Muharram, is the day at which the mourning celebrations commemorating Imam Husayns' martyrdom reach their climax.[63] In many villages of Qaradağ, palm sized metallic icons fixed on a medium-sized wooden handles, locally known as Toğs, are harbingers of the exact hour when Husayn was killed; allegedly, they relapse to utter in-animation following ten days of relentless erratic movements at the hands of their carriers (alamdars). The tuğs – believed to be sisters – are housed in the mosques and are greatly revered by the inhabitants of all neighbouring villages. Unfortunately, there are no systematic studies or first hand reports on these fascinating relics. Still, every year, as a ritualistic obligation, expatriates flock to the said villages to receive the blessings of the sacred day in the company of their sacred Toğs. In the accompanying photo two persons holding toğ can be seen, who are surrounded by mourners beating on their legs. One toğ is kept standing still in the centre. It seems that the other toğ is performing erratic motions and is pulling the holder.
Arasbaran dogs
Orhan Pamuk in 2001 Turkish novel, My Name Is Red,[64] gives a vivid description of Turkic people's love-hate attitude towards dogs. Every summer, the real life version of this description is in display in Chaparli. Each family has 2-5 dogs, all with characteristic cropped ears and tails. The dogs are fed generous portions of milk soaked bread. When the sheep herds are brought back for milking near tents, dogs sleep around the camp most of the day. The inhabitants treat the beasts with utter respect, a manner which is loathed by more pious villagers of the region as a pagan act. Between dusk and dawn dogs regain their vicious character; strangers have to avoid crossing a campsite otherwise the attacking dogs cannot be controlled even by their owners. Fending off the dogs by beating is considered an act of aggression towards the owner and should be avoided. In fact most of the feuds between settled villagers and pastoralists are about dogs.[citation needed]
Arasbaran carpet
The acme of carpet weaving art in Arasbaran is manifested in
Ashughi music and Qaradağ's contribution
Bəlkə bu yerlərə birdə gəlmədim (I may not come to these mountains again)
duman səlamət qal dağ səlamət qal (Farewell to the Mist and to the mountain)
arxamca su səpir göydə bulutlar (Clouds sprinkle drops of rain)
leysan səlamət qal yağ səlamət qal (Farewell to summer days, farewell to the rain)
These opening verses of a contemporary
A century long autocratic nation building policies of
The number of ashughs has significantly increased after Aşiq Imran Heydəri (عاشیق ایمران حیدری) started accepting pupils to his academic style classes in Tabriz. Imran's efforts effectively shifted the general impression of the ashugh music from association to the nomadic life in mountains to a music suited for performances in urban settings. At present, the de facto representative of ashughs is Aşiq Rəsol Qorbani from Abbasabad village.
Economy
Up until the Islamic revolution the region had a subsistence economy – all food was produced within the villages and the surplus was bartered with items supplied by travelling salesman. Most women spent winter months weaving carpets using raw material which were locally produced. Rainfed agriculture on the steep slopes had severely eroded the farms and productivity had dropped to an unsustainable low level, and the inhabitants had to supplement their income by taking seasonal construction jobs in Tehran.[citation needed] After the revolution, thanks to the construction of roads giving accessibility to larger town markets, livestock production became the dominant mode of the region's economy. However, the quarrels over grazing rights didn't allow large-scale animal agriculture.
In recent years beekeeping has emerged as the only occupation that can provide a family with sufficient income. The honey produced in villages close to pastures is renowned for its quality and has an established niche market. Mardanaqom village is one of the main producers of honey.[72]
Major historical sites
- Babak Fort, which is located on a mountain summit near Kaleybar, is a large citadel and National Symbol of Iranians and Iranian Azerbaijanis.[73][74]
- Jowshīn Fort ( قلعه جوشین ) is located in Varzaqan County.[75] The fort was probably built in the fifth century.[76]
- Ahar Bazar (بازار اهر) is one of the Iranian national monuments. It is adorned in a spectacular fashion, with specific plaster moldings and unique oriental design. The bazaar is composed of various sections and has been repaired during the Qajar period.[77]
- The mausoleum of Sheikh Shaabe-deen. The monument was described by James Morier in the early nineteenth century, "The mausoleum is of brick, with a foundation of stone, and faced by an elevated portico, flanked by two minors or pillars encrusted with green tiles. A little wooden door was opened for us in the back of the building, which introduced us into the spot that contained the tomb of the Sheikh, which was enclosed by a stone railing, carved into open work, and surrounded by a sculptured arabesque ornament, of very good taste. The tomb is distinguished by a marble cover, on which is an Arabic inscription in relieve."[78]
- Khoda Afarin bridges. Two bridges on Aras river are located near Khomarlu. One bridge is badly damaged and the other is still usable for pedestrians. The latter bridge is 160 m in length.
- Amir Arshad's residence (خانه امیر ارشد) in the Okhara village of Varzaqan County is still standing and has been registered as a historical site.[79]
- Qantoor building in Aynaloois a mansion which was built in 1907 by a wealthy Armenian businessman. This landmark building is important in the context of highlighting the religious and technical tolerance that was a unique characteristic of the Arasbaran region.
- Kordasht bath (Abbas I of Persia.
Notable people
- Sattar Khan was originally from Qaradağ. He is considered as a national hero of Iran and is referred to as سردار ملی (meaning National Commander). He headed Constitutionalist rebels from the Amirkhiz district of Tabriz in early twentieth century.[80][81][82][83][84][85]
- Amir Arshad, the headman of Haji-Alilu tribe, was a legendary military commander in early twentieth century. He is credited with fending off the communism from Iran.[89][90]
- Karim Pasha Bahadori, a prominent landlord, was the secretary of former queen, Farah Pahlavi.[91]
- Qasem Ahari[92] was born in Ahar in 1884. He was the first European trained ophthalmologist of Iran. Qasem Ahari served four terms in National Consultative Assembly. He was the first representative of Azerbaijan in Senate of Iran.[93]
- Asadollah Mohammadkhanlu, the headman of Islamic Revolution.[94]
- Three generation of Mirahmadi family from Hasanbeyglu tribe have been significant political players in local and national levels since Constitutional Revolution of early twentieth century.[95][96]
- Andre Agassi, the retired professional tennis player and former World No. 1, is the son of man originally from Arasbaran.[97]
- Aşıq Hoseyn Javan, born in Oti Kandi, is the legendary ashik who was exiled to Soviet Union due to his revolutionary songs during the brief reign of Azerbaijan People's Government following the World War II.[98] Hoseyn Javan's music, in contrast to the contemporary poetry in Iran, emphasizes on realism and highlights the beauties of real life. One of Hoseyn's songs, with the title "Kimin olacaqsan yari, bəxtəvər?", is among the most famous ashugh songs.
- Rasool Qorbani (رسول قربانی), recognised as the godfather among the masters of ashugh music, was born in 1933 in AbbasAbad. Rasool started his music career in 1952 and by 1965 was an accomplished ashik. Rasool had performed in international music festivals held in France, Germany, the Netherlands, England, Japan, China, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Australia, Azerbaijan, Serbia, Turkey and Hungary.[99][100] Rasool has been awarded highest art awards of the country,[101] and will be honored by government during the celebration for his 80th birthday.[102] changiz mehdipour (چنگیز مهدیپور), born in Sheykh Hoseynlu, has significantly contributed to the revival and development of ashugh music. His book on the subject[103] attempts to adapt the ashugh music to the artistic taste of the contemporary audience.
- Khanali Siami (1953–2013) was a famous photographer.East Azarbaijan Province. Since 1910, Ravanbakhsh Leysi, a high school teacher from Kaleybar has followed the footsteps of Siami in Nature photography.[105]Most photos in this article were taken by him.
- Abbas Eslami (عباس بارز), known with his pen-name Barez, (1932–2011) was a great poet.[106] He described the melancholic demise of Qaradağ in a book titled mourning Sabalan ( ياسلي ساوالان).[56]
- Bahman Zamani, a rebel-poet, influenced the revolutionary generation of 1960-1980 by highlighting the pitiful state of Qaradağ due to the centralist policies of Pahlavi era. His most famous poem in this regard is Qaradağ(قرهداغ). Bahman is also famous for composing the song "Araz Araz Khan Araz" in the memory of Samad Behrangi.
- Sattar Golmohamadi and his nephew Mohamad Golmohamadi are contemporary poets, both dedicated their poems to the cultural identity of Qaradağ region. Mohamad Golmohamadi's poem, titled (قاراداغ اؤلکهسینین گؤر نئجه دیوانهسی ام), is a concise description of the region's cultural landscape.[107]
- Ayatollah Hojat (آیت الله العظمی سید محمد حجت کوهکمری) was one of the highest ranking clerics of the twentieth century. He was the supreme legal authority or the source of emulation for millions of Shia' Muslims before the Iranian Revolution.[108]
- Prof. Mahmoud Akhondi (محمود آخوندى) was born ii 1933. He is an eminent Swiss-trained law professor. His 10 volume book on criminal prosecution is a major textbook in Iranian law schools.[109]
- Colonel Husein Bybordi ( حسين بايبوردي ) was born in Ahar and retired from Army in 1959. He wrote and published two books on the history of Arasbaran.[25] This book is, perhaps, the only comprehensive original source on Arasbaran and the Bybordi tribe and its history as well as its migration.
- Ḥusayn Dūstī (حسین دوستی), was born in Ahar. He is a prolific writer of books dealing with Arasbaran.[110]
See also
- Ashik
- Babak Fort
- Karadagh khanate
- Karadagh rug
- List of biosphere reserves in Iran
Notes
- ^ or shortened to Arasbar (Persian: ارسبار, romanized: Arasbâr)
- ^ also spelled Karadagh and alternatively known as Qaraja dagh or Karaja dagh (Azerbaijani: Qaracadağ, قراجهداغ, lit. 'black-ish mountain')
References
- ^ "UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Directory".
- ^ "Qūshā Dāgh / Qusha Dagh, (IR24), Iran, Asia". travelingluck.com.
- ^ Oberling, Pierre. "The Tribes of Qarāca Dāġ: A Brief History." Oriens 17 (1964): p. 63
- ^ a b "UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory". www.unesco.org.
- ^ "Iran Ethnic Composition". columbia.edu. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
- ^ "Qaradagh's formation in Safavid era". Archived from the original on 6 April 2014.
- ^ Abu-'l-Qāsim Ibn-ʻAlī Ibn-Ḥauqal, The Oriental Geography of Ebn Haukal, an Arabian Traveller of the Tenth Century, London, 1800 pp.184-185.
- ^ TABNAK, تابناک. "نگاه شما: تصاویر زیبا از طبیعت کلیبر". تابناک TABNAK. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
- ^ Fekrdar, Sahar (21 March 2014). "Reporing from Arasbaran Paradise".
- ^ Kevin Alan Brook, The Jews of Khazaria, 2006, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, pp. 152-153
- ^ K. Farrokh, Iran at War: 1500-1988, 2011, Osprey Publishing
- ^ ‘Alī ibn al-Husayn al- Mas‘Ūdī, Pavet de Courteille, Les Prairies d'or de Maçoudi, 1873, Paris, vol. 7, p. 62
- ^ ‘Alī ibn al-Husayn al- Mas‘Ūdī, Pavet de Courteille, Les Prairies d'or de Maçoudi, 1873, Paris, vol. 7, p. 123
- ^ عز الدین ابن اثیر، تاریخ کامل، ۱۳۸۱، تهران، جلد نهم، صص. ۳۹۸۲-۴۰۱۲.
- ^ Yaqut ibn 'Abd Allah al-Rumi al-Hamawi, Charles Adrien Casimir Barbier de Meynard, Dictionnaire géographique, historique et littéraire de la Perse et des contrees adjacentes, 1851, Paris, pp. 87-88
- ^ Minorsky, Vladimir (1951), "The Georgian Maliks of Ahar." BSOAS vol. 13/4, pp. 868-77.
- ^ Yaqut ibn 'Abd Allah al-Rumi al-Hamawi, Charles Adrien Casimir Barbier de Meynard, Dictionnaire géographique, historique et littéraire de la Perse et des contrees adjacentes, 1851, Paris, p. 57
- ^ نزهةالقلوب ، حمداله مستوفی ، به کوشش محمد دبیر سیاقی ، انتشارات کتابخانه طهوری ، چاپ اول ، تهران ، ۱۳۳۶، ص. ۹۵.
- ^ Yaqut ibn 'Abd Allah al-Rumi al-Hamawi, Charles Adrien Casimir Barbier de Meynard, Dictionnaire géographique, historique et littéraire de la Perse et des contrees adjacentes, 1851, Paris, p. 493
- ^ نزهةالقلوب ، حمداله مستوفی ، به کوشش محمد دبیر سیاقی ، انتشارات کتابخانه طهوری ، چاپ اول ، تهران ، ۱۳۳۶، ص. ۹۶.
- ^ Kishwar Rizvi , The Safavid Dynastic Shrine: Architecture, Religion and Power in Early ..., 2011, I.B.Tauris, p. 161
- ^ Oberling, P. "Kangarlu". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
- ^ Richard Tappe, Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan, 1997, Cambridge University Press, p. 171
- OCLC 7975938.
- ^ a b سرهنگ حسین بایبوردی، "تاریخ ارسباران"، ابن سینا، تهران ۱۳۴۱
- ^ حسین دوستی، تاریخ و جغرافیای ارسباران,انتشارات احرار,تبریز,1373
- ^ ناصر صدقی،تاریخ اجتماعى و سیاسى ارسباران (قره داغ) در دوره معاصر، ۱۳۸۸، تبریز، نشر اختر.
- ^ سیدرضا آلمحمد، نامه ارسباران، ۱۳۹۱، تهران، کتابخانه موزه و اسناد مجلس شورای اسلامی.
- ^ Oberling, Pierre. "The Tribes of Qarāca Dāġ: A Brief History." Oriens 17 (1964): 60-95
- ^ a b Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
- ^ "Iranica: Ahar". Retrieved 9 September 2023.
- ^ Jamie Maslin, "Iranian Rappers and Persian Porn: A Hitchhiker's Adventures in the New Iran", 2009
- ^ "Arasbaran; the twentieth National Park". 19 May 2007.
- S2CID 86237386.
- S2CID 86031385.
- ^ "The largest water therapy facility of Iran". July 2023.
- ^ "آذربایجان شرقی". ایسنا. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
- ^ "Cornus mass Festival". 13 September 2013.
- ^ "The first pomegranate festival". Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
- ^ "The second pomegranate festival in Kaleybar". 23 October 2010.
- ^ "The first pomegranate festival in Mardanaqom". Archived from the original on 5 December 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
- ^ R. Khanam, Encycl. Ethnography Of Middle-East And Central Asia, 2005, p. 313
- ^ Bibliothèque orientale Elzévirienne, Volume 52; Volume 55, 1887 p.224.
- ^ Report on India and Persia of the deputation: sent by the Board of foreign missions of the Presbyterian church in the U.S.A. to visit these fields in 1921–22, p. 513
- ^ Tahmasebi, Asghar (2013). Pastoral Vulnerability to Socio-Political and Climate Stresses. LIT Verlag GmbH. p. 17.
- ^ Bainbridge, M. (2010). Turkic Peoples Of The World. Canada: Routledge. p. 148.
- ^ William Bayne Fisher (editor), The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 1, 1968 p.684
- ^ "Reverse migration in Khoda Afarin and Kaleybar Countie". Fars News Agency. 29 April 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
- ^ "Hamas Blasts West for Interference in Syria's Internal Affairs". Fars News Agency. Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
- ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, 2010, Elsevier, p. 110-113
- ^ James Stuart Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas, Nicholas Charles Pappas (Editors), An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires 1994, p. 623
- ^ E. Yarshater, Iranian Languages and Texts from Iran and Turan, edited by Maria Macuch, Mauro Maggi, Werner Sundermann, 2007, page 443.
- ^ Orhan Pamuk, Istanbul: Memories and the City, Random house (2004)
- ^ "U-M Web Hosting". websites.umich.edu. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
- ^ دوستی, حسین. همصدایی با شهریار. یاران.
- ^ a b اسلامی, عباس. یاسلی ساوالان. تبریز.
- ^ دلخون, سیف الله. قیزیل قیه یه سلام. مهد آزادی.
- ^ "I am madly in love with Qareh Dagh". Archived from the original on 29 March 2014.
- ^ Rafifar, Jalal. "Some indications of shamanism in Arasbaran rock carvings." Documenta Praehistorica 34 (2007): 203-13.
- ^ a b Rohozinski, J. E. R. Z. Y. (2003). "Healing and Foretelling Practices in Azerbaijan". ISIM Newsletter. 12: 1.
- .
- JSTOR 1177696.
- ^ Reinhol Loefler, Islam in Practice: Religious Beliefs in a Persian Village, State University of New York Press, 1988, p. 290
- ^ Orhan Pamuk,My Name Is Red, 2006, Random House LLC., Chap. 3
- ^ K K Goswam, Advances in Carpet Manufacture, 2008, Woodhead Publishing in Textiles, p. 148
- ^ Taqipour, Reza. "An introduction to verni". Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
- ^ "Kilim: Embodiment of Iranian art and culture". Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
- ^ "ورنی بافی | تیشینه همسفر باهوش شما". Retrieved 9 September 2023.
- ^ "Verni; a gold mine!". 16 September 2013.
- ^ "Verni; An economic opportunity for Qaradagh". Archived from the original on 12 March 2014.
- ^ محمد آراز، بلكه بويئرلره بيرده گلمهديم ، ۱۳۸۹، تبریز، نشر اختر
- ^ "پرتال عسل طبیعی مردانقم". Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
- ^ Andrew Burke, Iran, 2010, p. 159
- ^ Reza Shabani, Iranian History at a Glance, p. 108
- ^ "Jowshīn populated place, East Azarbaijan, Iran". ir.geoview.info.
- ^ تبریز, مدیر سایت روابط عمومی شهرداری. "قلعه جوشين - پرتال شهرداری تبریز". www.tabriz.ir (in Persian). Retrieved 19 December 2020.
- ^ "Iran Bazaars".
- ^ James Morier, A second journey through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople ..., 1818, p. 234
- ^ "Amir Arshad's residence". Archived from the original on 3 June 2015.
- ^ Ervand Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions, Princeton University Press, 1982 p.97
- ^ اسماعيل اميرخيزى، قيام آذربايجان و ستار خان، ۱۹۶۰، كتابفروشى تهران
- ^ حسین دوستى، "حماسه ها و حماسه سازان انقلاب مشروطيت: با تاءکید بر نقش مردم ارسباران (قره داغ)"، باران، ۲۰۰۶
- ^ نصرت الله فتحى،"ديدار همرزم ستارخان" ،گوتنبرگ ۱۹۷۳
- ^ پناهى سمنانى، "ستار خان: سردار ملى ونهضت مشروطه"، ۱۹۹۷، کتاب نمونه.
- ^ رحيم رئيسنيا، عبد الحسين ناهيد،"دو مبارز جنبش مشروطه: ستار خان، محمد خيابانى", ۱۹۷۰، انتشارات آگاه.
- ^ ناصر نجمى، "قيام بابك خرمدين", ۱۹۸۹ كانون معرفت
- ^ Rafie Hamidpour,Land of Lion, Land of Sun, 2010, authorHouse, Page 17
- ^ Abbas Amanat and Farzin Vejdani (Editors),"Iran Facing Others: Identity Boundaries in a Historical Perspective", 2012 Palgrave Macmillan, Chap. 3.
- ^ "امیر ارشد کوتاه در باره امیر ارشد قره داغی | قره داغ تورکلری – سایت سرگرمی تفریحی اهر". Archived from the original on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
- ^ Stephanie Cronin, 'The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society Under Riza Shah, 1921-1941', 2007, p. 207
- ^ Farah Pahlavi, Patricia Clancy, An Enduring Love: My Life with the Shah: A Memoir, 2005, Miramax Books
- ^ "Ahar Register Office". Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
- ^ Mosavi, Mir Jalaladddin. "A short biography of Dr. Qasem Ahari". Archived from the original on 20 February 2014.
- ^ vista. "۳۳۵نفری که اموالشان مصادره شد". ویستا (in Persian). Retrieved 19 December 2020.
- ^ "گنجینه اسناد". Archived from the original on 29 December 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Dominic Cobello, Mike Agassi, Kate Shoup Welsh, The Agassi Story, 2008,BCW PRESS
- ^ "Sign in - Google Accounts". accounts.google.com.
- ^ "GÜNEY AZƏRBAYCANIN AZADLIQ SƏSİ". Retrieved 9 September 2023.
- ^ "Ashik Rasool; the great artist". Archived from the original on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
- ^ "عاشیق حسن اسکندری و عاشیق رسول قربانی نشان تبریز را دریافت کردند | خبر فارسی". khabarfarsi.com. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
- ^ "Ashik Rasool's 80th birthday". Archived from the original on 29 April 2014.
- ^ "مجموعه كتاب مكتب قوپوز در زمینه موسیقی عاشیقی منتشر شد". Archived from the original on 7 April 2014.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Photos by R. Leysi". Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
- ^ "Abbas Barez". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
- ^ "شهرستان اهر - ادبیات شعر تورکی اهر". ahar90.tebyan.net. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
- ^ "آيت الله سيد محمد حجت". Retrieved 9 September 2023.
- ^ آخوندى, محمود (1376). آئين دادرسى کيفرى. سازمان چاپ و انتشارات، وزارت فرهنگ و ارشاد اسلامى.
- ^ "Hossein Dosti - Google Search". www.google.ca. Retrieved 9 September 2023.