Ninimma
Ninimma | |
---|---|
Divine scribe, scholar or librarian | |
Member of the court of Enlil | |
Major cult center | Nippur |
Personal information | |
Parents |
|
Spouse | Kusibanda or Ninurta |
Children | Uttu (in a variant of the myth Enki and Ninmah) |
Ninimma was a
Character
Ninimma's history has been characterized as long and complex.[1] The meaning of the second element of her name, written in cuneiform as SIG7 (correct reading is confirmed by phonetic spellings in lexical lists and other sources[2]) remains unknown, with past proposals including "green growth," "brick," or a pun on a term referring to the vulva.[3] A further possibility is that the name was understood as dnin-im-ak, "lady of clay" or "lady of the clay tablet".[4] Her role as a goddess associated with scribal arts is well attested.[5] According to Julia Krul this was the oldest aspect of her character.[1] Christopher Metcalf characterizes her as a goddess associated with wisdom and writing who was "appealing to the mind of an ancient scholar of Sumerian literature."[6] She has been variously described as fulfilling the role of a divine scholar, scribe[7] or librarian by modern authors.[5]
A further role attested for Ninimma is that of a goddess of birth.
From the
A possible reference to an association between Ninimma and a type of birds (KUR.GImušen; translation uncertain, possibly
While the view that Ninimma was primarily a male deity is not considered credible today,
Associations with other deities
As of 1999, the only known text directly referring to Ninimma's parentage is a variant of the myth Enki and Ninhursag, according to which her parents were Enki and Ninkurra.[17] A hymn published in 2019 also identifies this god as her father, though only indirectly, but her mother is left nameless.[9] In Seleucid Uruk, Ninimma instead came to be viewed as one of the seven children of Enmesharra.[1] This tradition most likely was not yet known in earlier periods, and relied on equating her with the deity Zisummu, well attested in this role.[18] According to Karen Focke, in the god list An = Anum Ninimma is labeled as a sister of Ninurta, which would make her a daughter of Enlil, who is also called her father in a Neo-Assyrian incantation.[19] However, based on the recently published hymn, which refers to her as Ninurta's wife, Christopher Metcalf has challenged this interpretation, pointing out that only a single manuscript of An = Anum refers to Ninimma as nin dnin-[urta]-ke4, literally "lady of Ninurta," and this phrase might also be interpreted as referring to her status as his wife, rather than sister, as previously assumed.[20] Joan Goodnick Westenholz in an earlier publication pointed out that Ninimma could be linked to Ninnibru, the title of Ninurta's wife, though she assumed this association reflected her role as Ninurta's sister, rather than spouse.[21] Elsewhere, the god Kusibanda is described as Ninimma's husband.[19][1][20] He was considered the deity of goldsmiths.[22] In a variant of the myth Enki and Ninhursag, the eponymous god impregnates Ninimma, who subsequently gives birth to Uttu.[8]
Ninimma was regarded as one of the members of the court of Enlil, specifically as a scribe in his service.
Ninimma could also be associated with Nisaba (for instance in god lists she often follows her and her spouse Haya) and possibly acquired some of her characteristics as a result.[27] It has been argued that they fulfilled a similar role in the pantheon of Nippur.[12] However, Andrew R. George argues that their character was not identical, and that Ninimma's main role can be compared to a modern librarian, while Nisaba functioned as a scribe and scholar.[5] A single Old Babylonian letter invokes Nisaba and Ninimma together in a greeting formula in which the sender wishes the recipient to receive wisdom from these goddesses.[28]
Various ritual texts indicate Ninimma was associated with Shuzianna, who also appears alongside her in the myth Enki and Ninmah among the eponymous goddess' helpers aiding her in creation of mankind.
The name of Irda, a minor goddess from the pantheon of Nippur who was associated with the
According to Frans Wiggermann Ninimma was sometimes confused with the obscure
Worship
The oldest attestation of Ninimma is an entry in the
In addition to various attestations of Ninimma from Nippur, a temple dedicated to her is also mentioned in a text from
An Early Dynastic statuette from Uruk might be inscribed with Ninimma's name, but the reading is not certain, and there is no other evidence in her early presence in this city.[34] In a ritual text from the same city from the Seleucid period, she appears alongside deities such as the local goddess Uṣur-amāssu, Šilamkurra, elsewhere described as a daughter of Ninsun, and otherwise unknown Ninurbu.[1] However, she is not attested in earlier Neo-Babylonian sources from this city, and does not appear in theophoric names or legal texts.[51]
Literature
Ninimma is sparsely attested in Mesopotamian literature.
Ninimma also appears in the myth
A further myth which mentions Ninimma is Enki and Ninhursag, according to which she was a daughter of Ninkurra and Enki and mother of Uttu.[59] In the version from Nippur she is absent[60] and Ninkurra gives birth to Uttu instead.[59] It is not certain why these specific goddesses were selected for their respective roles.[3]
References
- ^ a b c d e Krul 2018, p. 68.
- ^ Focke 1999, p. 92.
- ^ a b Katz 2008, p. 326.
- ^ Focke 1998, p. 384.
- ^ a b c George 2005, p. 308.
- ^ a b Metcalf 2019, p. 47.
- ^ a b c Wiggermann 1998, p. 137.
- ^ a b Focke 1999, p. 101.
- ^ a b c d e f Metcalf 2019, p. 46.
- ^ a b Focke 1999, p. 109.
- ^ a b Focke 1998, p. 385.
- ^ a b c Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 96.
- ^ Focke 1999, p. 105.
- ^ a b c Focke 1999, p. 106.
- ^ Lambert 2013, p. 434.
- ^ George 1992, p. 469.
- ^ Focke 1999, pp. 93–94.
- ^ Focke 1999, p. 102.
- ^ a b c d e f Focke 1999, p. 94.
- ^ a b c Metcalf 2019, p. 51.
- ^ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 102.
- ^ Krul 2018, p. 66.
- ^ Lambert 2013, pp. 435–436.
- ^ a b Focke 1999, p. 95.
- ^ Krebernik 1993, p. 364.
- ^ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 144.
- ^ Focke 1998, pp. 384–385.
- ^ a b c Focke 1999, p. 100.
- ^ a b Krebernik 2013, p. 378.
- ^ Lambert 2013, pp. 213–214.
- ^ George 1993, p. 24.
- ^ Lambert 2013, p. 436.
- ^ a b Such-Gutiérrez 2005, p. 27.
- ^ a b Focke 1999, p. 98.
- ^ a b Focke 1999, p. 99.
- ^ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, p. 101.
- ^ George 1993, p. 123.
- ^ George 1993, p. 117.
- ^ George 1993, p. 112.
- ^ George 1993, p. 147.
- ^ George 1993, p. 129.
- ^ Focke 1999, p. 107.
- ^ George 1992, p. 451.
- ^ Focke 1999, p. 104.
- ^ Focke 1998, p. 386.
- ^ Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013, pp. 95–96.
- ^ a b George 1992, p. 185.
- ^ George 1992, p. 189.
- ^ George 1993, p. 131.
- ^ George 1993, p. 79.
- ^ Krul 2018, p. 73.
- ^ a b c Peterson 2020, p. 131.
- ^ Metcalf 2019, p. 50.
- ^ Metcalf 2019, pp. 47–48.
- ^ Lambert 2013, p. 337.
- ^ Lambert 2013, p. 506.
- ^ Stol 2000, pp. 80–82.
- ^ Archi 2013, p. 14.
- ^ a b Katz 2008, p. 320.
- ^ Katz 2008, p. 325.
Bibliography
- Archi, Alfonso (2013). "The Anatolian Fate-Goddesses and their Different Traditions". Diversity and Standardization. De Gruyter. .
- Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013). Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources (PDF). ISBN 978-3-7278-1738-0.
- Focke, Karen (1998), "Nin-Imma", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2022-02-02
- Focke, Karen (1999). "Die Göttin Ninimma". Archiv für Orientforschung (in German). 46/47. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 92–110. JSTOR 41668442. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
- George, Andrew R. (1992). Babylonian Topographical Texts. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Departement Oriëntalistiek. ISBN 978-90-6831-410-6. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
- George, Andrew R. (1993). House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. OCLC 27813103.
- George, Andrew R. (2005). "Review: The God Ninurta in the Mythology and Royal Ideology of Ancient Mesopotamia by Amar Annus". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 68 (2). Cambridge University Press, School of Oriental and African Studies: 307–309. JSTOR 20181920. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
- Katz, Dina (2008). "Enki and Ninhursaga, Part Two". Bibliotheca Orientalis. 65 (3). Peeters Publishers: 320–342. ISSN 0006-1913.
- Krebernik, Manfred (1993), "Mondgott A. I. In Mesopotamien", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2022-02-08
- Krebernik, Manfred (2013), "Šuzi-ana", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2022-03-16
- Krul, Julia (2018). The Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk. Brill. ISBN 9789004364936.
- Lambert, Wilfred G. (2013). Babylonian creation myths. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. OCLC 861537250.
- Metcalf, Christopher (2019). Sumerian Literary Texts in the Schøyen Collection. Penn State University Press. ISBN 978-1-64602-011-9.
- Peterson, Jeremiah (2020). "Christopher Metcalf: Sumerian Literary Texts in the Schøyen Collection, Volume 1: Literary Sources on Old Babylonian Religion. (Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology 38) (review)". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie. 111 (1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH. ISSN 1613-1150.
- Stol, Marten (2000). Birth in Babylonia and the Bible: Its Mediterranean Setting. Cuneiform Monographs. Brill Styx. ISBN 978-90-72371-89-8. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
- Such-Gutiérrez, Marcos (2005). "Untersuchungen zum Pantheon von Adab im 3. Jt". Archiv für Orientforschung (in German). 51. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 1–44. JSTOR 41670228. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
- Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1998), "Namma", Reallexikon der Assyriologie, retrieved 2022-02-09
External links
- A hymn to Ninimma (Ninimma A) in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
- Enki and Ninmah in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
- Enki and Ninhursag in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature