Pallas's fish eagle

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Pallas's fish eagle
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Haliaeetus
Species:
H. leucoryphus
Binomial name
Haliaeetus leucoryphus
(Pallas, 1771)
Synonyms

Aquila leucorypha Pallas, 1771

Pallas's fish eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus), also known as Pallas's sea eagle or band-tailed fish eagle, is a large, brownish

Palearctic in Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, China, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Bhutan. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.[1] It is partially migratory, with Central Asian birds wintering among the southern Asian birds in northern India, and also further west to the Persian Gulf.[2]

Description

Pallas's fish eagle in flight at Jim Corbett National Park

The Pallas's fish eagle has a light sandy-brown hood and a whitish face. The wings are darker brown and the back rufous. The long, slender wings (particularly slender for a sea eagle) are rather dark brown underneath. The tail is black with a wide, distinctive white stripe. Juveniles are overall darker, cooler brown with no band on the tail but with several pale areas on the wing, including the underwing coverts and inner primaries. This results in underwings that have a white band in young fish eagles. It takes until the 4th year or so to obtain adult plumage. Among related species,, it mainly overlaps in range with the quite dissimilar much shorter winged and slightly smaller grey-headed fish eagle and scarcely with the larger, bulkier and much broader winged white-tailed eagle, which also seldom resembles the coloring of the Pallas's.[3][4] This fairly large species measures 72 to 85 cm (28 to 33 in) in length with a wingspan of 180–215 cm (5 ft 11 in – 7 ft 1 in).[2] Females are generally reported to weigh 2.1 to 3.7 kg (4.6 to 8.2 lb), with this sample of nine averaging 3.2 kg (7.1 lb), and are slightly larger than males at 2.03 to 3.3 kg (4.5 to 7.3 lb), in ten that weighed an average of 2.6 kg (5.7 lb).[4][5][6] However, in some cases Pallas's fish eagles have been reported to weigh as much as 4 to 5.5 kg (8.8 to 12.1 lb) and span as much as much as 240 cm (7 ft 10 in).[7][8] Thus, their size falls just slightly under the large northern sea eagles (i.e. bald, white-tailed and Steller's) and broadly similar to slightly larger than the sea eagles of more tropical central distribution.[4]

Behaviour and ecology

Diet

Its diet consists primarily of large freshwater

bar-headed geese and Demoiselle crane by assaulting them on the surface of the water and then flying off with the kill. Since the greylag goose species is slightly heavier than the eagle, this is one of the greatest weight-lifting feats ever recorded for a flying bird.[9] Another case of lifting a great load was recorded at the Yamuna River in north-central India, where an eagle captured a huge carp and flew with the struggling fish very low over the water, before dropping it in response to gunfire. The carp was found to have weighed 6.5 kg (14 lb), which is probably roughly twice the weight of the eagle carrying it.[10] How they interact with other raptors is not well understood. However, observations of wintering Pallas's fish eagles in Bharatpur suggest they may dominate several other eagle species, select the highest perches and have the highest daily food intake, including over similarly sized eagles such as eastern imperial eagles and steppe eagles.[11]

Taxonomy

Pallas's fish eagle eggs

Aquila leucorypha was the

Falco and Haliaeetus by different authors.[13]

This species is the hardest-to-place sea-eagle. Among the

phylogenetic place for it among the sea-eagles. However, some information can be drawn from the molecular data, and especially from morphology and biogeography
:

This species retains the ancestral dark eye,

mya.[14]

Distribution and habitat

Juvenile Pallas's fish eagle in Bangladesh

The Pallas's fish eagle occurs in Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Bhutan.[1]

Conservation

The Pallas's fish eagle is listed as

prey difficult for the Pallas's fish eagle.[1]
Its large
range is deceptive, as Pallas's fish eagle is rare and isolated throughout its territory and may not breed in large areas of it.[15]

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22695130A131934599.en
    . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 1994.
  3. ^ Robson, C. (2000). A Field Guide to the Birds of South-east Asia. New Holland, London, UK.
  4. ^
    ISBN 0-618-12762-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  5. ^ Brazil, M. (2019). Field Guide to the Birds of East Asia. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  6. ^ Dunning Jr, J. B. (2007). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition. CRC Press.
  7. ^ Steele, M. (2017). Where in the World are Pallas's Fish Eagles? Migration and Ecology of Haliaeetus leucoryphus in Asia. University of Arkansas.
  8. ^ Paz, U. (1987). The birds of Israel. Stephen Greene Press.
  9. ^ a b c d Orta, J., D. A. Christie, G. M. Kirwan, and C.J. Sharpe (2020). Pallas's Fish-Eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
  10. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9
    .
  11. ^ Prakash, V. (1988). The general ecology of raptors in Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur (Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D. thesis. Bombay University, Mumbai, India).
  12. ^ Pallas, P. S. (1771). "Aquila leucorypha". Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs in einem ausführlichen Auszuge. Volume 2. Frankfurt und Leipzig: J. G. Fleischer. pp. 454–455.
  13. ^ Bree, C. R. & Fawcett, B. (1859). "Pallas's sea eagle". A history of the birds of Europe, not observed in the British Isles. Vol. 1. London: Groombridge and Sons. pp. 75–79.
  14. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(96)00049-X
    .
  15. ISBN 84-87334-15-6
    .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haliaeetus leucoryphus.
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