Oregon State Capitol

Coordinates: 44°56′18″N 123°01′49″W / 44.938466°N 123.030374°W / 44.938466; -123.030374
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Oregon State Capitol
Oregon State Capitol, view from Capitol Mall
Oregon State Capitol is located in Salem OR
Oregon State Capitol
Location in Salem, Oregon
Oregon State Capitol is located in Oregon
Oregon State Capitol
Oregon State Capitol (Oregon)
Location900 Court Street NE, Salem, Oregon, U.S.
Coordinates44°56′18″N 123°01′49″W / 44.938466°N 123.030374°W / 44.938466; -123.030374
BuiltOctober 1, 1938
ArchitectTrowbridge & Livingston
Architectural styleArt Deco, Stripped Classicism
NRHP reference No.88001055
Added to NRHPJune 29, 1988[1]

The Oregon State Capitol is the building housing the state legislature and the offices of the governor, secretary of state, and treasurer of the U.S. state of Oregon. It is located in the state capital, Salem. Constructed from 1936 to 1938 and expanded in 1977, the current building is the third to house the Oregon state government in Salem. The first two capitols in Salem were destroyed by fire, one in 1855 and the other in 1935.

New York architects Trowbridge & Livingston conceived the current structure's Art Deco stripped classical design in association with Francis Keally. Much of the interior and exterior is made of marble. The Oregon State Capitol was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 29, 1988.[1][2]

The federal government's

Oregon grape
).

History

Before the creation of the Oregon Territory in 1848, the Oregon Country provisional government, through legislation on June 27, 1844, and December 19, 1845, selected Oregon City as Oregon's first capital.[3] J. Quinn Thornton described an early capitol building as 20 by 40 feet with a platform at one end for the president.[4] One of the private buildings this government used was constructed by John L. Morrison in 1850; it served as a capitol until the government moved to Salem.[5] Governor Joseph Lane affirmed Oregon City's status as capital by proclamation. In 1850, the legislature passed an act designating Salem the capital. However, Governor John P. Gaines refused to relocate, on the basis that the same act located the university in Corvallis and the penitentiary in Portland; he declared the act unconstitutional, on the grounds that the authority to locate those institutions was his, and the Territorial Supreme Court concurred; the governor and most of the Supreme Court remained in Oregon City. Justice Orville C. Pratt, who had dissented, relocated to Salem; on May 14, 1852 an act of the United States Congress settled the matter in Salem's favor.[6][7]

The building used as the capitol in 1855, when the territorial capital was briefly located in Corvallis

On January 13, 1855, the

Benjamin Harding moved back to Salem.[6]

On December 3, 1855, the legislature convened in Corvallis and quickly introduced legislation to move the capital back to Salem. This bill passed on December 15, 1855. Three days later, the legislature re-convened in Salem. However, the statehouse burned down on the 29th, and the legislature re-opened debate about where to seat the capital. They decided to ask the people of the territory to vote on the question. A vote was to be held in June 1856, after which the two cities receiving the most votes would have a runoff. The initial vote set up a runoff between Eugene and Corvallis, but after some ballots were invalidated due to not being cast in accordance with the law, the two winners were Eugene and Salem. An October runoff gave Eugene the most votes, but the earlier vote-tossing led to a low turnout. With such low public participation, the election was ignored, and the capital remained in Salem.[6]

A permanent resolution of the capital location issue came in 1864. In 1860, the legislature put the question once again to a popular vote. On a vote in 1862, no city received the 50 percent minimum required by law. In an 1864 election, Salem received 79 percent and was declared the state capital.

Oregon Constitution lists the seat of state government in Article XIV as Marion County,[8]
of which Salem is the seat.

First capitol (1855)

Artist's rendering of the 1855 building

The land developed for the permanent capitol buildings was Salem block 84, sold to the state for this purpose by pioneer and Salem founder

facade and a 10-foot (3 m) portico. Built of native ashlar blocks, the exterior walls, two stories high, ranged in color from a deep sky blue to white. The first floor was 19 feet (5.8 m) tall and the second 15 feet (4.6 m) tall with an eight-foot (2.4 m) entablature. The building was decorated with four Ionic columns on the front (west) end. The building housed a variety of rooms, including a federal courthouse with a chamber measuring 20 by 27 feet (6 by 8 m) and an executive office of 18 by 20 ft (5.5 by 6 m) on the first floor. Also on the first floor was the House chamber, measuring 36 by 46 feet (11 by 14 m) and having three entrances. The first floor also held the main hall, which included an entrance 15 feet (5 m) wide. On the second floor was the Senate chamber, 26 by 36 feet (8 by 11 m). Additionally, the Territorial Library was housed in a room that was 20 by 36 feet (6 by 11 m). The second story also had a gallery viewing area for the House, three committee rooms, and several rooms for government clerks.[9] The capitol was designed by Captain Charles Bennet, who participated in the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in 1848, and construction supervised by William H. Richter at a total cost of $25,000.[12]

Fire

On the evening of December 29, 1855, a fire destroyed the first capitol building and many of the territory's public records.[10] Starting in the unfinished northeast corner of the structure, still unoccupied by the government, the fire was not discovered until around 12:30 am. Arson was suspected, but no one was arrested.[13]

The site of the burned-out capitol building remained a pile of stones for several years after the fire. A downtown building, Nesmith's Building (later named the Holman Building), served as a temporary capitol from 1859 until 1876. The legislature met on the second and third floors of that building, which also housed the other state offices.[14]

Second capitol (1876–1935)

Second Oregon capitol, 1876–1935
Capitol in 1909
Damage to the capitol from 1935 fire
Surviving pillars of the second capitol in 2007

Plans for a new building began to take shape in 1872 when the state legislature appropriated $100,000 ($ 2.6 million as of 2025) towards a new capitol building.[15] This second capitol, built between 1873 and 1876, was a two-story structure with an additional first level that was partly underground; the total cost was $325,000[16] ($ 9.6 million as of 2025). The cornerstone for the building was laid on October 5, 1873, during a ceremony that included a speech by Governor Stephen F. Chadwick and the music of several bands. Construction, on the same site as the 1855 building, was partly accomplished with convict labor from the Oregon State Penitentiary. Architects Justus F. Krumbein and W.G. Gilbert designed the building.[17]

Built of stone and five million bricks, Oregon's new capitol measured 275 by 136 feet (84 by 41 m) with a dome of 180 feet (55 m).[17] The ground story was of native Oregon sandstone from the Umpqua region.[11] The structure had a square rotunda on the interior that was 54 feet (16 m) tall. Also inside was a Senate chamber measuring 75 by 45 feet (23 by 14 m) and a House chamber of 85 by 75 feet (26 by 23 m). On the top floor was the Oregon Supreme Court with a courtroom measuring 54 by 45 feet (16 by 14 m) and the Oregon State Law Library, 75 by 70 feet (23 by 21 m). Also on the top floor was a viewing gallery for the House. On the exterior were ornamental pilasters and two-story porticos on the east and west ends.[16][17] The building included a lunch counter.[18] Additionally, the building had mullion-windowed wings.[16] The large copper-clad dome was constructed with an iron and steel framework. This dome rose 54 feet (16 m) above the rest of the building and was 100 feet (30 m) tall. The building was of Renaissance style[17] with Corinthian columns on the front entrance[19] and was patterned after the United States Capitol.[20] At that time, the capitol faced west toward the Willamette River.[16] The government began using the building in August 1876, before the dome was built. Originally, plans called for towers on both sides of the dome (a tower on both ends of the building with the dome in the middle), but they were left out to save money.[17] Oregon's second capitol building stood from 1876 to 1935.

1935 Fire

On April 25, 1935, at 6:43 pm, a custodial engineer called the Salem Fire Department to report smoke. Citizens helped to remove items from the smoky building, but when firefighters arrived, they ordered everyone to leave the structure, which was soon engulfed in flame. Among the helping citizens was twelve-year-old Mark Hatfield, who later became governor of Oregon. The fire was determined to have started in the basement of the east wing and quickly spread to piles of old records stored there. A strong updraft in the hollow columns enclosing the dome's eight supporting steel lattice girders rapidly pulled the flames through the rotunda to the upper stories.[11] The heat was so intense it destroyed even the copper dome and brightly lit the night sky.[21]

The flames could be seen as far away as Corvallis, 40 miles to the southwest.

Oregon State Library was in the basement and first floor of the Supreme Court Building. Many books and documents in the basement suffered water damage when water used to fight the fire flooded tunnels and seeped into the Supreme Court Building.[22] Offices previously housed in the capitol were moved temporarily to other government buildings and to leased space in downtown Salem until a new building was built.[16]

Third capitol (1938–present)

Current Oregon capitol
Back of capitol in 1939
Back of capitol in 2006

Construction of the newest building began on December 4, 1936.

Greek refinement.[21] Overall it is Art Deco in style, and is one of only three state capitols in the United States constructed in that architectural style.[23]

Controversy occurred before construction began when Governor Martin suggested the new building be sited on a hill south of downtown (Candalaria Heights) and away from the busy center of town. Another proposal called for the purchase of the Willamette University campus and relocation of the capitol to that site.[24] However, downtown merchants were able to keep the capitol building in downtown at the original location, though some Victorian homes were subsequently leveled to make way for the building. Another early complaint about the structure was that the cupola resembled a "paint can" rather than traditional domes on other capitols, including the earlier Oregon structures. It was even called a "squirrel cage", lacking in majesty. Additionally, the public was slow to admire the gold Oregon Pioneer atop the dome.[21] Installation of the statue began on September 17, 1938, and took several days and heavy-duty equipment.[25]

The building cost $2.5 million ($ 57 million as of 2025), of which the federal government paid 45 percent through the Public Works Administration. Upon completion, the new capitol was 164 feet (50 m) wide, 400 feet (120 m) long, and 166 feet (51 m) tall (50 by 122 by 51 m) and contained 131,750 square feet (12,240 m2) of usable space.[8][16] The exterior was finished with Vermont marble. The lobby, rotunda, and halls were lined with a polished rose travertine stone quarried in Montana.[19] The rotunda's staircases and floor used Phenix Napoleon Grey Marble quarried in Phenix, Missouri, and had borders of Radio Black marble that, like the exterior stone, is from Vermont.[1]: 7–14 [19] There are 158 names of notable Oregonians inscribed on the walls of the legislative chambers; of these, only six are women. The original cost estimate for the building was $3.5 million ($ 79 million as of 2025), but the state legislature only appropriated $2.5 million; committee rooms were subsequently removed from the plans.[26] These rooms were added in 1977 as part of a $12.5 million ($ 65 million as of 2025) expansion project to add new wings containing legislative offices, hearing rooms, support services, a first floor galleria, and underground parking.[26] This addition doubled the space of the capitol building.[27] In 2002, the wings were remodeled at a cost of $1.3 million ($ 2.3 million as of 2025) to upgrade items such as antiquated wiring and to install new carpeting and lighting.[27]

On March 25, 1993, the magnitude 5.6 Scotts Mills earthquake damaged the cupola, requiring closure for repairs. The rotunda area remained closed for approximately two years for these repairs.[28] This "Spring Break Quake" shook the building enough to shift the statue on top and crack the cupola. Additionally, the quake created a three-foot (one-meter) bulge on the west end of the building.[29] Repairs cost $4.3 million ($ 9.4 million as of 2025) and included reinforcing the structure with additional concrete and steel bars.[30]

State Senate chamber
House of Representatives chamber

In April 2002, the building became the first state capitol in the United States to produce

power grid.[31]

On December 31, 2007, the Oregon State Capitol hosted its first authorized wedding between Oregon State Representative Tobias Read and Heidi Eggert. At Read's encouragement, the Legislature created a policy authorizing up to four public events a year.[32] On August 30, 2008, the building caught fire around 12:30 in the morning and was quickly extinguished with damage to the Governor's offices on the second floor on the south side.[33] The governor was forced to relocate some of his offices, including some time at the Oregon State Library across the street.[34]

During a special session in December 2020, armed protesters

official misconduct in the first degree[38] and the Oregon House of Representatives voted 59–1 to expel him on the grounds of "disorderly behavior."[39]

The Capitol Accessibility, Maintenance and Safety project was approved by the legislative assembly in 2016 at a cost of $59.9 million. This project was designed to address Americans with Disabilities Act deficiencies; at-risk mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems; and security and life-safety issues in the Oregon State Capitol building. A second phase of this project was approved at a cost of $70.8 million by the legislative assembly in 2020 to address seismic upgrades, historic restoration, and additional ADA accessibility issues at the building's south entrance. A final phase, approved in 2022 at a cost of $465 million, focuses on upgrades to the oldest parts of the building, including seismic upgrades, adding four hearing rooms, adding a café, lead pipe and asbestos removal, and upgrading facilities for journalists and lobbyists.[40] The total cost of the project is nearly $600 million and includes inserting 160 base isolators in the 160-million-pound building's foundation to avoid damage during seismic activity in the Cascadia subduction zone, with the new system being rated to limit damages even while the earth moves up to 2 feet in any direction.[41][42]

The project has been criticized for cost overruns and for quiet approval of $90 million of additional funding; the project's budget is now nearly double the anticipated $375 million initially estimated.[40] The building has continued to be used for legislative purposes during construction at a cost of $20 million, although parts of the building continue to be closed off.[43] The renovation should be complete by 2026, with the full building opening to the public by April 2025.[44]

Exterior and interior

Interior ceiling of the dome above the rotunda

The Oregon State Capitol is home to both branches of the state legislature, the House and Senate, and has offices for the governor, treasurer, and the secretary of state. In its center, the floor of the prominent

exploration of the Columbia River in 1792, another shows the Lewis and Clark Expedition, and two others portray covered wagons from pioneer times. These four murals were painted by Schwarz and Barry Faulkner. Other murals include the Provisional Government of Oregon's salmon and wheat seal, the Oregon Territory's seal, and depictions of Oregon's industries, all located in the rotunda's wings along the grand staircase. The capitol's galleria area on the first floor includes hearing rooms, display cases, and the visitor information area.[19]

Oregon's House chamber floor is covered with a custom carpet; the carpet's pattern incorporates a depiction of the state tree, the Douglas-fir, representative of

Oregon-grape), and the state bird (western meadowlark).[45]

Leo Friedlander's relief sculpture Covered Wagon (1934) outside the main entrance

A variety of artwork is displayed on the exterior of the building. Sculptor Leo Friedlander used Vermont marble for the large relief sculptures on both sides of the main entrance. One sculpture depicts Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, and Sacagawea, with a map of their expedition's route on the reverse (Lewis and Clark); the other (Covered Wagon) shows pioneers and a covered wagon, with a map of the Oregon Trail on the reverse. Additionally, Ellerhusen created five marble relief sculptures on the exterior, and a metal sculpture by Tom Morandi sits above the south entrance. Ellerhusen also cast six bronze sculptures arranged above the building's main entrance, three on the inside and three on the outside.[19]

The building measures 693 by 259.5 ft (211.2 by 79.1 m). The older main portion of the building is 53.5 feet (16.3 m) tall, while the newer wings added in 1977 are 68.7 feet (20.9 m) tall. Inside, the building has approximately 233,750 square feet (21,716 m2) of floor area and 3.2 million cubic feet (90,600 cubic meters) of volume.[45]

In 1997, the Legislative Assembly established the

flags of the U.S. states.[46]

In 2007, the capitol wings closed for a restoration project to upgrade items such as furniture, plumbing, and electrical systems.

Gordon Smith and Jeff Merkley when Smith used the price of the project in ads attacking Merkley who was the Speaker of the Oregon House when the remodel was approved.[48] Part of the attack involved the cost of new desks for legislators and staff that were manufactured by Oregon prison inmates.[49] Renovations were completed in November 2008.[50]

Grounds

Walk of Flags on the capitol grounds
Aerial view of the Capitol and surrounding area

The capitol grounds cover three city blocks and include Willson and Capitol parks.

Douglas-fir tree was grown using a seed that rode aboard Apollo 14 to the Moon in 1971 and was transplanted to the capitol in 1976 from Oregon State University.[51]

East Capitol Park

On the east side of the building is Capitol Park, which includes a bronze equestrian statue by

Columbus Day Storm in 1962, this statue was knocked over and damaged but restored in 1963.[53] There is also a memorial to Oregon's recipients of the Medal of Honor, dedicated on September 18, 2004.[54]

West Willson Park

To the west of the building is Willson Park, named for Salem founder William H. Willson and sited roughly at the center of his former landholdings.[55] From 1853 to 1965 it was a Salem city park. After the park was turned over to the state, Lloyd Bond and Associates were asked to redesign the park.[11] Willson Park features the Oregon World War II Memorial, the Waite Fountain, a gazebo built in 1982, and Peter Helzer's sculpture, A Parade of Animals (1991),[19] which was designed as a play structure. Waite Fountain was donated in honor of Oregon businessperson E. M. Waite in 1907 by his wife.[51] The Breyman Fountain, added in 1904 as a memorial to Werner and Eugene Breyman,[56] is at the far west end of the park.[51] It was originally decorated with a statue of a soldier from the Spanish–American War and also served as a lamp post and horse trough.[56] Today the statue holds no water and is sometimes planted with flowers.[57] In 2005, a Walk of Flags feature was added that displays the flags of every state in the Union. In 2009, the nine flags of Oregon's federally recognized Native American tribes were added to the Walk of Flags.[58]

Other features on the capitol grounds include

state animal. Additional features of the grounds include a peace pole donated by the Society of Prayer for World Peace, a large boulder that once lay along the Oregon Trail, a planter that spells out "Oregon" using shrubs, and a rose garden maintained by the Salem Rose Society.[51]

360° panorama showing the Oregon State Capitol and the Capitol Mall

See also

The gold Oregon Pioneer by Ulric Ellerhusen, 1938

References

  1. ^
    SHPO (June 29, 1988). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form". NPGallery – Digital Asset Management System. US DOI via NPS
    . Retrieved January 24, 2018.
  2. ^ "Oregon National Register List" (PDF). Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 9, 2011. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
  3. OCLC 6608313
    .
  4. ^ Lyman, William Denison (1909). "Pt. 1, Ch. 8: Conflict of Nations for Possession of the River". The Columbia River: Its History, Its Myths, Its Scenery, Its Commerce . G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 194.
  5. ^ Native Sons of Oregon. The Oregon Native Son. Vol. II. Portland, Oregon: Native Son Pub. Co. 1899. p. 294.
  6. ^
    OL 13573540M
    . Retrieved January 25, 2018.
  7. ^ Winslow, Walter O. (1908). "Contests over the Capital of Oregon" . Oregon Historical Quarterly. 9.
  8. ^
    ISBN 0-403-09840-8
    . ().
  9. ^ a b Oregon State Capitol. First State House. Hugh Morrow Collection – Salem Public Library – Salem, Oregon. R HMC-1111.
  10. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8323-0449-1
    . ASIN B000Q0U3I8 (1989 edition ).
  11. ^ a b c d e Paul Porter and Susan Gibby. "Oregon State Capitol and the Capitol Mall". Salem (Oregon) Public Library. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
  12. ^ Hauck, Eldon (1991). American Capitols. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. p. 190.
  13. ^ a b Knowlton, Stefanie (January 20, 2003). "Salem firefighter preserves department's lore". Statesman Journal.
  14. ^ Oregon State Capitol. The State House of 1853. Hugh Morrow Collection – Salem Public Library – Salem, Oregon. R HMC-978.
  15. ^ "Magazine Section". The Oregonian. May 12, 1935. p. 6.
  16. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8323-0296-1
    .
  17. ^ a b c d e "none". The Oregonian. January 15, 1893.
  18. ^
    Oregon Journal
    . April 26, 1935.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i Oregon Legislative Information Systems (January 23, 2002). "Oregon State Capitol History". Oregon Legislature. Archived from the original on November 21, 2007. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
  20. ^ a b Yeager, Angela (January 1, 2004). "Oregon's history is in our back yard". Statesman Journal.
  21. ^ a b c Filips, Janet (September 27, 1988). "A capitol idea". The Oregonian.
  22. ^
    Oregon State Bar Bulletin
    . Oregon State Bar.
  23. ^ Esteve, Harry. Capitol scene 2001 Oregon Legislature. The Oregonian, January 8, 2001.
  24. ^ The Oregon State Capitol: What Could Have Been - page 23 Oregon State Archives. Retrieved on October 8, 2007.
  25. ^ "Oregon's Bronze "Pioneer" Rises to Resting Place on Capitol Top". Statesman Journal. September 18, 1938.
  26. ^ a b Graff, Randy (February 15, 2004). "Sight lines: Losing the spirit". The Oregonian.
  27. ^ a b Wong, Peter (December 1, 2002). "Capitol reunion spotlights rooms". Statesman Journal.
  28. ^ Esteve, Harry. Converging paths to leadership two adept veterans who mix personal values and political skills will direct the 2005 legislature Peter Courtney political everyman relies on dramatic, affable style. The Oregonian, November 30, 2004.
  29. ^ Tomlinson, Stuart (March 20, 1994). "What have we learned?". The Oregonian.
  30. ^ Esteve, Harry (April 27, 2007). "Inside the capitol: Stopping sky from falling takes money". The Oregonian.
  31. ^ a b Wong, Peter (January 20, 2003). "Capitol to glow with solar flair". Statesman Journal.
  32. ^ Liao, Ruth (January 3, 2008). "Capitol rotunda serves as wedding chapel". Statesman Journal.
  33. ^ "Fire damages state Capitol". KATU. August 30, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
  34. ^ Cole, Michelle (November 18, 2008). "Governor's office now at State Library". The Oregonian.
  35. ^ Peterson, Danny; Balick, Lisa (January 7, 2021). "Kotek: GOP's Nearman let right-wing protesters into Capitol". KOIN. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
  36. ^ Borrud, Hillary (January 7, 2021). "Oregon Rep. Mike Nearman let right-wing protesters into the Oregon Capitol last month". The Oregonian. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
  37. ^ Borrud, Hillary (January 8, 2021). "Video clearly shows Rep. Mike Nearman helping right-wing demonstrators breach Oregon Capitol". The Oregonian.
  38. Salem Statesman Journal
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  39. ^ VanderHart, Dirk (June 10, 2021). "Oregon House expels state Rep. Mike Nearman, plotter of Capitol incursion". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  40. ^ a b "Construction at the Oregon Capitol is almost $100 million over budget. No one mentioned it to the public". opb. Retrieved February 24, 2025.
  41. ^ "Capitol Accessibility, Maintenance and Safety Home Page". www.oregonlegislature.gov. Retrieved February 24, 2025.
  42. ^ Shumway, Julia (July 25, 2024). "A look inside the Oregon Capitol under construction • Oregon Capital Chronicle". Oregon Capital Chronicle. Retrieved February 24, 2025.
  43. ^ "Crews Face the Unexpected In Historic Upgrade of Oregon Capitol | Engineering News-Record". www.enr.com. Retrieved February 24, 2025.
  44. ^ McDonald, Abbey (July 24, 2024). "Peek inside the Oregon State Capitol as crews work to finish new foundation". Salem Reporter. Retrieved February 24, 2025.
  45. ^ a b c Oregon Capitol Guide. Oregon Department of Transportation.
  46. ^ "Oregon Legislature: Walk of the Flags". Oregon Legislature. June 14, 2005. Archived from the original on October 28, 2007. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
  47. ^ "Oregon State Capitol Restoration Project". Oregon Legislative Assembly. Archived from the original on August 20, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  48. ^ Har, Janie (August 2, 2008). "At $34 million, is the Oregon Capitol renovation extravagant or long overdue?". The Oregonian.
  49. ^ Har, Janie (August 17, 2008). "From jailhouse to state House The high-end furniture for the Capitol's renovation is made locally --by inmates". The Oregonian. p. B1.
  50. ^ Wong, Peter (December 8, 2008). "Inmate-built furniture fills Capitol wings". Statesman Journal.
  51. ^ a b c d e f A Walking Tour: State of Oregon Capitol Grounds. Published by the Oregon Department of General Services.
  52. ^ Maxwell, Ben (1935). "Columns from old Oregon State Capitol in Salem, Oregon, found along Mill Creek after it burned in 1935". Salem (Oregon) Public Library Historic Photograph Collections. Retrieved October 1, 2007. Portions of the columns were discovered along Mill Creek in Salem and were placed on display on the capitol grounds and at the Marion County Historical Society.
  53. ^ Maxwell, Ben (1935). "Restoring Circuit Rider statue damaged in Columbus Day storm in Salem, Oregon, 1963". Oregon Historic Photograph collections. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
  54. ^ "Veterans Memorials in Oregon" (PDF). Oregon Department of Veterans Affairs. 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2019.
  55. ^ "William H. Willson (1805–1856)". Salem Online History. Salem (Oregon) Public Library Historic Photograph Collections. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
  56. ^ a b "Oregon Historic Photograph Collections". Salem (Oregon) Public Library Historic Photograph Collections. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
  57. ^ "Salem Then & Now: Breyman Fountain Willson Park". Salem Oregon Community Guide. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
  58. The Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde. Archived from the original
    on July 27, 2009. Retrieved June 30, 2009.
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