Shaki Khanate
Shaki Khanate | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1743–1819 | |||||||||
Nukha (1772–1819) | |||||||||
| Common languages | Persian (administration, judiciary, and literature) Arabic (religious studies) Azerbaijani (locally) Lezgian (locally) Armenian (locally) | ||||||||
| Khan | |||||||||
• 1743–1755 | Haji Chalabi Khan (first) | ||||||||
• 1814–1819 | Ismail Khan Donboli (last) | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1743 | ||||||||
| 1813 | |||||||||
• Abolished by the Russian Empire | 1819 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The Shaki Khanate (also spelled Shakki; Persian: خانات شکی, romanized: Khānāt-e Shakkī) was a khanate under Iranian and later Russian suzerainty, which controlled the town of Shaki and its surroundings, now located in present-day Azerbaijan.
History
Since 1551,
Following Nader Shah's assassination in 1747, Iran fell into turmoil, especially in the South Caucasus. There the Georgians and local khans fought over land.
In their upcoming battle against Haji Chalabi Khan, Heraclius II and Teimuraz II made an alliance with the following khans; Ahmad Khan Donboli of Khoy, Panah Ali Khan of Karabakh, Kazem Khan of Qaradagh, and Shahverdi Khan of Ganja. However, before the battle started, Heraclius II and Teimuraz II had all the khans imprisoned, demanding them to submit to their rule and pay tribute. Near Shamkhor, Haji Chalabi Khan encountered the Georgian kings, defeated them, and freed the khans who were being held captive. A second Georgian offensive against Haji Chalabi Khan near the Alazani river also failed.[8]
In 1755, Haji Chalabi Khan died and was succeeded by his son
By 1762, the Zand ruler Karim Khan Zand (r. 1751–1779) had established his authority across most of Iran,[10] and was eventually acknowledged by Georgia and the various khans of the South Caucasus as their suzerain.[11] In 1772, Muhammad Husayn Khan Mushtaq was compelled to relocate his capital to the nearby village of Nukha.[8]
Even though Haji Chalabi Khan's descendants were to retain rule over the Shaki Khanate according to the 1805 agreement,
Ismail Khan Donboli was an unpopular khan, and after his death in 1819, the Russian Empire abolished the Shaki Khanate.[2] This led to all the sons of the khan to flee to Iran. Suleiman Khan, one of the sons, returned to Russia in the late 1820s, and enlisted in the Russian army. He was among those dispatched to Warsaw, and the tsar also met him in 1841. However, he returned to Iran in the early 1840s and was even given a gift by the shah. Russian authorities intended to fire Suleiman Khan because they were angered by what they saw as betrayal. Suleiman Khan ultimately turned himself in to the Russian embassy in Tabriz, claiming that his family in Iran had forced him to stay there.[15]
Administration
The administrative and literary language in the Shaki Khanate until the end of the 19th century was Persian, with Arabic being used only for religious studies.[16] Persian was also spoken in the judiciary.[17] The khanate produced its own coins, first in the name of Nader Shah and then in the name of Karim Khan. A large portion of their coinage was completely nameless by the end of the 18th-century. While a few uncommon issues of Derbent contain a vague reference to one of their khans, none of the khans ever put their names on their coins,[18] due to lacking the legitimacy of an sovereign monarch and any claims to independence.[19] These northern Iranian coins were made entirely of silver and copper.[18]
Demographics
The population mainly consisted of Turkic-speaking groups, and a minority of Lezgians, Armenians, and Mountain Jews.[20]
List of khans
- 1743–1755: Haji Chalabi Khan
- 1755–1759: Agha Kishi Beg
- 1759–1780: Muhammad Husayn Khan
- 1780–1783: Haji Abdulqadir Khan
- 1783–1795: Muhammad Hasan Khan (first time)
- 1795–1797: Salim Khan (first time)
- 1797–1802: Muhammad Hasan Khan (second time)
- 1805: Fath-Ali Khan (first time)
- 1802–1805: Salim Khan (second time)
- 1806: Fath-Ali Khan (second time)
- 1806–1814: Jafar Qoli Khan Donboli
- 1814–1819: Ismail Khan Donboli
Notes
- ^ According to the Iranian-American historian George Bournoutian: "The term mahal can be translated as "district," "area," or "zone." Occasionally it can be translated as "quarter," although mahalle is the more appropriate term for quarter. "District" is the most accepted translation for mahal."[9]
References
- ^ a b Bournoutian 2021, p. 253.
- ^ a b c Minorsky & Bosworth 1997.
- ^ Bournoutian 1976, p. 23.
- ^ Bournoutian 2016a, p. xvii.
- ^ Hambly 1991, pp. 145–146.
- ^ Bournoutian 2016b, p. 107.
- ^ Bournoutian 2021, pp. 253–254.
- ^ a b c Bournoutian 2021, p. 254.
- ^ Bournoutian 1994, p. 33 (see note 26).
- ^ Bournoutian 2021, p. 10.
- ^ Bournoutian 2021, p. 234.
- ^ a b Bournoutian 2021, p. 141.
- ^ a b Dawud & Oberling 1995, pp. 492–495.
- ^ Bournoutian 2021, p. 144.
- ^ Deutschmann 2015, p. 29.
- ^ Bournoutian 1994, p. 1.
- ^ Swietochowski 2004, p. 12.
- ^ a b Matthee, Floor & Clawson 2013, p. 170.
- ^ Akopyan & Petrov 2016, pp. 1–2.
- ^ Tsutsiev 2014, p. 4.
Sources
- Akopyan, Alexander; Petrov, Pavel (2016). "The Coinage of Īrawān, Nakhjawān, Ganja and Qarabāḡ Khānates in 1747–1827". State Hermitage: 1–9.
- ISBN 978-0755637379.
- ISBN 978-0-933273-47-4.
- ISBN 978-0-939214-18-1.
- Bournoutian, George (1994). A History of Qarabagh: An Annotated Translation of Mirza Jamal Javanshir Qarabaghi's Tarikh-e Qarabagh. Mazda Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56859-011-0.
- Bournoutian, George (2016a). The 1820 Russian Survey of the Khanate of Shirvan: A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of an Iranian Province prior to its Annexation by Russia. Gibb Memorial Trust. ISBN 978-1-909724-80-8.
- Bournoutian, George (2016b). "Prelude to War: The Russian Siege and Storming of the Fortress of Ganjeh, 1803–4". Iranian Studies. 50 (1). Taylor & Francis: 107–124. S2CID 163302882.
- Bournoutian, George (2021). From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813. ISBN 978-90-04-44515-4.
- Dawud, Ali Al-e; Oberling, Pierre (1995). "Donbolī". In ISBN 978-1-56859-023-3.
- Deutschmann, Moritz (2015). Iran and Russian Imperialism: The Ideal Anarchists, 1800-1914. Routledge. OCLC 945764907.
- Hambly, Gavin R. G. (1991). "Iran during the reigns of Fath 'Alī Shāh and Muhammad Shāh". In ISBN 0-521-20095-4.
- Matthee, Rudi; Floor, Willem; Clawson, Patrick (2013). The Monetary History of Iran: From the Safavids to the Qajars. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85772-172-3.
- ISBN 978-90-04-10422-8.
- ISBN 978-0-521-52245-8.
- Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300153088.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
