Orkhon Turkic

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Orkhon Turkic (also Göktürk), is the first stage of Old Turkic, known as the oldest Turkic literary language preceding Old Uyghur. It is generally used for the language in which the Orkhon and Yenisei inscriptions are written.[1][2]

Vocabulary

Most of the vocabulary includes words of Turkic origin in Orkhon Turkic. In addition, a few words used are based on languages such as Sogdian and Middle Chinese.[3][4] Mehmet Ölmez claims that about 20% of the vocabulary in Orkhon Turkic comes from neighboring cultures.[5]

The borrowed words of the Orkhon Turkic period include Chinese, Sogdian, Mongolian, and Tibetan loanwords.[6] Orkhon Turkic has a vocabulary that is less influenced by Sogdian and more heavily influenced by Chinese. In the period of Old Uyghur, Sogdian loanwords increase exponentially. The main reason for the increase of Sogdian influence is that the Uyghurs embraced Manichaeism.[7]

Phonology

Orkhon Turkic is a Shaz Turkic language, also a d-type Turkic language (e.g.; Turkish: ayak, Chuvash: ура (ura) but Old Turkic: 𐰑𐰴 (adaq)) which belongs to the Siberian Turkic branch. Orkhon Turkic sometimes has long vowels.[8][9][10]

Dialects

Turkic people used a common literary language in the 5th-8th centuries, but there were some differences.[11] It is possible to examine the Orkhon Turkic under two Yenisei and the Classical Orkhon Turkic headings. Orkhon Turkic had two main dialects, both written in Orkhon script.

Orkhon Turkic Inscriptions

The language used in the inscriptions, most of which are found along the Orkhon river[12] is called the Orkhon Turkic language. It contains not only tombstones but also diaries describing state events. For this reason, it is richer in terms of language and the language used expertly.[13] (See more at Orkhon inscriptions)

Yenisei Kyrgyz Inscriptions and the Dialect

The language used in the inscriptions found along the Yenisei river[14] is called the Yenisei Kyrgyz dialect. (See more at Yenisei Inscriptions)

Phonetic Features

In Yenisei inscriptions, the letters e and i change places from time to time. The same change is seen in b with m, g with k, ş with s, and z with s. It has also been seen once in the letters ı and i.[11]

Morphonological Features[11]

A completely morphological difference was not detected in the Yenisei Inscriptions. But there are some points:

  • In Orkhon inscriptions, the case of direction takes the suffix -a/-e after the possessive suffix, while in the Yenisei inscriptions it sometimes takes the suffixes -qa/-ke/-ğa/-ge when the same is the case.
  • In the locative case, the letters l and n sometimes have the suffix -te/-ta but sometimes the suffix -de/-da.
  • The past tense begins irregularly, sometimes with a hard consonant and sometimes with a soft consonant.

Other Inscriptions Written in Orkhon Turkic language

Talas Inscriptions

They are found around the

Talas, Issyk-Kul and Kochkor.[15] They were written with the Yenisei variants of the Orkhon alphabet.[16][17][18][19][20] It is believed that these inscriptions were also written by the Kyrgyzs.[21]

The language of the texts used in the inscriptions is the same as the language used in the Orkhon and Yenisei inscriptions. The suffix -ka after the possessive suffix, which is seen in some of the Yenisei Kyrgyz inscriptions, is not seen in these inscriptions.[22]

References

  1. ISBN 978-0700708697
    .
  2. ISBN 978-90-04-10294-1
    .
  3. ^ Ölmez, Mehmet (1995). "Eski Türk Yazıtlarında Yabancı Öğeler" (PDF). Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları. 5: 227–229.
  4. ^ Ölmez, Mehmet (1997). "Eski Türk Yazıtlarında Yabancı Öğeler 2" (PDF). Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları. 7: 175–186.
  5. ^ Olmez, Mehmet (1999-01-01). "Foreign Elements in Old Turkic Inscriptions (3) // Eski Türk Yazıtlarında Yabancı Öğeler (3)". Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları, 9: 59-65.
  6. ^ Clauson, Sir Gerard (1975). "The Foreign Elements in Early Turkish". Researchs in Altaic Languages: 43–49.
  7. S2CID 225560776
    .
  8. ISBN 978-0-7007-0869-7
    .
  9. ^ "KökTörükçede Birincil Uzun Üŋlüler". Retrieved 2022-04-24.
  10. JSTOR 23682110
    .
  11. ^ a b c Şabdanaliyev, Negizbek. "YENİSEY YAZITLARI'NDAKİ AĞIZ ÖZELLİKLERİ (FONOLOJİK VE MORFONOLOJİK İNCELEME)". Türk Dünyası. 42: 153–165.
  12. ^ "TURK BITIG". bitig.kz. Retrieved 2022-04-10.
  13. ISSN 2687-296X
    .
  14. ^ "TURK BITIG". bitig.kz. Retrieved 2022-04-10.
  15. ISSN 0564-5050
    .
  16. ^ "TURK BITIG". bitig.kz. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
  17. ^ "TURK BITIG". bitig.kz. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
  18. ^ "TURK BITIG". bitig.kz. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
  19. ^ "TURK BITIG". bitig.kz. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
  20. ^ "TURK BITIG". bitig.kz. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
  21. ^ "Türkçe Bilgi: Talas-Yenisey Yazıtları". Türkçe Bilgi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2022-04-12.
  22. ^ "TURK BITIG". bitig.kz, uyalarïna adïrïlmïš. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
  • Talat Tekin, A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic, Uralic and Altaic Series Vol. 69, Indiana University Publications, Mouton and Co. (1968). (review:
    ISBN 0-7007-0869-3
    .
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