Muscat and Oman
Sultanate of Muscat and Oman سلطنة مسقط وعمان ( Arabic ) | |||||||||
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1856–1970 | |||||||||
Anthem: None (until 23 July 1970) From 23 July 1970: نشيد السلام السلطاني "as-Salām as-Sultānī" "Salute to the Sultan" | |||||||||
Status | De jure sovereign state (1856–1970) De facto British protectorate (1872–1920)[1] | ||||||||
Capital | Muscat | ||||||||
Official languages | Arabic | ||||||||
Common languages | |||||||||
Religion | Islam (official) | ||||||||
Government | Absolute monarchy | ||||||||
Sultan | |||||||||
• 1855–1866 (first) | Thuwaini bin Said | ||||||||
• 1866–1868 | Salim bin Thuwaini | ||||||||
• 1868–1871 | Azzan bin Qais | ||||||||
• 1871–1888 | Turki bin Said | ||||||||
• 1888–1913 | Faisal bin Turki | ||||||||
• 1913–1932 | Taimur bin Feisal | ||||||||
• 1932–1970 | Said bin Taimur | ||||||||
• 1970 (last) | Qaboos bin Said | ||||||||
History | |||||||||
• Partition from Zanzibar | 1856 | ||||||||
• Dhofar Rebellion | 1962 | ||||||||
23 July 1970 | |||||||||
• Qaboos declares the Sultanate of Oman | 9 August 1970 | ||||||||
Currency |
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Today part of |
The Sultanate of Muscat and Oman (
Name
Strictly speaking, Oman (
The third part of historical Oman (eastern Arabia) was the so-called "Pirate Coast", later known as Treaty Oman, and now the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The fourth part of historical and present-day Oman is the Dhofar Governorate.
Background
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2020) |
The expelling of the Portuguese colonizers happened during the
Historical differences always existed between the rich, seafaring coastal Sultanate of Muscat and the tribes of the interior.[citation needed] Though the inland territories were under nominal control of the Sultans of Muscat, they were in practice run by tribal leaders and the Imams of Oman, practitioners of the Ibadi sect of Islam.[citation needed]
The Sultanate of Muscat possessed a powerful naval force, which enabled the creation of a maritime empire dating from the expulsion of the Portuguese in 1650 through the 19th century, at times encompassing modern Oman, the United Arab Emirates, southern Balochistan, and Zanzibar and the adjacent coasts of Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique.[citation needed] The Sultanate of Muscat also engaged in a very lucrative slave trade across east Africa.[citation needed]
Consolidation and decline
In the early 1820s, the Sultanate lost most of its territories in the
On 4 June 1856,
The Imamate cause was renewed in the interior of Oman due to the development of British imperialism in the coastal Oman, the Sultanate of Muscat.
The last overseas possession, the port of Gwadar across the Gulf of Oman, was sold to Pakistan in 1958. However, the sultanate did gain some territory in 1967, when Britain returned the Khuriya Muriya Islands (originally granted as a gift from the sultan to Queen Victoria in 1854).
Insurgency and oil drilling
The discovery of oil in the Persian Gulf exacerbated the dispute between the Sultan in Muscat and the Imams of Oman. Oil exploration had begun in the early 1920s by the
The last Imam of Oman,
The insurgency erupted again in 1957, when Saudi Arabia began supporting the Omani rebels, but eventually the Sultan was able to establish pre-eminence over most of the inland. The same year, British forces bombarded the town of Nizwa, the capital of the Imamate, and toppled the Ibadi theocracy. Ghalib Bin Ali went into exile in Saudi Arabia and the last rebel forces were defeated two years later, in 1959. The Treaty of Seeb was terminated and the autonomous Imamate of Oman abolished.[8]
The frequency of uprisings such as the
In 1976, again with British aid, the Sultan secured his hold over the entire interior and suppressed the Dhofar rebellion.
Sohar Sultanate
The Sohar Sultanate lasted from 1920 until about 1932. In 1920, Sheik Ali Banu Bu Ali, a relative of Sultan Taimur bin Feisal, rebelled in the northern town of Sohar and proclaimed himself Sultan but was deposed by the British in 1932.
See also
- History of Oman
- List of rulers of Oman
- List of British representatives in Muscat and Oman
- Muscat
- Imamate of Oman
- Provinces of Oman
- Gwadar
References
- ^ "Oman and the West: State Formation in Oman since 1920" (PDF). Archived 15 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine Francis Carey Owtram (1999). University of London. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
- ^ A history of Muscat and Oman Archived 1 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The Western Hajar Mountains
- ^ a b c "The Oman Question: The Background to the Political Geography of South-East Arabia J. C. Wilkinson". Archived from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
- ISBN 978-1-4053-8935-8. Archivedfrom the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ^ "Background Note: A Close Relationship: Britain and Oman Since 1750". QDL. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
- OCLC 186237036
- ^ a b c "Background Note: Oman". U.S. Department of State – Diplomacy in Action. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
- ^ "CNN Arabic: وفاة آخر أئمة عُمان في منفاه السياسي بالسعودية". Archived from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
- ^ a b c "The Guardian: Britain's secret wars". Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
- ^ a b "British National Archive: Muscat and Oman Internal Affairs History". Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
- ^ "Overview". Omani Ministry of Information. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011.
- ^ "The Foreign Office London: File 8/62 Muscat State Affairs: Principal Shaikhs and Tribes of Oman [146r] (291/296)". Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
- ISBN 9780863567025. Retrieved 29 April 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Tribute to His Majesty". Omani Ministry of Information. Archived from the original on 18 January 2006.
- This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. William Smyth. "Oman". Country Studies. Federal Research Division. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
External links
- The Omani claim to the Mascarene Islands (archived 18 December 2005)
- Omani Ministry of Foreign Affairs