Navy diver (United States Navy)

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Navy Diver
U.S. Navy enlisted rating insignia
Issued byUnited States Navy
TypeEnlisted rating
AbbreviationND
SpecialtyDiving
Harbor clearance
Experimental diving
Ship husbandry
Submarine rescue
Special Operations support
Underwater Construction Teams
Mark V dive suit in the Naval History and Heritage Command at the Washington Navy Yard, Washington D.C.
Seabee divers at Gavutu, Solomon Islands, Nov. 8, 1943 installing a marine railway.
bulldozers
to pull the sub ashore after placing dynamite to break the mud suction force holding it.

A United States Navy diver refers to a service personnel that may be a restricted fleet line (Engineering Duty) officer,

Navy SEALs, Marine Corps, and Navy EOD
diving commands.

The U.S. Navy is the lead agency in military diving technology and training within the

U.S. Department of Defense. The foundation of the Navy diving program consists of the Navy Diver (ND) rating for enlisted personnel who perform diving as their occupational specialty in the Navy.[1]

History through World War II

The US Navy began employing divers in the middle of the 1800s; these were mostly swimmers and skin divers using techniques that had not been altered for hundreds of years. Duties included the salvage and repair of ships, construction work and military operations, including the

Confederate States forces to prevent entrance to the bay.[2]

In 1898, Navy divers were briefly involved in an international crisis when the second-class armored battleship

Court of Inquiry
was convened, the reason for the sinking was not found.

As American technology expanded in the early 1900s the US Navy developed an interest in submarine warfare. However, throughout the period of 1912–1939, the development of the Navy's F-class, H-class and S-class submarines was marred by a series of accidents, collisions, and sinkings. As a result of these submarine disasters a corresponding growth in the Navy's diving capability was developed.

Until 1912, US Navy divers rarely went below 60 FSW (feet of seawater). There is little documentation that the Navy had a diving program prior to 1912.[3] In that year, Chief Gunner George D. Stillson set up a program to test Haldane's diving tables and methods of stage decompression. A companion goal of the program was to develop improvements in Navy diving equipment. Throughout a three-year period, first diving in tanks ashore and then in open water in Long Island Sound from USS Walke,[3] Navy divers went progressively deeper.

The publication of the first US Navy Diving Manual[4] in 1916 and the establishment of a Navy Diving School at Newport, Rhode Island were the direct outgrowth of experience gained in the test program and the USS F-4 salvage. When the United States entered World War I, the staff and graduates of the school were sent to Europe, where they conducted a number of salvage operations along the French coast.[5]

On 24 May 1939 four divers would earn the Medal of Honor rescuing 33 men off the sunken USS Squalus. When the Squalus went down twelve divers from the Experimental Diving Unit were part of the rescue. Those directly involved in the most dangerous aspects of the rescue received the medals.

WWII brought with it an expanded need for divers that began immediately after the December 7, 1941 Japanese

PBY being flown to Hawaii.[6]
Their first priority was to save lives, despite considerable effort they only found dead. They were attached to the Naval Salvage and Repair Unit created at Pearl Harbor where divers logged over 16,000 hours under diving officer Commander Haynes.
Naval Construction Battalion arrived in Pearl Harbor her divers were tasked to the recovery of USS Oklahoma as well.[11] Two steelworkers from CB 3 had previously been certified to dive with the Salvage and Repair Unit on USS West Virginia, however they were recalled because their commanding officer objected to the pay they received.[12] This led to no more volunteers from outside the Salvage Unit being trained to dive with the Salvage Unit.[12] At Pearl Harbor the diving assignments were split civilian/military with the civilians outside the vessels and USN inside. The divers from Destroyer Repair Unit 1 are credited with creating the arc-oxygen underwater cutting torch.[13] A diving task at Pearl Harbor was the recovery of bodies.[14] It was a gruesome task that was eventually stopped as bodies would simply come apart when disturbed, from being submerged too long.[15]

The creation of Naval Construction Battalions to build advance bases in the

dredges productive.[19] However, the divers of CB 96 used 1,727,250 lbs of dynamite to blast 423,300 cubic yards (323,600 m3) of coral for the ship repair facility on Manicani Island, as an element of the Naval Operating Base Leyte-Samar.[20] Their primary diving gear was modified Navy Mk III and Navy Mk IV gas masks.[20]

The war itself produced an unending demand for underwater ship repair and salvage. In

drydock. Divers from USS Navajo were there too with their underwater cutters working on USS New Orleans. Their salvage work in combat zones got a fleet tug a Battle Star. Two divers plus their support teams were put aboard USS Seminole in response to a secret dispatch from Commander South Service Force Pacific. Each of the submarine rescue ships had divers assigned too. USS Florikan was sent to Kiska Harbor after divers off USS Ute confirmed the Japanese submarine I-7 was lying on the bottom in ten fathoms (18 m) of water. Seven divers off the Florikan salvaged intelligence materials from the sub.[21] Earlier in the year, at Kamimbo Bay, USS Ortolan divers recovered a pile of documents off the partially sunk Japanese submarine I-1 that was turned over to intelligence. The clearance of Manila harbor was a huge project where divers led by master diver Joseph S. Karneke from USS Chanticleer repeated the action. There they salvaged code books, maps of Japanese fortifications on Luzon plus 500,000 yen; it was a major intelligence coup.[22][23] When Chanticleer first left the States part of its mission was to provide diver training to the fleet based out of Freemantle, Australia. The US Navy out of Australia sent divers down to recover intelligence off the Japanese submarine I-124
in just four fathoms (7.3 m) of water.

When the Japanese took the Philippines a couple of the prisoners were USN divers, one was

Pesos off USS Teak.[24]

During WWII, "diver" was a qualification not a rate. First class divers could work 300 ft (91 m) depths while salvage and second class divers were qualified down to 150 ft (46 m).

Adjusted for inflation that converts to $72/hr in 2020. The qualification diver 2nd class paid $10 per month, salvage diver paid $12 per month, 1st class paid $15 per month. First class divers also drew "footage" of $15 plus $.05/ft at 120 ft (37 m). Master divers drew $20 plus up to $10 "footage".[3] A few months after Pearl Harbor Congress authorized a change so that divers were paid $5.00/hr for any dive certified "extremely hazardous".[12] All dives to salvage ships at Pearl Harbor were given that designation.[12]

Post World War II

130413-N-GG400-043 Diver 3rd Class Jacob Laman of MDSU 2, wearing the Kirby Morgan 37 dive helmet used today for deep diving
Divers off USS Preserver preparing to do a visual survey of USS Saratoga at Bikini atoll in 1947

At

Task Unit TU 1.2.7 (salvage unit) of the Joint Task Force 1: USS Clamp,[25] USS Conserver,[25]: 308–9  USS Coucal,[25]
: 311–12 
radioactive hot spots.[26]

The Korean War brought development to USN diving. In October 1950 USS Pledge struck a mine in Wosan harbor and sank. A UDT diver using an Aqualung located and marked the ships location for surface supported hard hat divers to return and destroy the classified materials on board. That was the first tactical use of scuba gear by the U.S. Navy. For the UDTs it marked a transitional change in their mission model and for the Navy it changed thinking of diving as a solely non-combat task.

The United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit is located at Panama City, Florida. There unit is composed of 120 service personnel drawn from numerous components of the Navy. It is their job to execute the U.S. military's special diving tasks like saturation diving.

Tektite I assembled by Amphibious Construction Battalion 2 (ACB 2)
SEALAB III, artist's drawing

During the 1960s the Navy had divers involved in two submersed projects, Tektite and SEALAB I, II, and III. On 28 January 1969 a detachment of 50 men[29] from Amphibious Construction Battalion 2 plus 17 Seabee divers began installation of the Tektite habitat in Great Lameshur Bay at Lameshur, U.S. Virgin Islands.[30] The Tektite program was funded by NASA and was the first scientists-in-the-sea program sponsored by the US government.[31] The Tektite project was a product of the Cold War. It caused the US Navy to realize the need for a permanent Underwater Construction capability that led to the formation the Seabee Underwater Construction Teams.[32]

SEALAB was led by Captain George F. Bond with divers from the fleet. SEALAB I, II, and III were experimental underwater habitats developed by the United States Navy in the 1960s to prove the viability of saturation diving and humans living in isolation for extended periods of time. The knowledge gained from the SEALAB expeditions helped advance the science of deep sea diving and rescue, and contributed to the understanding of the psychological and physiological strains humans can endure. USN Aquanauts of note include Robert Sheats, Robin Cook, Alan Shepard, Scott Carpenter and Robert Barth.

In 1966 a

hydrogen bombs. USS Hoist, USS Petrel and USS Tringa brought 150 divers who searched down to 350 ft (110 m) without locating the weapons.[33] DSV Alvin located them at a depth of 2,550 feet (780 m).[33]

Still in service, USS Chanticleer was involved with

Tra Bong River for a missing Squad of Marines that the Marines wanted back no matter what.[34] Their efforts made the Stars and Stripes
Pacific edition.

In the 1970s Navy divers took part in

CIA
operation. Since the divers did not have the security clearances needed they were given a story for the mission.

In 1975 the first female hard hat diver to be qualified was Donna Tobias. Ten years later

Robert Dean Stethem
was killed by
Beirut. The Navy named USS Stethem
DDG-63 in his honor.

In the 1980s

Swiss Air Flight 111 and the Space Shuttles Challenger and Columbia
.

Post Vietnam the DOD has made an effort to recover the missing remains of US service personnel. In 2010 MDSU divers searched at Quynh Phuong, Vietnam for the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command or JPAC. They dove the Mediterranean for WWII remains in 2012.[35] In 2018 MDSU divers were again requested by the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency or DPAA, which had absorbed JPAC. The divers were sent to the Palau group where WWII aircraft were known to have gone down.

The I 35 bridge collapse in Minneapolis had MDSU divers working with the Army Corps of Engineers.

In 2003 Divers from MDSU 1 and SUPSALV were given the task to remove 2,000,000 US gallons (7,600,000 L) of

Interstate 35 bridge collapsed into the Mississippi River. In 2011 the divers of Mobile Diving Salvage Unit 1 along with USCG and SUPSALV divers were tasked with the clearance of 72,500 US gallons (274,000 L) of bunker fuel from the wreck of USS Chehalis in Pago Pago Harbor. MDSU 1 was called in 2018 to repeat the action on 250,000 US gallons (950,000 L) on the WWII German cruiser Prinz Eugen. The ship had been sink in the atomic tests of Operation Crossroads.[38]

Distinguished Diver list:

  • William Badders Chief Machinist mate
  • Carl Brashear Master Chief Boatswains Mate
  • Orson Leon Crandall Chief Boatswains Mate
  • Owen Francis Patrick Hammerberg
    Boatswains mate 2nd Class
  • James Harper McDonald Chief Metalsmith
  • John Mihalowski Chief Torpedoman
  • Chief Machinist mate Edward Raymer[39] (was the senior NCO of the first divers sent to Pearl Harbor after the attack, retired with the rank of Commander)
  • 29 Divers received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for having over 100 hours in dive time at Pearl Harbor.[40]
  • 2 Divers received the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for diving during gale-force winds, in sub-freezing temps, snow, and possible air attack (including a nine-hour dive in 36 °F (2 °C) water).[41]

Training and ratings

The Schools

After completion of recruit training or acceptance in the Navy diver program from the Fleet, individuals will go to Naval Training Center, Great Lakes, for Diver Preparation Course (32 training days, including 20 days of basic electrical and engineering courses). Upon completion of the training, candidates will go to Naval Diving and Salvage Training Center (NDSTC) in Panama City, Florida, for Second Class Dive School, which is 70 training days long.[42]

The center has 22 different courses of instruction for roughly 1300 students annually. On average, there are 300 students in training at any given time. The training center conducts approximately ten thousand dives each year.[42]

The NDSTC is divided into Fleet and specialized sections. Regardless of their section, all candidates receive instruction in:

Fleet Training

Upon completion of Second Class Dive School service personnel are assigned to one of the Navy Diver Units to develop their diving and salvage skills. Underwater ship repair, salvage, or construction can be done using either SCUBA equipment or a surface-supplied diving system. Training for Diving Medical Officers and diving medical technicians is also part of Fleet training.

Advanced Training

Many experienced divers return to NDSTC for further course work so they can qualify as First Class divers or as Master divers. The first-class dive school is approximately 12 weeks in length. During training, students are subjected to numerous drills and tests. Some of the subjects include:

Hyperbaric Chamber, SCUBA, MK-16 Rebreather, Surface Supplied Air, and Mixed Gas Supervisor. Students are taught how to diagnose diving-related illnesses
as well as handling system emergencies. While attending First Class Dive School students are put through Master Diver Evaluations. The evaluations consist of a number of challenging scenarios. Only a select few will qualify. Master diver is a qualification that is difficult to achieve.

Specialized Training

A Navy diver gets specialized training in demolition and mixed-gas diving.[42]

Navy divers work in extreme conditions, performing various underwater tasks ranging from underwater ship repair, underwater salvage and special operations/special warfare type diving. Because their area of operations are so varied, they can be required to utilize any type of diving equipment for use in any depth or temperature in any part of the world. Certain diving qualification allows NDs to live and work at extreme depths for days or weeks at a time, a discipline known as saturation diving.

Navy enlisted personnel that graduate from second class or first class dive school; and ultimately

master diver
comprise the Navy Diver rating. NDs are the in-water operators and supervisors for the various mission areas mentioned previously as their primary day to day mission is that of in-water operator and/or supervisor. There are three enlisted diving badges/qualifications in the ND rating:

  • Second class diver - E-4 to E-5 personnel. This is the basic diving qualification in the ND rating, awarded upon completion of ND 'A' School (pin awarded upon warfare qualification). Primary duties are to serve as in-water operators during various missions.
  • First class diver - E-6 to E-8 personnel. Advanced diving qualification awarded upon completion of ND 'C' School. In addition to duties as a second class diver, first class divers serve as diving and chamber treatment supervisors.
  • Master diver - The highest enlisted diving position in the Navy. Awarded upon successful completion of the master diver course which includes exceptionally demanding diving operational problems and acceptance by a master diver board. Oversees diving operations and train/qualify diving supervisors.

Personnel in the CEC Seabee ratings can qualify as underwater construction technician (UCT). Like other Navy divers, UCTs are primary in-water operators that conduct underwater construction and demolitions. The three qualification that the various rate can obtain with are as follows: Basic Underwater Construction Technician/ NEC 5932 (2nd Class Diver), Advanced Underwater Construction Technician/ NEC 5931 (1st Class Diver), and Master Underwater Construction Technician/ NEC 5933 (Master diver).[43]

Navy

hospital corpsmen
can qualify as a diving medical technician (DMT), where they are given training in medical aspects of diving. Primary responsibilities are to provide medical advice and treatment to diving personnel. They also instruct members of the diving team in first aid procedures when the presence of diving medical personnel is indicated.

Additionally, there is a scuba diver qualification primarily for those stationed on submarines to serve as sub divers in a limited capacity. Navy scuba divers are also trained at NDSTC at a 5-week course. Their duties consist primarily of conducting occasional inspections on the submarine they are stationed on. Scuba divers maintain their traditional Navy rating such as ET or MM; their diving Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) is a collateral duty, not their primary one.

U.S. navy diver physical fitness test

Diving medical personnel evaluate the fitness of divers before operations begin and are prepared to handle any emergencies which might arise. They also observe the condition of other support personnel and are alert for signs of fatigue, overexposure, and heat exhaustion. The physical fitness test has been shown to be a poor predictor of job task performance.[44]

The test consists of the following carried out in the order given:[45]

  1. Swim 500 yards (or 450 m) utilizing only combat side stroke or breast stroke within 12 minutes 30 seconds (candidates are allowed to push off the sides when turning. However, if the candidate uses the bottom to stand or rest, they will fail the test).
  2. 10-minute rest period.
  3. Perform 50 push-ups within 2 minutes (Upper arms must parallel deck at dip and arms locked out at the top of the rep).
  4. 2-minute rest period.
  5. Perform 50 sit-ups within 2 minutes (Bent knees. Candidates hands must stay on the collarbone and the elbows must touch the knees).
  6. 2-minute rest period.
  7. Perform 6 pull-ups within 2 minutes (no kipping or swinging is allowed and the chin must clear the top of the bar on each repetition).
  8. 10-minute rest period.
  9. Run 1.5 miles (2.414 km) within 12 minutes 30 seconds.

Note: The times and quantities listed are for passing the screening test only. Each candidate's scores are submitted and the candidates with the top scores along with ASVAB exam scores will be selected and given a navy diver contract. Passing the physical fitness test is necessary but by no means guarantees the candidate a contract.

Health impact

A study published in 2011 by the Navy Experimental Diving Unit reviewed the long-term health impact on the U.S. Navy diving population.[46] The divers surveyed participated as divers for an average of 18 years out of their average 24 active duty years.[46] Sixty percent of the divers surveyed were receiving disability compensation.[46] One in seven of the divers had experienced neurologic symptoms of decompression sickness, with 41% of the divers experiencing one or more of the nine diving injuries surveyed.[46] Seven percent of the surveyed divers had undergone a joint replacement.[46] Eighty-six percent of the divers rated their health as "Excellent, Very Good, or Good".[46] When compared to the general population, the divers showed better mental health but poorer physical health.[46]

Ratings and enlisted designators

The navy diver rating was announced in Naval Administration Message 003/06 and consists of sailors with the following NECs:

  • NEC 5341 – master diver[47]
  • NEC 5342 – first class diver[47]
  • NEC 5343 – second class diver[47]

The effective date of the ND rating was June 1, 2006 for E6-E9 (senior

non-commissioned officers
), and October 1, 2006, for E1-E5 junior enlisted.

  • E4 (ND3) – Navy diver third class
  • E5 (ND2) – Navy diver second class
  • E6 (ND1) – Navy diver first class
  • E7 (NDC) – Chief Navy diver
  • E8 (NDCS) – Senior Chief Navy diver
  • E9 (NDCM) – Master Chief Navy diver

Officer designators

Designation as a Diving Officer for selected:MILPERSMAN 1210-140[48]

  • Unrestricted Line (117X, 112X)[48]
  • Restricted Line/Staff Corps (146X, 144X, 210X, 510X)[48]
  • Limited Duty (61XX, 648X, 653X)[48]
  • Warrant (71XX, 72XX, 748X, 753X)[48]
  • 1440 – Engineering Duty (restricted line) Officer[48]
  • 510x – Civil Engineer Corps (staff) Officer[48]
  • 720x – Diving (warrant) Officer[48]
  • Underwater welding
    Underwater welding
  • SEAL operations
    SEAL operations
  • Salvage Operations
    Salvage Operations
  • Atmospheric diving suit
    Atmospheric diving suit
  • Harbor clearance
    Harbor clearance
  • EOD Cast and recovery exercise
    EOD Cast and recovery exercise
  • SCUBA
    SCUBA
  • Closed circuit
    Closed circuit
  • Saturation diving
    Saturation diving
  • Explosive ordnance disposal
    Explosive ordnance disposal
  • Disaster recovery
    Disaster recovery

See also

References

  1. ^ "Navy Expeditionary Combat Command – Diving". www.public.navy.mil. Retrieved 2016-09-25.
  2. ^ Salty Dog Old School (February 7, 2020). "Navy Diver: A Tradition of Honor!". Crows Nest website.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Navy Divers, Bureau of Naval Personnel Information Bulletin, All Hands, September 1944, pp. 26–30, Evansville Vanderburgh Public Library, Indiana [1]
  4. ^ US Navy diving manual Revision 7, SS521-AG-PRO-010 0910-LP-115-1921, COMMANDER, NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND, U.S. GPO, Washington DC [2]
  5. ^ "Navy Expeditionary Combat Command – Diver History". www.public.navy.mil. Retrieved 2016-09-25.
  6. ^ I San Diego, Decent into Darkness, Cdr. Edward C. Raymer, Naval Institute Press, 291 Wood Rd, Annapolis, MD, 1996, p. 12
  7. ^ Navy and Marine Corps Medal: Howard E. Haynes, Hall of Valor: The Military Medals Database website, 2021 [3]
  8. ^ Diving Seabees, IV USS West Virginia, Decent into Darkness, Cdr. Edward C. Raymer, Naval Institute Press, 291 Wood Rd, Annapolis, MD, 1996, p. contents
  9. ^ Salvage Diary from I March-1942-15 November 1943 pdf, Industrial Department War Daiary Collection, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) in San Bruno, California
  10. ^ Salvage Begins: II USS Nevada, Decent into Darkness, Cdr. Edward C. Raymer, Naval Institute Press, 291 Wood Rd, Annapolis, MD, 1996, p.29
  11. ^ 16th Naval Construction Battalion, Seabee Museum Archives, Port Hueneme, CA., p. 7 [4]
  12. ^ a b c d Diving Seabees, IV USS West Virginia, Decent into Darkness, Cdr. Edward C. Raymer, Naval Institute Press, 291 Wood Rd, Annapolis, MD, 1996, p.126-7
  13. ^ Diver's Ingenuity: II USS Nevada, Decent into Darkness, Cdr. Edward C. Raymer, Naval Institute Press, 291 Wood Rd, Annapolis, MD, 1996, p.32
  14. ^ Pearl Harbor Navy salvage diver Ken Hartle dies at 103, Navy Times, January 28, 2017 [5]
  15. ^ Recovery of Bodies: USS Arizona, Decent into Darkness, Cdr. Edward C. Raymer, Naval Institute Press, 291 Wood Rd, Annapolis, MD, 1996, p. 82-5
  16. ^ Naval Construction Battalion 4 records, Navy Seabee Museum Archives, Port Hueneme CA, p. 6 [6]
  17. ^ Water Temperature Table of the Alaska Coast, National Centers for Environmental Information, last updated: Sat Jun 06, 23:02:52 UTC 2020
  18. ^ a b c "Naval Construction Battalions".
  19. ^ 301st Naval Construction Battalion cruisebook, U.S. Navy Seabee Museum Archives, Port Hueneme,CA, 2020-01-22, p. 60, 61 [7]
  20. ^ a b CEC Bulletin, Vol. 2 February 1948 No. 15, Lt jg. Cushing Phillips, p. 45 [8]
  21. ^ Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander (2017). "IJN Submarine I-7: Tabular Record of Movement". combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  22. ^ Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II, John Prados, Naval Institute Press, 2001
  23. ^ Navy Diver, Joseph S. Karneke, Ace Publishing, January 1, 1962
  24. ^ a b c Corregidor Treasures, Philippine Sailor, Karl-Wilhelm Welteke, July 2018 [9]
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Appendix A: Activities of Participating Navy Vessels During Operation Crossroads , DNA 6032F Operation Crossroads 1946, United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests Nuclear Test Personnel Review, L. Berkhouse, J.H. Hallowell, F.W. McMullan, S.E. Davis, C.B. Jones, M.J. Osborne, F.R. Gladeck, E.J. Martin, Defense Nuclear Agency, Washington D.C., 1984, p.305-7 [10]
  26. ^ a b DNA 6032F Operation Crossroads 1946, United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests Nuclear Test Personnel Review, L. Berkhouse, J.H. Hallowell, F.W. McMullan, S.E. Davis, C.B. Jones, M.J. Osborne, F.R. Gladeck, E.J. Martin, Defense Nuclear Agency, Washington D.C., 1984, p. 189 [11]
  27. ^ References: Section C:Target ships, DNA 6032F Operation Crossroads 1946, United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests Nuclear Test Personnel Review, L. Berkhouse, J.H. Hallowell, F.W. McMullan, S.E. Davis, C.B. Jones, M.J. Osborne, F.R. Gladeck, E.J. Martin, Defense Nuclear Agency, Washington D.C., 1984, p.249 [12]
  28. ^ The raising of the Skipjack (SS-184) after the atomic blast sunk it during Shot B of Operation Crossroads at Bikini, NavSource Online: Submarine Photo Archive, photograph courtesy of flickr.com via Don Cochrane [13]
  29. ^ All Hands, 8 June 1969, Number 629, Navy Dept. Washington, DC. p. 39
  30. ^ Seabeemagazine online
  31. ^ "Project Tektite: The Aquanauts That Lived in the Sea". August 11, 2016.
  32. ^ US Navy Seabee Museum online magazine, "Project Tektite and the Birth of the Underwater Construction Teams" by Dr. Frank A. Blazich Jr., Historian, US Navy Seabee Museum
  33. ^ a b Contact 261, Captain Lewis B. Melson USN, United States Naval Institute Proceedings, June 1967, p. 37 [14]
  34. ^ Seabee 71 in Chu Lai, David H. Lyman, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2019
  35. ^ US Navy Divers, alongside the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, DVIDS, Ensign Martin Carey, 10.18.2012 [15]
  36. ^ S0300-B6-RPT-010, 0910-LP-102-8809 U.S. NAVY SALVAGE REPORT USS MISSISSINEWA OIL REMOVAL OPERATIONS, COMMANDER, NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND, Captain Jim Wilkins, USN Director of Ocean Engineering, Supervisor of Salvage and Diving, May 2004 [16]
  37. ^ S0800-AC-RPT-010, 0910-LP-105-8672 U.S. NAVY SALVAGE REPORT HURRICANES KATRINA AND RITA, Commander, Naval Sea Systems Command Richard Hooper Captain, USN Director of Ocean Engineering, Supervisor of Salvage and Diving, January 2007 [17]
  38. ^ U.S. Navy Divers Recover Oil from Wrecked WWII Prinz Eugen, Lt. Clyde Shavers, CTF73/Destroyer Squadron 7 Public Affairs, Commander US 7th Fleet web page, Oct. 14, 2018
  39. ^ Edward C. Raymer: Navy and Marine Corps Medal, Hall of Valor Project, 2021 [18]
  40. ^ Navy and Marine Corps Medal, All Hands April 1944, Bureau of Naval Personnel Bulletin, U.S.Navy Washington D.C., p.55 [19]
  41. ^ Navy and Marine Corps Medal, All Hands December 1943, Bureau of Naval Personnel Bulletin, U.S.Navy Washington D.C., p.58 [20]
  42. ^ a b c d "Diver Training". www.public.navy.mil. Retrieved 2016-09-25.
  43. ^ "Navy Seabee UCT Diver Challenge Program". www.navycs.com.
  44. ^ Marcinik, EJ; Hyde, DE; Taylor, WF (1994). "Development of job-related physical selection criteria for U.S. Navy fleet divers". Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine. 21. Archived from the original on November 21, 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-21.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  45. ^ Staff (6 Jan 2013). "SEAL/EOD/SWCC/DIVER/AIRR Physical Screening Testing Standards and Procedures" (PDF). MILPERSMAN 1220 - 410. BUPERS - 324 ). pp. 1–10. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
  46. ^ a b c d e f g Chung, J; Brugger, J; Curley, M; Wallick, M; Perkins, R; Regis, D; Latson, G (2011). "Health survey of U.S. Navy divers from 1960 to 1990: A first look". US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report 2011-11. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-21.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  47. ^ a b c NAVPERSCOM (PERS - 401D H ) ND "A" School Coordinator (30 May 2013). "Navy Diver ( ND ) Rating" (PDF). MILPERSMAN 1220 - 100. BUPERS - 32 4F Enlisted Community Manager. p. 3. Retrieved 6 April 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h DIVING OFFICER, MILSPERMAN 1210-140, CNO, 22 Aug 2002, p.1-6

Sources

External links

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