Operation Yellowbird
Operation Yellowbird | |||||||
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Part of Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong | |||||||
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Rescue Party
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Counterparty People's Republic of China | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Leaders
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Leaders
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Operation Yellowbird | |
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Hanyu Pinyin | Huángquè Xíngdòng |
Yue: Cantonese | |
Yale Romanization | Wòhng jeuk hàhng duhng |
Jyutping | Wong4 zoek3 hang4 dung6 |
Operation Yellowbird, or Operation Siskin (
The operation began in late June 1989, following the issuing of an order by the Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau on 13 June 1989 to apprehend the leaders of the Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation who were on the run. The operation continued until 1997.[5] Yellowbird successfully helped more than 400 dissidents, who were smuggled through Hong Kong, and then onwards to Western countries.[6] Some escapees included Wu'erkaixi, Chai Ling, Li Lu, Feng Congde, Chen Yizi, and Su Xiaokang. Three Hong Kong based activists were arrested by the Chinese authorities, but later released after intervention by the Hong Kong government.[7]
Etymology
The operation obtained its name from the Chinese expression "The mantis stalks the cicada, unaware of the yellow bird behind" (螳螂捕蟬,黃雀在後).[1]
Reverend Chu Yiu-Ming, a core member of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China during 1989, also asserted that the name originated from the Haitian folk song "Yellow Bird".[8] In an interview with South China Morning Post, he explained that the group "wanted the activists to fly freely in the sky, just like the yellow birds".[8]
Background
Weeks prior to the violent escalation of the protests, the CIA maintained a network of informants among the student protesters as well as within Chinese intelligence services, which it used to monitor the situation.[9] The CIA actively aided the student activists in forming their movement, providing them various equipment including typewriters and fax machines according to a U.S official.[9]
Days after the Chinese government suppressed the demonstrations, Beijing issued a
Financing
According to the posthumously published memoirs of veteran Hong Kong political figure and leader of the Alliance, Szeto Wah, Yellowbird was financed mainly by Hong Kong businessmen and celebrities who sympathised with the plight of the activists, but extensive assistance also came from the colonial government.
The organizers of the Operation spent upwards of HK$600,000 (US$64,000) to rescue each activist and to cover other expenses to get them abroad.[6] Amounts spent on the rescue would vary between HK$50,000 and $500,000 depending on the specific logistics taking account of the political risks, and number of attempts.[7] More than HK$600,000 was spent and three attempts made before Wu'erkaixi managed to escape.[11] In addition, triad members who managed the smuggling routes inside China requested payments of about US$25,000 for every attempt, regardless of its success or failure.[3] Assistance from boat owners, who occasionally had triad connections, cost around HK$200,000 for the transportation of four to five passengers.[8]
The operation was financed by Hong Kong businessmen, and a mobster, according to Newsweek; activists had initially collected $260,000 in donations from businessmen to fund the operation.[1] One such businessman is Lo Hoi-sing, who was arrested during the operation.[12] Other benefactors included chanteuse Anita Mui and filmmaker Alan Tang.[5] According to Szeto, both lent significant financial and material support to help activists. Szeto said, "Tang had a lot of influence in Macau and got involved personally to save time but he remained low-key and never claimed his share of glory."[13] Within China, considerable financial backing for the operation came from a variety of sources, such as business personalities and ordinary citizens who sympathized with the activists.[10][14] Diplomats in Hong Kong were also able to help by obtaining visas for the escapees' departures to various countries.[14] Funds were used for the costs of smuggling individuals directly out of mainland China, as well as for financial assistance for other dissidents who made it to Hong Kong by themselves.[8]
Rescue money was mainly raised privately by the Operation, for fear of alerting British authorities at the time who were being careful before
Success and details of the Operation
Closely following the aftermath of the protests, 7 of the 21 most wanted students escaped China through the operation's assistance; although some had no knowledge of its existence at the time.[3][15] These seven individuals were Wu’er Kaixi, Chai Ling, Feng Congde, Li Lu, Liang Qingtun, Wang Chaohua and Zhang Boli, while the remaining fourteen on the list had either turned themselves in or were subsequently captured.[16] In its entirety, Yellowbird successfully helped more than 400 dissidents, who were smuggled through Hong Kong, and then onwards to Western countries.[6] Some other escapees include Chen Yizi and Yan Jiaqi, senior government advisers to Zhao Ziyang at the time, along with the wanted intellectual, Su Xiaokang.[10][15] In addition to pro-democracy activists, defected People's Liberation Army soldiers and police staff who provided aid to the operation were also rescued, some of whom carried weapons when they arrived in Hong Kong.[12][17]
Escape teams from Hong Kong were sent into China with the cover of being specially formed trading companies.
Four main routes were used to get dissidents from Guangdong to Hong Kong: Shekou to Tuen Mun's Castle Peak Power Station, Huidong to Chai Wan, Shanwei to Wong Chuk Hang and Nan’ao to Sai Kung.[8] A fifth passage, Chung Ying Street in Sha Tau Kok, was also an option for escapees since one side belonged to Hong Kong and the other to mainland China.[8] Once arriving in Hong Kong, dissidents would be hidden in different safe houses while preparations for their final departures were being made.[8] Shelters such as Nai Chung camp in Sai Kung housed up to 30 activists at a time during its peak.[8]
Newsweek maintains that these rescue squads made incursions into Chinese territory, while US and British intelligence operatives were involved in the extractions. However, former US Ambassador to China, James Lilley, said Americans were involved "almost exclusively in legal exfiltrations". There was cooperation from foreign embassies for the asylum-seekers.[1] The CIA supplied materiel in the form of sophisticated equipment and other means of escape and subterfuge, and even weapons.[7]
Chan Tat-Ching, or Brother Six, also helped with the operation as he had access to different speedboats and smugglers who specialized in moving goods between mainland China and Hong Kong.[4] He was described as a mastermind of the operation.[7] Chan and his partners created an 18-page plan for the dissidents' escape, encompassing various details such as routes, secret signals and contact points.[4][18] His one rule for working with Yellow Bird was that under no circumstance should he or his associates be known to the individuals they were rescuing.[4] Szeto's memoirs detail how the operation was highly confidential, and known to only six members of the Alliance. However, Chan, referred to by Szeto as only a logistician commanders, allegedly compromised the operation by divulging escape routes to mainland officials after his brother was arrested, and was sacked by Szeto.[6]
British authorities allowed the operation to continue, disregarding how dissidents entered the colony so long as they left to another country quickly and quietly.[10][14] Diplomats and officials worked at Kai Tak airport to secure departures that avoided usual bureaucratic channels, thus minimizing scrutiny from immigration officials and press for the fugitives.[14] In an interview with Bloomberg, Alistair Asprey, former Secretary for Security in Hong Kong, said that officials met with staff of foreign consulates on different occasions to ask about accepting dissidents.[15] Chu Yiu-ming, a core member of the Alliance, also sent letters to foreign governments requesting their approval of asylum applications.[8] Some escapees were able to flee to the United States as well as to France, which was said to be the "most accommodating", according to Yellow Bird organizers.[15][10]
Problems and end of the Operation
Yellow Bird encountered several complications throughout its duration.[14] Different circumstances forced Chan Tat-Ching to withdraw from the operation, just after he had facilitated the retrieval of a total of 133 individuals.[4] In an early instance, two of his men and an escaping student perished in a boat crash.[18] On 13 October 1989, another two of his men were arrested after an attempt to rescue intellectuals Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao was revealed to be a sting operation.[10] They had received false information about the two wanted intellectuals and were apprehended by Chinese police officers when they came to identify the men.[4] Chan travelled to Beijing in 1990 and secured the release of his two operatives in exchange for terminating his involvement with any additional fugitives.[18] Chan himself managed to 'negotiate' himself out of trouble with the PRC in 1991, having convinced certain official interlocutors that his intentions were patriotic. However, Chan was seriously injured after being attacked by unknown assailants in Hong Kong in 1996.[18]
Three Hong Kong based activists associated with the Operation were arrested by Chinese authorities on the mainland, but later released after intervention by Hong Kong's government.[7] In 2002, Hong Kong democrat Leung Wah, who was also involved in the operation, died in mysterious circumstances in neighbouring Shenzhen. Although it was never proven one way or another, Leung's associates believe that he died at the hands of PRC security agents.[7]
The operation proceeded until 1997, when Hong Kong's sovereignty was transferred to China.[15] Some escapees had remained in the city for years, awaiting their withdrawal, which came when diplomatic efforts were frantically made in the months before the colony's return.[15]
References
- ^ a b c d Liu, Melinda (1 April 1996). "Still on the wing; inside Operation Yellowbird, the daring plot to help dissidents escape". Newsweek.
- ^ Anderlini, Jamil (1 June 2014). "Tiananmen Square: the long shadow". Financial Times. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
The extraction missions, aided by MI6, the UK's Secret Intelligence Service, and the CIA, according to many accounts, had scrambler devices, infrared signallers, night-vision goggles and weapons.
- ^ ISBN 9780190227913.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Wen, Philip (1 June 2014). "The incredible story of Brother Six, democracy activist, friend to triads". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ a b 營救八九民運領袖 前線總指揮首次披露 Apple Daily, 28 May 2009
- ^ a b c d e Lee, Samson; Wong, Natalie (12 July 2011) "Praise for Brit agents who helped students" Archived 16 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. The Standard
- ^ ISBN 9780765623041.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Lam, Jeffie (26 May 2014). "'Operation Yellowbird': How Tiananmen activists fled to freedom through Hong Kong". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- ^ a b "CIA man misread reaction, sources say". The Vancouver Sun. 1992. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Hewitt, Gavin (2 June 1991). "The Great Escape from China". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
- ^ Wong, Natalie (12 July 2011) "Let down by self-centered Chai Ling" Archived 16 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. The Standard
- ^ a b 民運人士要剝光豬驗證 港英高層力勸黃雀核心:別走近海邊 Archived 11 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Apple Daily 22 May 2009
- ^ Lee, Diana and Wong, Natalie (12 July 2011) "Stars who played their part" Archived 31 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The Standard
- ^ a b c d e f Vines, Stephen (10 May 1997). "Time for the Yellow Bird of Hong Kong to fly". The Independent. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f Mathieson, Rosalind; Western, Neil (27 May 2014). "Escape from Tiananmen: How Secret Plan Freed Protestors". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- ISBN 9780190227913.
- ^ 怒海孤舟——黃雀行動與我 Apple Daily 28 May 2009
- ^ a b c d e f Buckley, Chris (6 June 2014). "A 'Modern-Day Knight' Who Helped Fleeing Tiananmen Activists". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.