Operation Atlantic
Operation Atlantic | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of the Battle for Caen | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
Canada | Germany | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Guy Simonds | Günther von Kluge | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
2 Infantry divisions 1 Armoured Brigade | 2 Panzer divisions | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
1,349–1,965 | Unknown |
Operation Atlantic (18–21 July 1944) was a Canadian offensive during the
Background
Operation Overlord
The capture of the historic Norman town of
On D-Day the 3rd Division was unable to assault Caen in force and was brought to a halt north of the city.
On 26 June the British launched
Prelude
Plan
On 10 July General
Detailed planning for Operation Goodwood began on Friday 14 July.[28] On 15 July Montgomery issued a written order to Dempsey scaling back the operation. These new orders changed the operation from a "deep break-out to a limited attack".[29] The intention of the operation was now "to engage the German armour in battle and "write it down" to such an extent that it is of no further value to the Germans", and to improve the Second Army's position.[30] The orders stated that "a victory on the eastern flank will help us to gain what we want on the western flank" but warned that operations must not endanger Second Army's position, as it was a "firm bastion" that was needed for the success of American operations.[31] It was stressed that II Canadian Corps' objectives were now vital, and only following their completion would VIII Corps be free to " "crack about" as the situation demands".[31]
Lt. Gen. Guy Simonds' II Canadian Corps would launch an attack, codenamed Operation Atlantic, on the western flank of VIII Corps to liberate Colombelles and the remaining portion of Caen south of the Orne river.[32] Following the capture of these areas, the Corps was to be prepared to capture Verrières Ridge.[33] The Atlantic–Goodwood operation was slated to commence on 18 July, two days before the planned start of Operation Cobra.[34]
Preparations for Atlantic were delegated to General Simonds, in his first action as the commander of II Canadian Corps.
Battle
On the morning of 18 July, with heavy air support, advance elements of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division were able to capture Colombelles and Faubourg-de-Vaucelles, a series of industrial suburbs just south of Caen along the Orne River. By mid-afternoon, two companies of the Black Watch had crossed the Orne River, with 'A' Company taking fewer than twenty casualties.[37] Additional Battalions from 5th Brigade managed to push southward to Saint-André-sur-Orne.[38] With the east bank of the Orne River secured, the 4th and 6th Canadian Infantry Brigades moved into position for the assault on Verrières Ridge.[39]
The German High Command (
Units of the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, supporting the
Simonds remained determined to take the ridge. He sent in two battalions, the Black Watch and the Calgary Highlanders, to stabilize the situation, and minor counterattacks by both, on 21 July, managed to contain Dietrich's armored formations. By the time the operation was called off, Canadian forces held several footholds on the ridge, including a now secure position on Point 67. Four German divisions still held the ridge. In all, the actions around Verrières Ridge during Operation Atlantic accounted for over 1,300 Allied casualties.[41]
Aftermath
Analysis
Caen south of the Orne was captured, but the failure to seize Verrières Ridge led Montgomery to issue orders on 22 July for another offensive, this time to be a "holding attack", within a few days, in conjunction with Operation Cobra.[43] As a result, Lieutenant-General Guy Simonds formulated the plans for Operation Spring. The contemporaneous Battle of Verrières Ridge claimed over 2,600 Canadian casualties by the end of 26 July.[44]
Casualties
The Canadian official historian, C. P. Stacey, gave Canadian casualties in all services of 1,965 men, 441 of whom were killed or died of wounds.[45] Copp recorded from 1,349–1,965 Canadian casualties in Operation Atlantic, the majority in the 4th and 6th Canadian Infantry Brigades.[44][45][46]
Notes
Footnotes
- ^ "The quick capture of that key city Caen and the neighbourhood of Carpiquet was the most ambitious, the most difficult and the most important task of Lieutenant-General J.T. Crocker's I Corps".[2] Wilmot states "The objectives given to Crocker's seaborne divisions were decidedly ambitious, since his troops were to land last, on the most exposed beaches, with the farthest to go, against what was potentially the greatest opposition."[3] However Miles C. Dempsey, commanding the British Second Army, always considered the possibility that the immediate seizure of Caen might fail.[4]
Citations
- ^ Williams, p. 24
- ^ a b Ellis, p. 171
- ^ Wilmot, p. 273
- ^ Buckley, p. 23
- ^ Ellis, p. 78
- ^ Ellis, p. 81
- ^ Van-Der-Vat, p. 146
- ^ Wilmot, pp. 284–286
- ^ a b Forty, p. 36
- ^ Ellis, pp. 247–250
- ^ Ellis, p. 254
- ^ Taylor, p. 10
- ^ Forty, p. 97
- ^ Taylor, p. 76
- ^ Williams, p. 114
- ^ Clark, pp. 31–32
- ^ Clark, pp. 32–33
- ^ Clark, p. 21
- ^ Hart, p. 108
- ^ Reynolds (2002), p. 13
- ^ Wilmot, p. 334
- ^ a b Williams, p. 131
- ^ a b Stacey, p. 150
- ^ Jackson, p. 60
- ^ a b Trew, p. 49
- ^ Wilmot, p. 351
- ^ Williams, p. 175
- ^ Jackson, p. 79
- ^ Trew, p. 66
- ^ Ellis, pp. 330–331
- ^ a b Ellis, p. 331
- ^ Stacey, p. 169
- ^ Stacey, pp. 170–171
- ^ Williams, p. 161
- ^ a b c Bercuson, p. 222
- ^ Roy, p. 68
- ^ Copp, The Approach to Verrières Ridge
- ^ a b Copp, Approach to Verrières Ridge
- ^ Jarymowycz, Pg. 3
- ^ Bercuson, p. 220
- ^ a b Zuehlke, Pg. 166
- ^ Bercuson, p. 223
- ^ Copp, Approach to Verrières Ridge p.
- ^ a b Zuehlke, Pg. 166
- ^ a b Stacey, p. 176
- ^ Copp, p. 5
References
- Bercuson, D. (2004) [1996]. Maple leaf Against the Axis. Markham Ontario: Red Deer Press. ISBN 978-0-88995-305-5.
- ISSN 1195-8472. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- Copp, T. (1999). "The Toll of Verrières Ridge". Legion Magazine (May/June 1999). Ottawa: Canvet Publications. ISSN 1209-4331. Archived from the originalon May 18, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ISBN 1-55587-950-0.
- Jarymowycz, R. "Der Gegenangriff vor Verrières: German Counter-attacks during Operation "Spring", 25–26 July 1944". Canadian Military History (PDF). 2 (1). Waterloo Ontario: Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies. ISSN 1195-8472. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
- Scislowski, S. (1999). "Verrières Ridge: A Canadian Sacrifice". Maple Leaf Up. Retrieved 2007-06-20.
- van-der-Vat, D. (2004). D-Day, the Greatest Invasion, a People's History. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 1-58234-314-4.
- Zuehlke, M. (2001). The Canadian Military Atlas. Toronto: Stoddart. ISBN 0-7737-3289-6.
Further reading
- Stacey, C. P.; Bond, Major C. C. J. (1960). The Victory Campaign: The operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945 (PDF). Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Vol. III. The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa. OCLC 606015967. Archived from the original(PDF) on 12 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-20.