Open research

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
A stop-motion video arguing that open research increases collaboration with the general public and their access to the information produced from the research as compared to traditional science

Open research is

open source software and citizen science
.

Especially for research that is scientific in nature, open research may be referred to as

social sciences, the humanities, mathematics
, engineering and medicine.

Types of open projects

Important distinctions exist between different types of open projects.

Projects that provide open data but don't offer open collaboration are referred to as "

open access" rather than open research. Providing open data is a necessary but not sufficient condition for open research, because although the data may be used by anyone, there is no requirement for subsequent research to take place openly. For example, though there have been many calls for more open collaborative research in drug discovery[3] and the open deposition of large amounts of data,[4] there are very few active, openly collaborative projects in this area.[5][6][7]

Crowdsourcing projects that recruit large numbers of participants to carry out small tasks which are then assembled into a larger project outcome have delivered significant research outcomes,[8][9] but these projects are distinct from those in which participants are able to influence the overall direction of the research, or in which participants are expected to have creative input into the science behind the project.

Most open research is conducted within existing research groups. Primary research data are posted which can be added to, or interpreted by, anyone who has the necessary expertise and who can therefore join the collaborative effort. Thus the "end product" of the project (which may still be subject to future expansion or modification) arises from many contributions across multiple research groups, rather than the effort of one group or individual. Open research is therefore distinct from open access in that the output of open research is prone to change with time.[10]

Unlike open access, true open research must demonstrate live, online collaboration. Project websites that demonstrate this capability have started to become available.[11][12]

Copyright conventions

Issues with

Creative Commons licenses[11] or one of the GNU General Public Licenses[citation needed
].

Examples

In 2005, several examples arose in the area of the search for new/improved medical treatments of

Neglected Diseases.[11][13][14][15][16]

Science and engineering research to support the creation of open-source appropriate technology for sustainable development has long used open research principles.[17][18][19][20][21] Open source research for sustainable development is now becoming formalized with open access for literature reviews, research methods, data, results and summaries for laypeople.[22]

Wiki-based examples include: Appropedia, Wikiversity, Citizendium, Scholarpedia.

While first attempts towards opening research were primarily aimed at opening areas such as scientific data, methodologies, software and publications, now increasingly other artifacts of the scientific workflow are also tackled, such as scientific meta-data[23] and funding ideas.[24]

In 2013, open research became more mainstream with web based platforms such as figshare continuing to grow in terms of users and publicly available outputs.[25]

The Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) Committee met in 2014 to address one key element of the incentive systems: journals' procedures and policies for publication. The committee consisted of disciplinary leaders, journal editors, funding agency representatives, and disciplinary experts largely from the social and behavioral sciences. By developing shared standards for open practices across journals, the committee said it hopes to translate scientific norms and values into concrete actions and change the current incentive structures to drive researchers' behavior toward more openness.[26] The committee said it sought to produce guidelines that (a) focus on the commonalities across disciplines, and that (b) define what aspects of the research process should be made available to the community to evaluate, critique, reuse, and extend. The committee added that the guidelines aim to help improve journal policies in order to help transparency, openness, and reproducibility "become more evident in daily practice and ultimately improve the public trust in science, and science itself."[26]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 0-691-14890-2
  2. PMID 21941234
    .
  3. S2CID 4354591
    .
  4. S2CID 1143258
    .
  5. ^ Open Source Drug Discovery wiki
  6. ^ "Indian Open Source Drug Discovery portal". Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2008.
  7. ^ Mendeley Group on Open Source Drug Discovery
  8. PMID 20686574
    .
  9. S2CID 15266903
    .
  10. PMID 17939849
    .
  11. ^ a b c The Synaptic Leap
  12. ^ MIAWiki for Open Research and Collaboration
  13. ^ "Usefulchem". Archived from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2008.
  14. ^ Article in the American Chemical Society's magazine C&E News on Open Research
  15. doi:10.1071/CH06095
    .
  16. doi:10.1038/news.2010.50
    . Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  17. ^ Kapczynski, Amy; et al. (2005). "Addressing Global Health Inequities: An Open Licensing Approach for University Innovations". Berkley Technology Law Journal. 20: 1031–1114.
  18. PMID 15630466
    .
  19. doi:10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9
    .
  20. ^ A. J. Buitenhuis, I. Zelenika and J. M. Pearce, "Open Design-Based Strategies to Enhance Appropriate Technology Development", Proceedings of the 14th Annual National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance Conference: Open, 25–27 March 2010, pp. 1–12.
  21. hdl:1721.1/69511
    .
  22. doi:10.1089/sus.2012.9944
    .
  23. ^ Main Page – OpenResearch.org
  24. ^ Auer, S.; Braun-Thürmann, H.: Towards Bottom-Up, Stakeholder-Driven Research Funding – Open Source Funding, Open Peer Review. Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine In Peer Review Reviewed: The International Career of a Quality-control Instrument and New Challenges 24–25 April 2008, Social Science Research Center Berlin (WZB), Berlin.
  25. ^ Boyd, S: Tools for sharing open research materials Archived 30 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine Gizmodo, 27 December 2013
  26. ^
    PMID 26113702
    .

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