Orange chat

Orange chat
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Meliphagidae
Genus:	Epthianura
Species:	E. aurifrons
Binomial name
Epthianura aurifrons Gould, 1838

The orange chat (Epthianura aurifrons) is a species of

. It is endemic to Australia.

Description

The orange chat (Epthianura aurifrons)

Similar species

Bird species similar to and often confused with the orange chat are the yellow chat and the crimson chat; these birds are similar in size and shape. Orange chats have straighter and on average shorter bills.^[7] The adult male orange chat is rarely mistaken for another species with its vivid orange colouration and black throat patch. The male yellow chat is coloured almost as brightly as the orange chat but without such a warm orange overtone, being rather an intense lemon yellow. The grey-brown mottled females and immatures have yellow uppertail-coverts and a yellow underbody distinguishing them from the crimson chat. However, they are still similar in appearance to the female yellow chat.^[6]

Other common names

Orange-breasted, orange-fronted, golden-fronted or bush chat; orange-fronted nun or tang; bush or saltbush canary.^[2]

Distribution and habitat

Orange chats are strongly nomadic within the arid and semi-arid zones of Australia that they inhabit.

Movement

The orange chat is nomadic, but less so than the crimson chat, and moves around irregularly.[6] Movements are often determined by weather conditions, which will affect the availability of food in an area. During droughts or dry spells, the orange chat will be absent or nearly so from normal habitats and will sometimes be recorded towards the periphery of their usual range.^[6]

Banding

According to the Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme, of the 90 orange chats banded in Australia from 1953–97, none have been recovered.^[6]

Behaviour

The orange chat is gregarious and mobile with undulating flight, but they are also very wary, which does not allow close interactions. They are easy to see from a distance perched atop low bushes, shrubs or trees, due to the vivid orange plumage of the male. Males will often keep watch from a tall shrub or bush whilst the rest of the flock feeds out of sight.^[6] Foraging occurs on the ground or from low shrubs. Orange chats are usually seen in pairs or small groups of up to 15 birds, although flocks of more than 400 have been recorded locally. They are often spotted mixing with flocks of crimson and white-fronted chats and seen near or with flocks of zebra finches. When flushed, the orange chat will fly high, briefly perching atop a low shrub before disappearing onto the ground and between shrub cover.^[6]

At the start of the breeding season, flocks disperse into pairs. After the pair has formed, the male accompanies the female at all times until the eggs have been laid and chases other birds, often other males, that approach the pair; this behaviour is rarely seen outside the breeding season.^[6]

Defensive behaviour

Defence of territory is mainly performed by males when breeding; females usually only become involved when the male is absent.^[6]

Distraction displays

From incubation to just after fledging, one or both adults engage in distraction displays such as feigning injury by flapping along the ground. Sometimes they will not return to their nest while the observer or predator is present.^[6]

Voice

Most calls of the orange chat are a vibrant, metallic twang tang and a softer tchek tchek.^[5] Calls do not form a significant part of territorial activity, although the male clicks his bill when flying at intruders; this is often accompanied by a squeak.^[6] A soft shu-shu-shu is used by males to call females to them. A louder shu-shu-shu call is used when feigning injury by both sexes. Shu-shu-shu is also used by parents with food to call young.^[6]

Diet

Orange chats mainly eat invertebrates, small insects (ants, bees, wasps, beetles, caterpillars and grasshoppers) and spiders that are on the ground or in shrubs. Sometimes they will feed with crimson or white-fronted chats, or with flocks of zebra finches.^[6] When water is available, feeding will take place along the water's edge, although they are reported to rarely drink water. They walk more often than they hop and are usually seen on or near the ground, occasionally eating seeds. Foraging in crops of sunflowers has been observed.^[2][6]

Breeding

Breeding habits of the orange chat are not well known, as no major studies have been performed. This species moves and breeds opportunistically throughout the year, sometimes three or more times in response to favourable seasons, whilst breeding will not occur in times of drought.^[6] Eggs are laid from June to April, but mostly from August to November; young are seen August–November and February–May. There is little variation across its range.^[6] The female orange chat will build a small but quite substantial nest in a

Nests are built in samphire or chenopod shrubland, around salt lakes, and occasionally on grass flats or gibber plains. Nests are usually in samphire, saltbush or bluebush; also canegrass, lignum, grass tussocks, sedges or among thistles. They are usually located on or near the top of a live plant, or near the ground under a nest plant, sheltered from above, or sometimes on the ground.[6] During irruptions, the orange chat nests in a wide variety of shrubs, and there are records of it sometimes nesting in citrus trees. Depending on prevailing conditions, the female lays 3 or 4 whitish oval eggs, which are smooth, close-grained and coloured with brown, red, black and grey spots, especially at the larger end, reminiscent of honeyeaters' eggs.^[6] The eggs measure approximately 17 mm × 14 mm (0.67 in × 0.55 in).^[9] Both parents help incubate the eggs for around 11 days and feed the young birds once they have hatched until they can fly on their own to find food.^[6][9]

The fledging period is 10 days. For a few days after fledging, the young remain in the nest territory and crouch unmoving under shrubs; after a few days, they will move off with the parents and join local flocks where the young continue to be fed by parents.^[6]

Predators

If a predator approaches the nest either parent will fake an injury to distract the creature away from the nest and will call loudly during the display. Predators include both introduced and native species: cats, snakes, foxes and larger birds, like ravens and crows.^[6]

References