Imamate of Oman

Coordinates: 22°56′N 57°32′E / 22.933°N 57.533°E / 22.933; 57.533
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Oman proper
)

Imamate of Oman
إمامة عُمَان
Imāmat 'Umān
749–1959
Background two swords and one dagger and a chain middle
Coat of arms
Motto: 
theocratic absolute elective monarchy
Imam 
• 749–751 (first)
Al-Julanda bin Masud
• 1954–1959 (last)
Ghalib al-Hinai
LegislatureConsultative Council
Historical eraDissolution of the Ottoman Empire/New Imperialism
• Imamate declared
749
25 September 1920
• End of the Jebel Akhdar War
1959
CurrencyMaria Theresa thaler[1]
ISO 3166 codeOM
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Umayyad Caliphate
Omani Empire
Muscat and Oman
Today part ofOman

The Imamate of Oman (Arabic: إِمَامَة عُمَان, romanized: Imāmat ʿUmān) was a historical state within the Oman proper (

Arabic: عُمَان ٱلْوُسْطَى, romanized: ʿUmān al-Wusṭā) in the Hajar Mountains, part of the present-day Sultanate of Oman.[2] The capital of the Imamate alternated historically between Rustaq and Nizwa. The Imamate's territory extended north to Ibri and south to the Alsharqiyah region and the Sharqiya Sands. The Imamate was bounded in the east by the Hajar Mountains and in the west by the Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter) desert.[3] The Al Hajar Mountains separated the Imamate of Oman from Muscat and Oman. The elected Imam (ruler) resided in the capital, and Walis (governors) represented the Imamate in its different regions.[4][5][6]

The Imamate of Oman, similar to the Sultanate of Muscat, was ruled by the Ibadi sect. Imams exercised spiritual and temporal representation over the region.[3] The Imamate is a 1,200-year-old system of government pioneered by the Ibadi religious leaders of Oman, and was based upon the Islamic sharia. The Imamate holds that the ruler should be elected.[5] The imam is considered as the head of the community but tribalism that is part of the Omani society encouraged a decentralised form of governance that would help sustain political unity among the Omanis.[3] The Imamate set out a government system wherein the ruler should not have absolute political nor military power; rather power should be shared with local governors.[6] To prevent local or external threats to the Imamate, the imam had to gather the support of the local communities and tribes to raise a force to fight for a certain cause. The imam needed in-depth understanding of tribal politics and political acumen to maintain political stability within the Imamate when conflicts occurred.[3]

History

Omani

Umayyad governor of Iraq, came into conflict with the Ibadis, which forced them out to Oman. Among those who returned to Oman was the scholar Jabir ibn Zayd, an Omani Azdi. His return and the return of many other scholars greatly enhanced the Ibadi movement in Oman. The Imamate is estimated to have been established in 750 CE, shortly after the fall of the Umayyads.[3]

Since its appearance, the Imamate governed parts or the whole of present-day Oman and overseas lands for interrupted periods of time. At its peak power, the Imamate was able to expel the Portuguese colonizers out of Oman and established a sea power that extended its empire to the Persian Gulf and East Africa during the 17th century.

Al Hajar Mountains and the Rub' al Khali desert, it had extensive global trade, as it exported dried dates, limes and handmade cotton textiles, and imported other products. The majority of trade happened with the Indian subcontinent.[8]

In the mid-18th century, Ahmed bin Sa'id Al Bu Said, who came from a small village in the interior of Oman, expelled the Persian colonizers from Oman and became the elected Imam of Oman, with

Said Bin Taimur of Muscat, with the direct support from the British forces, was able to defeat the Imamate in Jebel Akhdar War that lasted until 1959. The name Muscat and Oman was changed to the Sultanate of Oman in 1970.[11]

In current usage, "Oman proper" can also refer to the whole of the present-day sultanate minus the

exclaves of Musandam and Madha
.

Phases

There are eight phases in the history of the Imamate of Oman:[16]

  • The First Imamate (749–751)
  • The Second Imamate (793–893)
  • The Third Imamate (897–940s)
  • The Fourth Imamate (1016–1164)
  • The Fifth Imamate (1406–1556)
  • The Sixth Imamate (1624–1792)
  • The Seventh Imamate (1868–1871)
  • The Eighth Imamate (1913–1959)

See also

References

  1. ^ El-Sohl, Raghid (1997). Oman and the South-Eastern Shore of Arabia. p. 63. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  2. ^ "FO 1016/313 The Imamate of Oman: report by George Rentz p.44". agda.ae. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e Oman's Foreign Policy: Foundation and Practice: Foundation and Practice by Majid Alkhalili
  4. ^ Historical Summary of Events in the Persian Gulf Shaikhdoms and the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman, 1928–1953' [97v] (199/222) QDL.
  5. ^ a b British National Archive: (18/316) Muscat State Affairs: Muscat– Oman Treaty
  6. ^ a b c Oman and the World: The Emergence of an Independent Foreign Policy (Joseph A. Kechichian)
  7. ^ The Oman Question: The Background to the Political Geography of South-East Arabia J. C. Wilkinson.
  8. ^ Geographical Review JSTOR.
  9. ^ The Oman Question: The Background to the Political Geography of South-East Arabia J. C. Wilkinson.
  10. ISBN 978-1-4053-8935-8
    . Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  11. ^ a b "A Close Relationship: Britain and Oman Since 1750". QDL. 11 December 2014.
  12. ^ CNN Arabic: وفاة آخر أئمة عُمان في منفاه السياسي بالسعودية
  13. ^ British National Archive: Muscat and Oman Internal Affairs History
  14. ^ J. E. Peterson, "The Revival of the Ibadi Imamate in Oman and the Threat to Muscat, 1913–20," Arabian Studies 3 (1976): 165–88.
  15. ^ "A Close Relationship: Britain and Oman Since 1750". QDL. 11 December 2014.
  16. ^ Al-Hashimy, Sa'id b. Muhammad b. Said (1994). Imam Salim b. Rashid and the Imamate revival in Oman 1331/1913 - 1338/1920 (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Leeds.

External links

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