One Hundred and One Dalmatians

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This article is about the 1961 animated film. For other uses, see 101 Dalmatians.
One Hundred and One Dalmatians
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Screenplay byBill Peet (uncredited)[1]
Story byBill Peet
Based onThe Hundred and One Dalmatians
by Dodie Smith
Produced byWalt Disney
Starring
Edited by
  • Roy M. Brewer, Jr.
  • Donald Halliday
Music by
Buena Vista Distribution
Release date
  • January 25, 1961 (1961-01-25)
Running time
79 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$3.6–4 million[2][3]
Box office$303 million[4]

One Hundred and One Dalmatians (also simply known as 101 Dalmatians) is a 1961 American animated

Buena Vista Distribution. Adapted from Dodie Smith's 1956 novel of the same name, the film was directed by Hamilton Luske, Clyde Geronimi, and Wolfgang Reitherman from a script by Bill Peet.[a] It features the voice talents of Rod Taylor, J. Pat O'Malley, Betty Lou Gerson, Martha Wentworth, Ben Wright, Cate Bauer, Dave Frankham, and Fred Worlock
.

The film's plot follows a litter of fifteen

Cruella De Vil
, wanting to make their fur into coats. Pongo and Perdita set out on a cross-country rescue mission to save the litter from the maniacal Cruella, in the process rescuing 84 additional ones, bringing the total of Dalmatians to 101.

One Hundred and One Dalmatians was released in theaters on January 25, 1961, to critical acclaim, and was a box-office success. Grossing $14 million domestically in its original theatrical run, it was the first animated feature to earn over $10 million during its initial release, and became the

twelfth-highest-grossing film in the North American box office and the second-highest-grossing animated film globally.[5]

The success of the film made Disney expand it into a

animated television series based on the franchise were also produced, with 101 Dalmatians: The Series in 1997 and 101 Dalmatian Street in 2019. A live-action reboot, Cruella
, was released in 2021.

Plot

In 1958, aspiring songwriter Roger Radcliffe lives in a

Dalmatian
, Pongo. Deciding both of them need a "mate", Pongo watches women and their dogs in the street. Noticing a young woman named Anita and her Dalmatian Perdita, he drags Roger to the park to arrange a meeting. Roger and Anita fall in love, and soon marry, with Pongo and Perdita attending.

The Radcliffes hire a

Cruella De Vil, arrives and demands to know when the puppies will arrive; Roger responds by writing a jazzy song
mocking her. A heartbroken Perdita confesses to Pongo that she now regrets the idea of having puppies due to Cruella wanting them. When the puppies are born, Cruella returns, demanding to buy them. Roger firmly denies her offer; Cruella, refusing to take no for an answer, swears revenge and storms out.

Several weeks later, Cruella makes good on her threat and secretly hires brothers Jasper and Horace Badun, two burglars, to steal the puppies. When Scotland Yard is unable to find the puppies or prove Cruella was involved, Pongo and Perdita use the "Twilight Bark", a canine gossip line, to solicit help from the other dogs in London, and eventually all of England.

Colonel, an Old English Sheepdog, along with his feline compatriot Sergeant Tibbs, investigate the nearby "Old De Vil Place", where puppies had been heard barking two nights earlier. Tibbs finds the puppies in the hall and learns that Cruella intends to make them into dog-skin fur coats. After Colonel sends word back to London, Pongo and Perdita leave through a back window and begin a long cross-country journey, crossing an icy river and running through the snow toward Suffolk.

Meanwhile, Tibbs overhears Cruella ordering the Baduns to kill the puppies that night out of fear the police will soon find them. In response, Tibbs helps the puppies escape through a hole in the wall, but the Baduns notice and give chase. Pongo and Perdita break into the house and confront the Baduns just as they are about to kill the puppies. While the adult dogs attack the two men, Colonel and Tibbs guide the puppies from the house. Following a happy reunion with their own puppies, Pongo and Perdita discover there are 84 more puppies with them. Shocked at Cruella's plans, they decide to adopt all the puppies, certain that Roger and Anita would never reject them.

The Dalmatians start their homeward trek, pursued by the Baduns. They take shelter from a blizzard in a

Black Labrador waiting for them in a blacksmith's shop. Cruella and the Baduns arrive, prompting Pongo to have his entire family roll in a sooty
fireplace to disguise themselves as other Labradors. The Labrador helps them board a moving van bound for London, but melting snow falls on Lucky and clears the soot off of him. Enraged, Cruella pursues the van; she attempts to use her car to ram the van off the road, but the Baduns, who are attempting the same thing in their lorry, end up colliding with her. Both vehicles crash into a ditch, and Cruella yells in frustration at the pair, only for Jasper to finally getting up the nerve to tell her off as the van drives away.

In London, a depressed Nanny and the Radcliffes try to enjoy Christmas and the wealth they have acquired from the song about Cruella, which has become a big radio hit. The soot-covered Dalmatians suddenly flood the house. Upon removing the soot and counting the massive family of dogs, Roger chooses to use his songwriting royalties to buy a big house in the country so they can keep all 101 Dalmatians.

Voice cast

  • Dalmatian, Perdita's mate, the father of fifteen, and adopted father of the eighty-four orphaned puppies.[7] He also serves as the film's narrator.[8]
  • J. Pat O'Malley and Fred Worlock as Jasper and Horace Badun,[9] mean and argumentative small-time crooks[10] whom Cruella hires to steal Dalmatian puppies.[11]
    • O'Malley also voiced Colonel,[12] an Old English Sheepdog of military bearing who aids in the search for puppies;[13] Mr. Simpkins,[14] a panelist on What's My Crime? TV show;[15] and the Mechanic.[14]
    • Worlock also voiced Inspector Graves,[16] a panelist on What's My Crime? TV show.[15]
  • Cruella De Vil,[17] an erratic and ruthless aristocrat and Anita's schoolmate[18] who adores fur and wants to turn Dalmatian puppies into a coat.[19]
  • Martha Wentworth as Nanny,[9] the Radcliffes' warm and motherly cook and housekeeper.[13] She is an amalgamation of the characters "Nanny Cook" and "Nanny Butler" from the original novel.[21]
  • Ben Wright as Roger Radcliffe,[24] Pongo's absent-minded owner and Anita's husband who works as a songwriter.[8]
  • Cate Bauer and Lisa Daniels as Perdita,[25] Anita's quiet and refined pet Dalmatian, Pongo's mate, the mother of fifteen, and adopted mother of the eighty-four orphaned puppies.[7] She is an amalgamation of the characters "Perdita" and "Missis" from the original novel.[26]
  • Dave Frankham as Sergeant Tibbs,[27] a scrawny tabby cat[28] who aids the puppies in their escape from Cruella and Baduns.[29]
  • Lisa Davis as Anita Radcliffe,[31] Perdita's reserved and polite owner,[7] Roger's wife,[32] and Cruella's schoolmate.[18]
  • Tom Conway as the Collie[33] who offers Dalmatians shelter for the night during their trek.[34]
    • Conway also voiced the Quizmaster,[22] a loquacious moderator of What's My Crime? TV show.[15]
  • Tudor Owen as Old Towser,[35] a Bloodhound.[36]

Max Smith, Bob Stevens, Clarence Nash, and Dal McKennon provided the sounds of dog barks.[14] Barbara Luddy and Rickie Sorensen voiced Rover[16] and Spotty,[38] two of the eighty-four Dalmatian puppies that were bought by Cruella.[39] Jeanne Gayle (the wife of the film's composer George Bruns) performed the radio version of "Cruella De Vil" song in the film's final scene.[22] Paul Frees voiced Dirty Dawson,[40] the villain in the Thunderbolt TV show.[41] Lucille Bliss performed the "Kanine Krunchies" jingle in a TV commercial.[42]

Production

Story development

The children's novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians by Dodie Smith had been published on November 19, 1956,[43] to an immediate success.[44] By February 1957, screenwriter Charles Brackett brought it to the attention of Walt Disney,[45] who acquired the film rights to the novel on November 26 of that year[46] (after lengthy negotiations)[47] for $25,000.[45] The project was set to be Disney's next animated feature after Sleeping Beauty (which was still in production at the time)[47] and was originally expected to be finished within two years.[46] Story artist Bill Peet was assigned to single-handedly develop the story,[48] marking the first time a Disney animated film was written by one person.[49] Disney also tasked Peet to write a detailed screenplay first before storyboarding; since Peet never learned to use a typewriter, he wrote the initial draft by hand on legal paper.[1] The manuscript was completed and typed up within two months, after which, having received Disney's approval, Peet began storyboarding and was charged with recording the voice-over process.[50]

Peet closely followed the plot of Smith's novel, but condensed some of its characters, which included Cruella's husband and cat,[26] as well as Cadpig, the female runt of Pongo and Missis' puppies, whose traits were transferred to Lucky in the final film.[21][b] He also merged two Dalmatian mothers, birth mother Missis and adopted mother Perdita, into one,[49] naming her after the latter;[26] likewise, Nanny Cook and Nanny Butler from the novel were amalgamated into one character, simply named Nanny.[21] The Colonel's cat assistant was re-gendered from the female Pussy Willow into the male Sergeant Tibbs, and Horace Badun was renamed from Saul.[52] Among other things, Peet retained a scene from the original book in which Pongo and Perdita exchange wedding vows in unison with their owners, who were also renamed from Mr. and Mrs. Dearly to Roger and Anita Radcliffe.[21] However, after the censor board warned that it might offend certain religious audiences if the animals repeated the exact words of a solemn religious ceremony, it was reworked to be less religious, down to having Roger and Anita dressed in formal clothes.[53] Also, the film's original ending involved the newly rich Roger selling his song about Cruella and buying the Hell Hall to turn it into a Dalmatian Plantation, with Pongo and Perdita expecting another litter of puppies. It was ultimately cut short and rewritten to have Dalmatians reunite with their owners after they escape from Cruella.[54]

Although Disney had not been as involved in the production of the animated films as frequently as in previous years, he was always present at story meetings.[55] When Peet sent Dodie Smith some drawings of the characters, she wrote back saying that he had improved her story and that the designs looked better than the illustrations in the book.

Casting

The filmmakers deliberately cast actors with deeper voices for the roles of dogs, so they would have more power than those of the human characters.[56] Rod Taylor, who had extensive radio experience, was one of the first actors cast in the film;[22] he got the role of Pongo.[57] Lisa Daniels was originally cast as Perdita and recorded about the third of her lines but then got married and moved to New York;[22] Cate Bauer replaced her for the rest of the film.[57] J. Pat O'Malley, who was a regular voice actor for the studio and one of Disney's personal favorites,[22] got the roles of Jasper and Colonel,[58] and also voiced several minor characters in the film.[57] David Frankham was cast as Sergeant Tibbs in the spring of 1959 and finished his recording within three sessions from May 1959 to January 1960;[59] he was also asked to record the part of Scottie, the Skye Terrier who appears early in the "Twilight Bark" sequence.[30]

Disney originally had Lisa Davis read for the role of Cruella De Vil, but she did not think that she was right for the part, and wanted to try reading the role of Anita instead.[60] Disney agreed, and, after they read the script for a second time, she landed the part.[31] Davis also provided some of live-action reference for the character.[61] Betty Lou Gerson, who was previously the narrator for Cinderella (1950), auditioned for the role of Cruella De Vil in front of Marc Davis, the character's supervising animator, and sequence director Wolfgang Reitherman, and immediately landed it.[62] While searching for the right accent of the character, she landed on a "phony theatrical voice, someone who's set sail from New York but hasn't quite reached England."[63] During the recording process, Gerson was thought to be imitating Tallulah Bankhead,[19] but she later disputed that she "didn't intentionally imitate her ... We both had phony English accents on top of our Southern accents and a great deal of flair. So our voices came out that way."[64] Gerson finished her recording sessions in fourteen days.[62]

Animation

Art direction

After Sleeping Beauty (1959) disappointed at the box office, Disney was losing money and there were discussions about closing down the animation department.[55] During the film's production, Disney told animator Eric Larson: "I don't think we can continue; it's too expensive."[65] Despite this, he still had deep feelings towards animation because he had built the company upon it.[55]

Ub Iwerks, in charge of special processes at the studio, had been experimenting with Xerox photography to aid in animation. By 1959, he used a Xerox camera to transfer drawings by animators directly to animation cels, eliminating the inking process, thus saving time and money while preserving the spontaneity of the penciled elements.[66] However, because of its limitations, the camera was unable to deviate from a black scratchy outline and lacked the fine lavish quality of hand inking.[66] Disney would first use the Xerox process for a thorn forest in Sleeping Beauty,[65] and the first production to make full use of the process was Goliath II (1960).[66] For One Hundred and One Dalmatians, one of the benefits of the process was that it was a great help towards animating the spotted dogs. According to Chuck Jones, Disney was able to complete the film for about half of what it would have cost if they had had to animate all the dogs and spots.[67]

Meanwhile, Ken Anderson, the studio's art director, learned a television production studio—Hurrell Productions—was using Xerography to produce television commercials featuring Disney characters.[68] Inspired by the aesthetic, Anderson experimented with a Xerox copier to directly transfer the animators' drawings onto transparent cels, thereby eliminating the inking process. Anderson screened an animation test to Disney and the animators; although Disney expressed concern at the graphic style, he gave his approval stating: "Ah, yeah, yeah, you can fool around all you want to."[69] For the stylized art direction, Anderson took inspiration from British cartoonist Ronald Searle,[70] who once advised him to use a Mont Blanc pen and India ink for his artwork.[69]

In addition to the character animation, Anderson also sought to use Xerography on "the background painting because I was going to apply the same technique to the whole picture."

Walt Peregoy, the two had the line drawings be printed on a separate animation cel before being laid over the background, which gave the appearance similar to the Xeroxed animation.[55][71] Disney disliked the artistic look of the film and felt he was losing the "fantasy" element of his animated films.[55] In a meeting with the animation staff concerning future films, Disney angrily said, "We're never gonna have one of those goddamned things", referring to the film's art direction; he also stated, "Ken's never going to be an art director again."[72]

Anderson took this to heart, but Disney eventually forgave him on his final trip to the studio in late 1966. As Anderson recalled in an interview:

He looked very sick. I said, "Gee, it's great to see you, Walt," and he said, "You know that thing you did on Dalmatians." He didn't say anything else, but he just gave me this look, and I knew that all was forgiven and in his opinion, maybe what I did on Dalmatians wasn't so bad. That was the last time I ever saw him. Then, a few weeks later, I learned he was gone.[55]

Character animation

Marc Davis was the sole animator on Cruella De Vil. During production, Davis claimed her character was partly inspired by Bette Davis (no relation), Rosalind Russell, and Tallulah Bankhead. He took further influence from her voice actress, Betty Lou Gerson, whose cheekbones he added to the character. He later complimented, "[t]hat [her] voice was the greatest thing I've ever had a chance to work with. A voice like Betty Lou's gives you something to do. You get a performance going there, and if you don't take advantage of it, you're off your rocker".[36] While her hair coloring originated from the illustrations in the novel, Davis found its disheveled style by looking "through old magazines for hairdos from 1940 till now". Her coat was exaggerated to match her oversized personality, and the lining was red because "there's a devil image involved".[73]

As with the previous Disney films, the actors provided live-action reference as an aid to the animators before the animation process begun.

Princess Aurora in Sleeping Beauty (1959) – performed the live-action reference for Anita.[77]

Music

Main article: One Hundred and One Dalmatians (soundtrack)

To have music involved in the narrative, Peet used an old theater trick by which the protagonist is a down-and-out songwriter. However, unlike the previous animated Disney films at the time, the songs were not composed by a team, but by

UPA animation studio in which animators, who transferred to work at the Disney studios, had recommended him to Walt Disney.[78] His first assignment was to compose "Cruella De Vil," of which Leven composed three versions. The final version used in the film was composed as a "bluesy number" before a meeting with Walt in forty-five minutes.[54]

The other two songs included in the film are "Kanine Krunchies Jingle" (sung by Lucille Bliss, who voiced Anastasia Tremaine in Disney's 1950 film Cinderella), and "Dalmatian Plantation" in which Roger sings only two lines at its closure. Leven had also written additional songs that were not included in the film. The first song, "Don't Buy a Parrot from a Sailor," a cockney chant, was meant to be sung by Jasper and Horace at the De Vil Mansion. A second song, "Cheerio, Good-Bye, Toodle-oo, Hip Hip!" was to be sung by the dalmatian puppies as they make their way into London.[79] A third song titled "March of the One Hundred and One" was meant for the dogs to sing after escaping Cruella by van. Different, longer versions of "Kanine Krunchies Jingle" and "Dalmatian Plantation" appear on the Disneyland Records read-along album based on the film.[80]

The Sherman Brothers wrote a title song, "One Hundred and One Dalmatians", but it was not used in the film.[81] The song has been released on other Disney recordings, however.[80][82]

Release

Original theatrical run

One Hundred and One Dalmatians premiered and was released in theaters on January 25, 1961,[83] accompanied by the documentary The Horse with the Flying Tail (1960).[46] To promote the film, an updated version of the 1957 Disneyland episode "The Best Doggoned Dog in the World" was aired on ABC on February 12, 1961,[28] featuring the footage from One Hundred and One Dalmatians instead of scenes from Old Yeller (1957).[84]

During its initial theatrical run, the film grossed $14 million in the United States and Canada,

Sleeping Beauty two years prior;[90] despite this, it did nothing to rekindle Disney's fading interest in animation,[91] with him being more focused on working on Disneyland and producing live-action films by then.[92]

Re-releases

One Hundred and One Dalmatians was re-released theatrically in 1969, 1979, 1985, and 1991.[93] During its first re-release in 1969, it earned $15 million.[94] In 1979, it grossed $19 million while playing on a double bill with another Disney film The Last Flight Of Noah's Ark, and in its 1985 theatrical re-release, the film earned $32 million.[94] During its fourth re-release in 1991, it grossed $60.8 million,[95] becoming the 17th highest-grossing film of the year for domestic earnings.[96] By 1995, the film had earned $86 million internationally,[97] and in the same year it grossed $71 million overseas, bringing its international total to $157 million.[98] The film's total domestic lifetime gross is $145 million,[99] and its total worldwide gross is $303 million.[4] Adjusted for inflation, and incorporating subsequent releases, the film has a lifetime gross of $936.2 million.[100]

Home media

One Hundred and One Dalmatians was first released on VHS on April 10, 1992, as part of the Walt Disney Classics video series;[101] 11.1 million copies had been sold by June of that year.[102] At the time of its release, it was the sixth best-selling video of all time.[99] The film was re-released on VHS and LaserDisc on March 9, 1999, as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection[103] for a limited 101-day time period.[104] The DVD edition was originally scheduled for release in the spring of that year,[103] but was delayed until November 11; it was released as a Walt Disney Limited Issue for a limited 60-day time period before going into moratorium.[105]

By 2007, One Hundred and One Dalmatians underwent a digital restoration[106] and was released as a two-disc Platinum Edition DVD on March 4, 2008.[107] The set included a behind-the-scenes documentary Redefining the Line: The Making of One Hundred and One Dalmatians, two additional featurettes – Cruella de Vil: Drawn to Be Bad (dedicated to the talents behind the creation of the eponymous character) and Sincerely Yours, Walt Disney (covering Disney's correspondence with Dodie Smith), deleted songs, a virtual gallery of concept art and other production photos, theatrical trailers, radio and TV spots.[108] It returned to the Disney Vault on January 30, 2010.[109]

One Hundred and One Dalmatians was released for the first time on

Digital HD on February 10, 2015,[111] featuring a new making-of featurette Lucky Dogs,[112] the animated short The Further Adventures of Thunderbolt (based on the Thunderbolt TV show in the film),[41] a 1961 version of the Disneyland episode "The Best Doggoned Dog in the World", and several bonus features from the previous DVD release.[111] The set was re-released as a limited Blu-ray/DVD combo pack for the Disney Movie Club on November 6, 2018.[113] On September 24, 2019, One Hundred and One Dalmatians was re-released for HD digital download and on Blu-ray as part of the Walt Disney Signature Collection.[114]

Reception

Critical response

In its initial release, One Hundred and One Dalmatians received acclaim from critics, many of whom hailed it as the studio's best release since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) and the closest to a real "Disney" film in many years.[115] Howard Thompson of The New York Times wrote, "While the story moves steadily toward a stark, melodramatic "chase" climax, it remains enclosed in a typical Disney frame of warm family love, human and canine." However, he later opined that the "[s]ongs are scarce, too. A few more would have braced the final starkness."[116] Variety claimed that "While not as indelibly enchanting or inspired as some of the studio's most unforgettable animated endeavors, this is nonetheless a painstaking creative effort."[117] A review in Time magazine praised the film as "the wittiest, most charming, least pretentious cartoon feature Walt Disney has ever made."[118] Harrison's Reports felt all children and adults will be "highly entertained by Walt Disney's latest, a semi-sophisticated, laugh-provoking, all cartoon, feature-lengther in Technicolor."[119] Dodie Smith also enjoyed the film where she particularly praised the animation and backgrounds of the film.[47]

Contemporary reviews have remained positive. Reviewing the film during its 1991 re-release, Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times, while giving the film three stars out of four, asserted that "it's an uneven film, with moments of inspiration in a fairly conventional tale of kidnapping and rescue. This is not one of the great Disney classics - it's not in the same league with Snow White or Pinocchio - but it's passable fun, and will entertain its target family audiences."[120] Chicago Tribune film critic Gene Siskel, in his 1991 review, also gave the film three stars out of four.[121] Ralph Novak of People wrote "What it lacks in romantic extravagance and plush spectacle, this 1961 Disney film makes up for in quiet charm and subtlety. In fact, if any movie with dogs, cats, and horses who talk can be said to belong in the realm of realistic drama, this is it."[122] However, the film did receive a few negative reviews. In 2011, Craig Berman of MSNBC ranked it and its 1996 remake as two of the worst children's films of all time, saying that, "The plot itself is a bit nutty. Making a coat out of dogs? Who does that? But worse than Cruella de Vil's fashion sense is the fact that your children will definitely start asking for a Dalmatian of their own for their next birthday."[123]

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 98% based on 53 reviews, with an average score of 8.2/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "With plenty of pooches and a memorable villain (Cruella De Vil), this is one of Disney's most enduring, entertaining animated films."[124]

AFI's list of "100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains".[125]

Legacy

Main article: 101 Dalmatians (franchise)
Disney Parks and Resorts.[126]

Since the original release of One Hundred and One Dalmatians in 1961, Disney has taken the property in various directions.

Television series

In 1996, it was announced that an animated television series based on the film would be created through a partnership between

Jumbo Pictures, 101 Dalmatians: The Series aired in syndication and on ABC from 1997 to 1998.[127]

101 Dalmatian Street is the second TV series with a plot in the 21st century, with a new art style and a concept loosely based on the source material. Set 60 years after the original film, the show mostly focuses on a completely new family of Dalmatians, (who are descendants of Pongo and Perdita) who all live without a human in Camden Town.

Sequel

A direct-to-video sequel to the original animated film, 101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure,[128] was released in 2003.[129] The main focus of the sequel is Patch, the loneliest of puppies, feeling "lost in a sea of spots". After he gets left behind during the Radcliffe's moving day, he encounters his TV hero, Thunderbolt, who enlists him on a publicity campaign.

Live-action adaptations

A live-action remake of the 1961 film,

ABC Studios).[133] Cruella is one of the four main villains in the 2015 television film Descendants,[134] which follows the teenage children of Disney's iconic heroes and villains (including Cruella's son, Carlos).[135] A 2021 live-action reboot, Cruella,[136] focuses on the origin of the eponymous character.[137] A sequel to this film is currently in development.[138]

Other media

The characters from One Hundred and One Dalmatians make cameo appearances in the television series House of Mouse, with Cruella De Vil featured as one of the main villains in the stand-alone feature Mickey's House of Villains (2002).[139] Like other Walt Disney Animation Studios characters, the film's characters have cameo appearances in the short film Once Upon a Studio (2023).[140]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Credited for the story, but uncredited for the screenplay.
  2. ^ The Disney version of Cadpig was introduced as one of the main characters in 1997 animated TV series.[51]

References

  1. ^ a b Peet 1989, p. 165.
  2. ^ Barrier 1999, p. 566.
  3. ^ Thomas 1997, p. 106.
  4. ^ a b D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 27, 2003). "Cartoon Coffers – Top-Grossing Disney Animated Features at the Worldwide B.O." Variety. p. 6. Retrieved January 1, 2024 – via The Free Library.
  5. ^ "2. "101 Dalmatians" (1961) $857.2 million (Adjusted)".
  6. ^ "Rod Taylor, star of "The Time Machine," dies at 84". CBS News. January 8, 2015. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d Smith, Dave. "Dalmatians Character History". Disney Archives. Archived from the original on March 31, 2010. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  8. ^ a b Goreau, Angeline (July 12, 1991). "A '101 Dalmations' playdate". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 20, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  9. ^ a b c Maltin 1995, p. 181.
  10. ^ Thomas & Johnston 1993, p. 135.
  11. ^ Dakin & Saxon 2020, p. 49.
  12. ^ Frankham & Hollifield 2015, pp. 278.
  13. ^ a b Maltin 1995, p. 183.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h Webb 2011, p. 255.
  15. ^ a b c d Maltin 1995, p. 184.
  16. ^ a b c d Beck 2005, p. 185.
  17. ^ "Betty Lou Gerson; Voice of Cruella De Vil". Los Angeles Times. January 15, 1999. Archived from the original on December 31, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2023.
  18. ^ a b Dakin & Saxon 2020, p. 48.
  19. ^ a b Smith, Dave. "Cruella De Vil Villains History". Disney Archives. Archived from the original on March 31, 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
  20. ^ a b Cruella De Vil: Drawn to Be Bad (Documentary film) (101 Dalmatians Platinum DVD ed.). Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment. 2008. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023 – via YouTube.
  21. ^ a b c d 101 Pop-Up Trivia Facts For The Family (Bonus feature) (101 Dalmatians Platinum DVD ed.). Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment. 2008.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j 101 Pop-Up Trivia Facts For The Fan (Bonus feature) (101 Dalmatians Platinum DVD ed.). Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment. 2008.
  23. ^ a b Frankham & Hollifield 2015, p. 281.
  24. ^ Smith 2012, p. 38.
  25. ^ a b Smith 2012, p. 18.
  26. ^ a b c Koenig 1997, p. 117.
  27. ^ Frankham & Hollifield 2015, pp. 3.
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  29. ^ Frankham & Hollifield 2015, p. 276.
  30. ^ a b Frankham & Hollifield 2015, p. 279.
  31. ^ a b Gallagher, Brian (March 6, 2008). "Lisa Davis Talks 101 Dalmatians: Platinum Edition [Exclusive]". MovieWeb. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
  32. ^ Noyer, Jérémie (March 5, 2008). "Dalmatians 101: Lisa Davis' "puppy love" for a dog-gone Disney classic". Animated Views. Archived from the original on June 2, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  33. ^ a b Frankham & Hollifield 2015, p. 280.
  34. ^ Maltin 1995, pp. 183–184.
  35. ^ a b Johnson, Zach (January 25, 2021). "5 Fantastic Things to Watch This Week". D23. Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
  36. ^ a b Maupin, Elizabeth (July 24, 1991). "Return of the Dalmatians". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on January 2, 2024. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
  37. ^ Beck 2005, p. 186.
  38. ^ Scott 2022, p. 392.
  39. ^ Scott 2022, p. 350.
  40. ^ Smith 2012, p. 109.
  41. ^ a b Alexander, Bryan (February 4, 2015). "'Dalmatians' hit by full 'Thunderbolt'". USA Today. Archived from the original on November 27, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  42. ^ Hollis & Ehrbar 2023, p. 82.
  43. ^ Grove 1996, p. 240.
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Bibliography

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