Ornithogalum
Ornithogalum | |
---|---|
Ornithogalum umbellatum | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Asparagales |
Family: | Asparagaceae |
Subfamily: | Scilloideae |
Tribe: | Ornithogaleae
|
Genus: | Ornithogalum L.[1] |
Type species | |
Ornithogalum umbellatum | |
Species | |
Synonyms[2] | |
List
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Ornithogalum is a
Description
Ornithogalum species are
The longitudinal band on the leaves is thought to be caused by an interruption of
Taxonomy
Ornithogalum was originally described by Linnaeus in 1753, with 12 species, which he placed in the Hexandria Monogynia (six stamens, one carpel).[1] When Michel Adanson formed the family Liliaceae in 1763, he placed Ornithogalum there, where it largely remained till this very large family was dismembered towards the end of the 20th century. Specifically, he included the genus with the onions (now Allioideae).[7]
By the 1870s, as Baker describes in his revision of the family,
Later, in the United Kingdom,
Ornithogalum is one of four genera in the tribe
The precise taxonomy of the Ornithogaloideae/Ornithogaleae has been problematic since at least the time of
Further analysis with wider sampling (70 compared to 40 taxa) and a third
The sensu stricto classification of Martinez-Azorin et al. (2011) reduces the number of species to 50 as originally proposed by Speta.[18] Thus, any consideration of the genus needs to be examined as to whether it refers to sensu stricto, the 50 species considered by Speta (1998) and Martinez-Azorin et al. (2011), or sensu lato, the much larger genus envisaged by Manning et al. (2009).
Subdivision
This very large genus has long been divided into many
- subgenus Avonsera (Speta) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt (monotypic: Ornithogalum convallarioides)
- subgenus Galtonia (Decne.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt (7 species)
- subgenus Aspasia (Salisb.) Oberm.[20] (30 species)
- subgenus Ornithogalum (7 sections, 120 species)
Species
Of the roughly 180 species, the best known are O. umbellatum, O. saundersiae, O. arabicum, and O. thyrsoides.[21]
- Ornithogalum arabicum (Star-of-Bethlehem)
- Ornithogalum dubium (Sun star, yellow chincherinchee)
- Ornithogalum maculatum (Snake flower)
- Ornithogalum narbonense (Pyramidal star-of-Bethlehem)
- Ornithogalum nutans (Drooping star-of-Bethlehem)
- Ornithogalum pyrenaicum (Bath asparagus/Prussian asparagus/spiked star-of-Bethlehem)
- Ornithogalum saundersiae (Giant chincherinchee)
- Ornithogalum thyrsoides (Chincherinchee)
- Ornithogalum umbellatum (Garden star-of-Bethlehem) Type species
- Ornithogalum xanthochlorum (Namaqua chink/slangkop)
Species formerly placed in Galtonia include:[22]
- Ornithogalum candicans (Baker) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt (Summer hyacinth, Cape hyacinth)
- Ornithogalum princeps (Baker) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
- Ornithogalum regalis (Hilliard & B.L.Burtt) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
- Ornithogalum saundersiae Baker
- Ornithogalum viridiflorum (I.Verd.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Etymology
The Latin genus name ornithogalum derives from Greek ὀρνιθόγαλον ornithogalon referring to ornithogalum umbellatum, itself deriving from ὄρνις ornis "bird" (GEN ὄρνιθος ornithos) and γάλα gala "milk".[23][24][25] The name is thought to be related to the white colour of the flowers;[20][26] in some species, they resemble bird droppings.[26] The possible (non-attested) alternative form in ancient Greek ὀρνιθογάλη ornithogalē seems to be the source of classical Latin ornithogale as used by Pliny the Elder.[27][28]
Distribution and habitat
When the genus is broadly circumscribed, as for example by Plants of the World Online, species are widely distributed over several continents including Africa (other than the tropics), Madagascar, Europe, and temperate Asia (as far as Afghanistan).[2]
Uses
Ornithogalum species may be sold as cut flowers, particularly O. arabicum, O. dubium, O. saundersiae, and O.thyrsoides.[29] They are also sold as ornamental garden flowers.
Toxicity and use in alternative medicine
Some of the plants in the genus are poisonous, and have been known to kill grazing animals. Others are edible and used as vegetables. The bulbs contain alkaloids[30] and cardenolides,[3] which are toxic.
Ornithogalum has been listed as one of the 38 plants used to prepare Bach flower remedies,[31] a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on health. However, according to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".[32]
Gallery
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O. arabicum
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O. dubium
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O. nutans
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O. pyrenaicum
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O. saundersiae
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O. thyrsoides
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O. umbellatum
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Closed flower bud.
See also
References
- ^ a b Linnaeus 1753, Vol. 1. Hexandria Monogynia pp. 306–308.
- ^ a b "Ornithogalum L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
- ^ a b "Ornithogalum Linnaeus". Flora of North America vol. 26. www.eFlora.org. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ^ "Ornithogalum L". Ornamental Plants From Russia. www.eFlora.org. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f Martinez-Azorin et al. 2011.
- ^ a b Tutin et al 1980, Ornithogalum L. pp. 35–40.
- ^ Adanson 1763, p. 50.
- ^ Baker 1871.
- ^ Baker 1873, Scilleae: Ornithogalum pp. 257–285.
- ^ Baker 1873, Ornithogalum: Heliocharmos pp. 262–269.
- ^ Bentham & Hooker 1883.
- ^ Bentham & Hooker 1883, Liliaceae; Scilleae Ornithogalum pp. 815–816.
- ^ Engler & Prantl 1888.
- ^ Engler & Prantl 1888, Engler Liliaceae: Ornithogalum p. 67.
- ^ a b Stevens 2015.
- ^ Stedje 1989.
- ^ a b Manning et al. 2004.
- ^ a b Speta 1998.
- ^ a b Manning et al. 2009.
- ^ a b Obermeyer 1978.
- ^ "Ornithogalum". International Flower Bulb Centre. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
- ^ "Galtonia Decne". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
- ^ Schubert & Wagner 1988.
- Perseus Project.
- ^ Liddell & Scott 1940.
- ^ a b Gilbert-Carter 1955, p. 59.
- ^ Saalfeld 1884.
- Perseus Project.
- ^ "Ornithogalum". Grower Direct.
- ^ "Ornithogalum umbellatum – L." Plants For A Future.
- ^ Vohra 2005, p. 3.
- ^ "Flower remedies". Cancer Research UK. Retrieved 12 July 2019.
Bibliography
- Garbari, F; Giordani, A; Marcucci, R; Tomadore, N (2003). "The genus Ornithogalum L. (Hyacinthaceae) in Italy, XIV: Towards a redefinition of infrageneric taxa, with new proposals" (PDF). Bocconea. 16 (1): 269–281.
- Gilbert-Carter, H. (1955). Glossary of the British Flora (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ISBN 978-3-540-64060-8. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
- Liddell, H.G.; Scott, R. (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Manning, J.C.; Goldblatt, P.; S2CID 86097586.
- Manning JC, Forest F, Devey DS, JSTOR 27756826.
- Martínez-Azorín, Mario; Crespo, Manuel B.; Spencer, Mark (November 2006). "Typification of names of taxa in Ornithogalum L. subg. Cathissa (Salisb.) Baker ( Hyacinthaceae )". JSTOR 25065699.
- Martínez-Azorín, Mario; Crespo, Manuel B.; Ana Juan, Ana (2007). "Taxonomic revision of Ornithogalum subgen. Cathissa (Salisb.) Baker (Hyacinthaceae)". Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid. 64 (1): 7–25. ISSN 0211-1322. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
- Martinez-Azorin, Mario; Crespo, Manuel B.; Juan, Ana (2009). "Taxonomic revision of Ornithogalum subg. Beryllis (Hyacinthaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands". Belg. J. Bot. 142 (2): 139–161. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
- Martínez-Azorín, Mario; Crespo, Manuel B.; Juan, Ana (23 September 2010). "Taxonomic revision of Ornithogalum subg. Ornithogalum (Hyacinthaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 289 (3–4): 181–211. S2CID 28222390.
- Martinez-Azorin, Mario; Crespo, Manuel B.; Juan, Ana; PMID 21163815.
- Obermeyer, A. A. (1978). "Ornithogalum: a revision of the southern African species". Bothalia. 12 (3): 323–376. .
- Schubert, R.; Wagner, G. (1988). Botanisches Wörterbuch (9th ed.). Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer.
- Speta, F. "Hyacinthaceae". In Kubitzki (1998), pp. 261–285.
- Stedje, Brita; Nordal, Inger (December 1984). "Taxonomy and cytology of the genus Ornithogalum (Liliaceae) in East Africa". Nordic Journal of Botany. 4 (6): 749–759. .
- Stedje, Brita (1989). "Chromosome evolution within the Ornithogalum tenuifolium complex (Hyacinthaceae), with special emphasis on the evolution of bimodal karyotypes". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 166 (1–2): 79–89. S2CID 30809941.
- )
- Vohra, D.S. (2005). Bach Flower Remedies: A Comprehensive Study. B. Jain Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7021-271-3. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
Historical sources
- Adanson, Michel (1763). "VIII Liliaceae IV Cepae". Familles des plantes Part II. Paris: Vincent. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
- . Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- . Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- Bentham, G.; Hooker, J.D. (1883). Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. Vol III Part II. London: L Reeve & Co. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
- Engler, Adolf; Prantl, Karl, eds. (1888). Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten 1887–1915 II(5). Leipzig: W. Engelmann. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
- Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
- Saalfeld, G.A.E.A. (1884). Tensaurus Italograecus. Ausführliches historisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Griechischen Lehn- und Fremdwörter im Lateinischen. Wien: Carl Gerold's Sohn.
Databases
- "Ornithogalum". The Plant List. Version 1.1. 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
- "Ornithogalum L". International Plant Names Index. 2005. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
- "Ornithogalum". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
- "Ornithogalum L". eMonocot. 2014. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015. Distribution maps
- "Ornithogalum". Euro+Med Plantbase. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem. 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
- Stevens, P.F. (2015) [2001]. "Ornithogaleae". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.
External links
Data related to Ornithogalum at Wikispecies