Operation Paula
Operation Paula | |||||||
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Part of the Western Front of World War II | |||||||
Heinkel He 111 formations prepare for another mission, somewhere in France, June 1940 | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
France | Germany | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Joseph Vuillemin |
Hugo Sperrle Albert Kesselring | ||||||
Units involved | |||||||
Zone d'Opérations Aériennes Nord or Z.O.A.N |
I. Fliegerkorps II. Fliegerkorps IV. Fliegerkorps V. Fliegerkorps VIII. Fliegerkorps | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
120 fighters[2] | 1,100 aircraft (460 fighters) | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
35 aircraft (31 fighters) 906 casualties 254 dead (166 were servicemen)[2] | 10 aircraft (four bombers)[2] |
Unternehmen Paula (Undertaking or Operation Paula)
For the operation, the Germans committed five Air Corps to the attack, comprising 1,100 aircraft. The operation was launched on 3 June 1940. British intelligence had warned the French of the impending attack, and the operation failed to achieve the strategic results desired by the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (High Command of the Air Force). However, the plight of the French ground and air forces at this stage meant that the failure of the operation would not impede the defeat of France.
Background
After the declaration of war on
The
Launched on 10 May 1940, the revised version of Unternehmen Gelb (
Luftwaffe plans
Hugo Sperrle had long planned attacks upon Paris and on 22 May he ordered Fliegerkorps II (Air Corps II) and Fliegerkorps V (Air Corps V) with Kampfgeschwader 77 (Bomber Wing 77) and Generaloberst (General Colonel) Ulrich Grauert's I Fliegerdivision, III./Kampfgeschwader 28 (Bomber Wing 28) to bomb Paris. Bad weather prevented the operation. Determined to continue with his plans, Sperrle ordered Otto Hoffmann von Waldau and Helmuth von Hoffman, Gruppenkommandeur (Group Commander) of III./KG 28,[11] to plan an operation named Paula the following day, on 23 May 1940.[12]
The operation was broad in its scope. As well as eliminating French airfields and aircraft factories around Paris,[13] in von Waldau's words, the bombing was to "achieve a desirable influence on the morale of the capital".[14] German reconnaissance aircraft reported 1,244 aircraft on airfields in and around Paris, including 550–650 single engine aircraft.[15] This French air power was to be destroyed along with the aviation factories in the area. French anti aircraft artillery (AAA) defences were mapped from tactical to operational level, and intelligence of French ground defences was therefore good.[16] The operation was due to be carried out on 30 May, but again, bad weather prevented it.[12]>
The operation was compromised by poor staff work and excessive confidence in the "invulnerable"
Forces involved
German
Units from both Luftflotte 2 and Luftflotte 3 (Air Fleet 1 and 2) were made available for the operation. Kampfgeschwader (Bomber Wings) and Jagdgeschwader (Fighter Wings) with aircraft from Lehrgeschwader 1, (LG 1), Kampfgeschwader 1 (KG 1), Kampfgeschwader 2 (KG 2), Kampfgeschwader 3 (KG 3), Kampfgeschwader 4 (KG 4), Kampfgeschwader 54 (KG 54), Kampfgeschwader 55 (KG 55) and Kampfgeschwader 76 (KG 76), escorted by fighter aircraft from Jagdgeschwader 2 (JG 2), Jagdgeschwader 26 (JG 26), Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27), Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53), Zerstörergeschwader 2 (ZG 2) and Zerstörergeschwader 76 (ZG 76) were to carry out the attack.[17]
KG 1, ZG 76 and LG 1 were under the command of I. Fliegerkorps. ZG 2, KG 3 and II./KG 2 were under the command of II. Fliegerkorps. KG 55 and III./KG 54 were under IV. Fliegerkorps. KG 51 served under V. Fliegerkorps. KG 4 and JG 26 were under the command of the IX. Fliegerdivision. JG 2 and JG 27 were under the command of VIII. Fliegerkorps. Jagdfliegerführer 3 lent JG 53 for the operation.[18]
Stab. and I./KG 2 moved to
KG 2 put up 99 bombers for the raid and KG 55 committed 66 bombers from their three Gruppen.[26] Altogether the Luftwaffe fielded 640 bombers and 460 fighters.[27]
French
Tasked with the defence of the greater Paris area was the Zone d'Opérations Aériennes Nord or Z.O.A.N (Northern Zone of Air Operations).
The battle
On 3 June, the French units were warned an hour before the German bombers took off, but owing to equally poor staff work, few French squadrons heard the
Most of the German bombers had passed over and had an altitude advantage over French fighters trying to gain height to intercept. Skirmishes were few and far between, but some French units suffered heavy losses. For the attack, the Germans had used the new C-250 Flammbombe (Flame Bomb) which had only been cleared for use 24 hours earlier. The incendiary bomb did some damage to hangars and parked aircraft.[32]
Aftermath
The Germans believed they had struck a mortal blow against the ALA.
Although the operation failed to achieve its goals, the first phase of the German invasion, Operation Yellow, had stripped the
See also
- List of aircraft of the French Air Force during World War II
- List of World War II military aircraft of Germany
References
Citations
- ^ Chant 1987, p. 180.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hooton 2007, p. 84.
- ^ Mackay 2003, p. 62.
- ^ Chant 1987, p. 10.
- ^ Healy 2008, pp. 3–5.
- ^ Healy 2008, pp. 5–8.
- ^ Bond 1975, p. 42.
- ^ Healy 2008, pp. 8–11.
- ^ Bond 1975, pp. 43–44.
- ^ Hooton 2007, pp. 47–48, 77.
- ^ de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007, p. 114.
- ^ a b Hooton 2007, p. 82.
- ^ Weal 2000, p. 35.
- ^ Hooton 1994, p. 263.
- ^ a b Hooton 2007, p. 81.
- ^ Hooton 2007, pp. 82–83.
- ^ a b Hooton 2007, pp. 263–264.
- ^ a b Hooton 2007, pp. 78–79.
- ^ de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007, pp. 23–31.
- ^ de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007, pp. 193–201.
- ^ de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007, pp. 36–48.
- ^ de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007, pp. 49–60.
- ^ de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007, pp. 13–22.
- ^ Hooton 2007, p. 78.
- ^ de Zeng, Stankey & Creek 2007, p. 188.
- ^ Hooton 2007, pp. 83–84.
- ^ Hooton 2007, pp. 62–63.
- ^ Jackson 1974, p. 80.
- ^ French Air Force order of battle, 5 June 1940.
- ^ a b c Hooton 1994, p. 264.
- ^ a b Jackson 1974, p. 81.
- ^ Mackay 2003, p. 63.
- ^ Hooton 2007, pp. 84–85.
- ^ Hooton 2007, pp. 85–86.
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-0-7067-0168-5
- Chant, Christopher (1987). The encyclopedia of codenames of World War II. Routledge & Kegan Paul Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7102-0718-0.
- de Zeng, H.L.; Stankey, D.G.; Creek, E.J. (2007). Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933–1945; A Reference Source. Vol. 1. Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85780-279-5.
- Healy, Mark (2008). Prigent, John (ed.). Panzerwaffe: The Campaigns in the West 1940. Vol. 1. London: ISBN 978-0-7110-3240-8.
- Hooton, E.R. (1994). Phoenix Triumphant: The Rise and Rise of the Luftwaffe. Arms & Armour. ISBN 978-1-85409-181-9.
- Hooton, E.R. (2007). Luftwaffe at War; Blitzkrieg in the West. Vol. 2. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. ISBN 978-1-85780-272-6.
- Jackson, Robert (1974). Air War Over France, 1939-1940. London: Ian Allan. ISBN 978-0-7110-0510-5.
- Mackay, Ron (2003). Heinkel He 111. Crowood Aviation Series. ISBN 978-1-86126-576-0.
- Weal, John (2000). Ju 88 Kampfgeschwader on the Western Front. Botley, Oxford, UK: ISBN 978-1-84176-020-9.