Liliaceae

Liliaceae Temporal range: 68–0  Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Late Cretaceous - Recent
Lilium candidum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Liliales
Family:	Liliaceae Juss.[1]
Type genus
Sp. Pl. 1: 302. (1753)[3]
Type species
Sp. Pl. 1: 302. (1753)[3]
Subfamilies and tribes
subfamily: Streptopoideae subfamily: Calochortoideae subfamily: Medeoloideae subfamily: Lilioideae tribe: Lilieae tribe: Tulipeae sensu APWeb[2]
Diversity
About 600 species

The lily

A number of Liliaceae genera are popular cultivated plants in private and public spaces. Lilies and tulips in particular have had considerable symbolic and decorative value, and appear frequently in paintings and the decorative arts. They are also an economically important product. Most of their genera, Lilium in particular, face considerable herbivory pressure from deer in some areas, both wild and domestic.^[4][5]

Liliaceae floral morphology

Section through flower of Fritillaria meleagris

Lilium flower with perigonium of six undifferentiated tepals, arranged in two trimerous whorls and side-connected (dorsifixed) anthers.

Sego lily (Calochortus nuttallii) with tepals in two clearly distinguished whorls of three sepals and three petals.

Tulipa clusiana with three sepals resembling petals

Tricyrtis flower with patterned tepals

Lilium longiflorum: 1. Stigma, 2. style, 3. stamens, 4. filament, 5. tepal

Erythronium revolutum flower with three stigmata and pseudo-basifixed anthers surrounding the filament tip

Lilium with longitudinal dehiscence of anthers

Lilium anthers in cross section

Lilium auratum pollen with typical single-grooved (monosulcate) pattern

Tulipa humilis flower showing multiple connate (fused) carpels surrounded by stamens.

Lillium fruit capsule

The diversity of characteristics complicates any description of the Liliaceae morphology, and confused taxonomic classification for centuries. The diversity is also of considerable evolutionary significance, as some members emerged from shaded areas and adapted to a more open environment (see Evolution).^[6]

The Liliaceae are characterised as monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, bulbous (or

Inflorescence

Usually

pluriflor (multiple blooms), the flowers are arranged in a cluster or rarely are subumbellate (Gagea) or a thyrse (spike).^[9]

Flowers

tepals equal, e.g. Fritillaria) or dichlamydeous (two separate and different whorls, e.g. Calochortus) and may be united into a tube. Nectar is produced in perigonal nectaries at the base of the tepals.^{[9][11][12][13]}

Androecium

Six

dehisce longitudinally and are extrorse (dehiscing away from center). The pollen is usually monosulcate (single groove), but may be inaperturate (lacking aperture: Clintonia, some Tulipa spp.) or operculate (lidded: Fritillaria, some Tulipa spp.),^[15] and reticulate (net patterned: Erythronium, Fritillaria, Gagea, Lilium, Tulipa).^[9][11][14]

Gynoecium

Superior

nucleus, are referred to as Fritillaria-type, a characteristic shared by all the core Liliales.^{[6][9][11][16]}

Fruit

A

rudimentary (tiny relative to endosperm) depending on placentation type, and straight, bent, curved or curled at the upper end.^{[9][11][17][18]}

Leaves

stipules. The aerial stem is unbranched.^{[9][11][12][19][20]}

Genome

The Liliaceae include a species with one of the largest genome size within the angiosperms, Fritillaria assyriaca (1C=127.4 pg), while Tricyrtis macropoda is as small as 4.25 pg.^[21] Chromosome numbers vary by genus.^[11] Some genera like Calochortus (x=6-10), Prosartes (6,8,9,11), Scoliopus (7,8), Streptopus (8, 27) and Tricyrtis (12-13) have a small and variable number of chromosomes while subfamily Lilioideae have a larger and more stable chromosome number (12) as have the Medeoleae (7).^{[7][22][23][24]}

Phytochemistry

The seeds contain

Tulipa contains tulipanin, an anthocyanin. (see also: Toxicology

)

The taxonomy of the Liliaceae has a very complex history. The family was first described in the eighteenth century, and over time many other genera were added until it became one of the largest of the monocotyledon families, and also extremely diverse. Modern taxonomic systems, such as the

The family Liliaceae was described by

Examples of the four subdivisions of Liliaceae

Nomocharis aperta, Yunnan, China

Calochortoideae: Flower of Calochortus catalinae, California

Streptopoideae: Leaves and berries of Streptopus lanceolatus, Ontario

, Canada

Various authorities (e.g.

Currently the APWeb lists fifteen genera, arranged as shown in this table:[2]^[11]

The largest genera are

The name "Liliaceae" (English: /ˌlɪliˈeɪsi, -siˌaɪ, -siˌeɪ, -siˌi/) comes to international scientific vocabulary from Neo-Latin, from Lilium, the type genus, + -aceae,^[47] a standardized suffix for plant family names in modern taxonomy. The genus name comes from the Classical Latin word lilium, "lily", which in turn came from the Greek leírion (λείριον).

The Liliaceae are widely distributed, but mainly in the

The proliferation of deer populations in many areas, due to human factors such as the elimination of their animal predators and introduction to alien environments, is placing considerable herbivory pressure on many of the family's species.[4] Fences as high as 8 feet may be required to prevent them from consuming the plants, an impractical solution for most wild areas.^[5] Those of the genus Lilium are particularly palatable, while species in Fritillaria are repellant.

Liliaceae are subject to a wide variety of diseases and pests, including

Cultivation

Cultivation

Tulipa varieties are popular ornamental flowers in public and private spaces in the spring

Tulip production, Hillegom, the Netherlands

Lily production, Japan

Floriculture

Many species of Lilieae (in genera

Tulipa and Lilium

.

Tulips

Tulips have been cultivated since at least the tenth century in

hectares. Other leading producers include Japan, France and Poland. Approximately ten other countries produce commercial tulips, largely for the domestic market. By contrast, the Netherlands is the leading international producer, to the extent of 4 billion bulbs per annum. Of these, 53% are used for the cut flower market and the remainder for the dry bulb market. Of the cut flowers, 57% are used for the domestic market in the Netherlands and the remainder exported.^[59][60]

Original Tulipa species can be obtained for ornamental purposes, such as

naturalising than the cultivated forms. Breeding programs have produced a wide range of tulip types, enabling blooming through a much longer season by creating early, mid- and late spring varieties. Fourteen distinct types are available in addition to botanical tulips, including Lily-flowered, Fringed, Viridiflora, and Rembrandt. In addition to blooming season, tulip varieties differ in shape and height, and exhibit a wide range of colours, both pure and in combination.^[61]

Lilies

The largest area of production is also the Netherlands, with 76% of the global cultivated area, followed by France, Chile, Japan, the United States, New Zealand and Australia. Approximately ten countries produce lilies commercially altogether. About half of the commercial production is for cut flowers. Many of these countries export bulbs as well as supplying the domestic market. The Netherlands produces about 2,200 million lily bulbs annually, of which 96% is used domestically and the remainder exported, principally within the European Union. One particularly important crop is the production of Lilium longiflorum, whose white flowers are associated with purity and Easter.^[59]

Although many Lilium species such as Lilium martagon and Lilium candidum can be obtained commercially, the majority of commercially available lilies represent the products of a very diverse hybridisation program, which has resulted in a separate horticultural classification, including such groupings as Asian, Oriental and Orienpet. In addition to a very wide variety of heights, lilies can be obtained in many colours and combinations of colours, and if properly selected can produce an extensive blooming season from early summer to autumn.^[62] Because of the history of Liliaceae, many species such as Watsonia (bugle lily) that were previously classified in this family bear the name 'lily' but are neither part of the genus Lilium, or the family Liliaceae.

Other

A variety of Fritillaria species are used as early spring ornamental flowers. These vary from the large Fritillaria imperialis (crown imperial) available in a number of colours such as yellow or orange, to much smaller species such as Fritillaria meleagris or Fritillaria uva-vulpis with their chequered patterns.^[63] Erythronium is less common but a popular cultivar is 'Pagoda' with its sulphur yellow flowers.^[64] Calochortus (mariposa lily) may be sold as a mixture or as cultivars.^[65]

Propagation

Bulbils in the leaf axils of Lilium lancifolium

Methods of propagation include both sexual and asexual reproduction. Commercial cultivars are usually sterile.

Sexual reproduction

Seeds can be used for propagation of the plant or to create

cross-pollination occurs, overlapping wild populations can create natural hybrids.^[66]

Asexual reproduction

• Bulb offsets: Daughter bulbs that form on the mother bulb and can be detached.
• Micropropagation techniques including tissue culture.^[67][68]
• adventitious
  bulbs formed on the parent plant's stem.
• Scaling and twin-scaling, used to increase production in slower-growing varieties, in which multiple whole scales are detached from a single bulb.

Bulb

cultivars. Bulb offsets usually require at least a year before flowering. Commercially, plants may be propagated in vitro and then planted out to grow into plants large enough to sell.^[69][70]

Toxicology

While members of the Liliaceae s.s. have been used as food sources in humans, the bulbs of some species are

neurotoxic alkaloids such as imperialin (peiminine),^[75][76][77] which may be deadly if ingested in quantity, while other species such as Fritillaria camschatcensis and Fritillaria affinis are edible.^[26][27] Tulips can cause skin irritation due to the presence of tuliposides and tulipalins,^[78][79][80] which are also found in the flowers, leaves and stems of Fritillaria.^[76] These are also toxic to a variety of animals.^[81]

Uses

Mormon settlers in Utah during starvation. Other members of the family used for food include Clintonia (leaves), Medeola (roots), Erythronium (corms), and Fritillaria (bulbs).^[84]

Culture

Lilies

Meister des Frankfurter Paradiesgärtleins c. 1410

Lilium candidum

(Madonna lily)

The type genus, Lily (

floral emblem, particularly of France (fleur-de-lis). The cultivation of lilies has been described since at least the ninth century, when Charlemagne ordered it to be grown at his imperial palaces.^[85]

However, the name 'lily' has historically been applied to a wide variety of plants other than the genus Lilium.

The lily appears in ancient literature associated with both sovereignty and virginal innocence, and is mentioned on a number of occasions in the

Virgin Mary in the Middle Ages, from which came the name ‘Madonna lily’ (Lilium candidum). A well-known example is Leonardo da Vinci's Annunciation (1472–1475) in which the archangel Gabriel

bears a Madonna lily. Other symbolic meanings include glory, love and birth.

Fleur-de-lis

Main article: Fleur-de-lis

The stylised lily, or fleur-de-lis (lily flower) has long been associated with royalty, although it may originally have been derived from the form of an

Scouting

movement.

Tulips

Main article:

Tulip Mania

Iznik

ca. 1600, with tulips, roses and hyacinths

Tulips (

Omar Khayam in the twelfth century.^[58][89]

Tulips were an essential part of the gardens of

Tulip era", by which time they were becoming of economic importance.^[58]

By 1562 the tulip trade had reached Europe with the first shipment to Antwerp,^[90] where they were mistaken for vegetables,^[91] although they had been cultivated in Portugal since 1530, and first appeared in illustration in 1559, and the first tulip flowers were seen in the Netherlands in 1625. Tulips spread rapidly across Europe in the seventeenth century, and became an important trading item, initially in France before concentrating in the Netherlands.^[58][92] Eventually speculative trading in tulips became so intense as to cause a financial bubble which eventually collapsed, a period known as tulip mania (tulipomania), from 1634 to 1637,^[93][94] similar to the Ottoman Empire's Tulip era.

Nevertheless, since then the tulip has become indelibly associated with the Netherlands and all things Dutch. it was during this period that the

Alexandre Dumas, père in 1850, dealing with a contest to grow a black tulip in late seventeenth-century Haarlem

.

Other

state flower of Utah

.

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Additional reading

Books

Systematics

• ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2. Archived
  from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
• Simpson, Michael G. (2011). Plant Systematics. Academic Press.
  ISBN 978-0-08-051404-8. Archived
  from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
• Rodolphe Spichiger; Mathieu Perret, eds. (2004) [2002]. Botanique systématique des plantes à fleurs: une approche phylogénétique nouvelle des angiospermes des régions tempérées et tropicales (Systematic Botany of Flowering Plants). Lausanne: Science Publishers.
  ISBN 978-1-57808-373-2
  . Retrieved 13 February 2014.
• Stevens, Peter Francis (2013). The Development of Biological Systematics: Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu, Nature, and the Natural System. Columbia University Press, 2013.
  ISBN 978-0-231-51508-5
  . Retrieved 4 February 2014.
• Stuessy, Tod F. (2009). Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data. Columbia University Press.
  ISBN 978-0-231-14712-5. Archived
  from the original on 1 November 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2014.

Taxonomic classifications

• Adanson, Michel (1763). Familles des plantes. Paris: Vincent. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.

Table of 58 families, Part II: Page 1 Archived 12 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine

Table of 1615 genera, Part II: Page 8 Archived 12 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine

• Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de (1789). Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam. Paris.
  OCLC 5161409. Archived
  from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
• de Candolle, A.P. (1813). Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux. Archived
  from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
• Gray, Samuel Frederick (1821). A natural arrangement of British plants: according to their relations to each other as pointed out by Jussieu, De Candolle, Brown, &c. including those cultivated for use; with an introduction to botany, in which the terms newly introduced are explained. London: Baldwin. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
• Lindley, John (1830). An introduction to the natural system of botany : or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom : together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy. London: Longman. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
• Lindley, John (1846). The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system. London: Bradbury. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
• Bentham, G.; Hooker, JD (1862–1883). Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. London: L Reeve & Co. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
• Engler, Adolf; Prantl, Karl, eds. (1887–1915). Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
• Adolf Engler, ed. (1900–1968). Das Pflanzenreich: regni vegetablilis conspectus. Leipzig: Engelmann. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
• Engler, Adolf (1903). Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik. Berlin: Borntraeger. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
• Carter, Humphrey G. (1912). Genera of British plants arranged according to Engler's Syllabus der pflanzenfamilien (7 ed.). Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
• Lotsy, Johannes Paulus (1907–1911). Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik. Jena: Fischer. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
• Hutchinson, John (1959). The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols. Macmillan.
• ISBN 978-3-642-64903-5. Archived
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• Takhtadzhi︠a︡n, Armen Leonovich (2009). Flowering Plants. Springer.
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Other

• Boisset, Caroline, ed. (2007). Lilies and related plants. 2007-2008 75th Anniversary Issue (PDF). London: Royal Horticultural Society Lily Group.
  ISBN 978-1-902896-84-7. Archived
  (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
• Erhardt, Walter; et al. (2008). Der große Zander. Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer.
  ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7
  .
• Mabberley, David J. (2013). Mabberley's Plant-Book (3 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  ISBN 978-1-107-78259-4
  . Retrieved 8 January 2014.
• Sharma, O.P. (2009). Plant Taxonomy (2 ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
  ISBN 978-1-259-08137-8. Archived
  from the original on 9 February 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
• Reddy S. M.; et al., eds. (2007). University Botany - 3. New Age International.
  ISBN 978-81-224-1547-6
  . Retrieved 14 February 2014.
• Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi, eds. (2012). Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production. CRC Press.
  ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8. Archived
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• Redouté, P. J. (1802–1816). Les liliacées. Paris: Redouté. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014. See also HTML version Archived 19 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
• Kerner von Marilaun, Anton (1895–96). The natural history of plants, their forms, growth, reproduction, and distribution', trans. FW Oliver et al. from Pflanzenleben, 1890–1891. New York: Holt. p. 4: 603. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014. See also HTML version
• Walters, Dirk R.; Keil, David J. (1996). Vascular Plant Taxonomy. Kendall Hunt.
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• Weberling, Focko (1992). Morphology of Flowers and Inflorescences (trans. Richard J. Pankhurst). CUP Archive.
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  . Retrieved 8 February 2014.
• Williams, D. M.; Knapp, Sandra, eds. (2010). Beyond Cladistics: The Branching of a Paradigm. University of California Press.
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Symposia

• Columbus, J.T.; Friar, E.A.; Porter, J.M.; Prince, L.M.; Simpson, M.G., eds. (2006). "Symposium issue: Monocots: comparative biology and evolution (excluding Poales). Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, 31 Mar–4 Apr 2003".
  ISSN 0065-6275. Archived
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• Anders Barfod; Jerrold I. Davis; Gitte Petersen; Ole Seberg, eds. (2010). Diversity, Phylogeny, and Evolution in the Monocotyledons (Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons and the Fifth International Symposium on Grass Systematics and Evolution, Copenhagen 2008).
  ISBN 978-87-7934-398-6. Archived from the original
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• "MONOCOTS V: 5th International Conference on Comparative Biology of Monocotyledons. New York July 2013". Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.

Journal articles

• Kelch, D.G. (2000). "What happened to the lily family?". Pacific Horticulture. 61: 76–79.
• Peruzzi, Lorenzo; Jarvis, Charlie E. (2009). "Typification of Linnaean Names in Liliaceae".
  JSTOR 27757024
  .

Web

Databases

• AP Website. "Liliaceae". Missouri Botanical Garden. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
• GRIN. "Liliaceae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
• ITIS. "Liliaceae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 22 January 2014.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
• NCBI. "Liliaceae". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
• Watson, L.; Dallwitz, M.J. (1992–2014). "The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval". DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
• Desmet, Peter; Brouilet, Luc (2010). "Liliaceae de Jussieu". PhytoKeys (25): 55–67.
  PMID 24198712. Archived
  from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.

Flora

• Chen, Xinqi. "Liliaceae". Flora of China. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
• Utech, Frederick H. "Liliaceae". Flora of North America. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
  • Cronquist, Arthur (2008). "A Commentary on the General System of Classification of Flowering Plants, in". Flora of North America. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
• "Liliaceae". Flora of Hawaii & Plant Family Profiles. University of Hawai'i. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
• Ali, S. I. "Liliaceae". Flora of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 2 March 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
• Walters, Stuart Max; Cullen, James, eds. (1986). The European Garden Flora. Cambridge University Press.
  ISBN 978-0-521-24859-4. Archived
  from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
• Brittan, N.H.; et al. (1987). "(Search for:) Liliaceae". Flora of Australia Online. vol. 45. Australian Biological Resources Study. Archived from the original on 16 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
• Frodin, D.G. (2001). Guide to Standard Floras of the World: An Annotated, Geographically Arranged Systematic Bibliography of the Principal Floras, Enumerations, Checklists and Chorological Atlases of Different Areas. Cambridge University Press.
  ISBN 978-1-139-42865-1. Archived
  from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2014.

Other

• Stephen Downie; Ken Robertson. "Digital Flowers". University of Illinois. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
• "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants". Bratislava: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. 2011. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
• "Liliaceae". Pacific Bulb Society. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
• Lobstein, Marion Blois. "Where Have All the Lilies Gone? Long-Time Changin' in the Liliaceous Families". Prince William Wildflower Society. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
• Saylor, Jesse L. "Liliaceae Segregated According to Brummitt (1992)". Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
• "Liliaceae". eMonocot. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
• "Liliaceae". Belles fleurs de France. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2014.

• The dictionary definition of Liliaceae at Wiktionary
• Media related to Liliaceae at Wikimedia Commons