Pandalur taluk

Coordinates: 11°29′11″N 76°20′23″E / 11.4865°N 76.3396°E / 11.4865; 76.3396
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Pandalur taluk
Taluk
Gudalur

Pandalur taluk is a

Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Pandalur
.

History

Wayanad Taluk in 1854. The Taluks of Malabar were rearranged in 1860 and 1877.[1]
: 10 

The Gudalur and Pandalur taluks of Nilgiris district one time together constituted the Southeast

Malabar district
during the British rule. In modern times, the recognized extent of the Kovilakam's holdings was 80,087 acres under the Malabar Tenancy Act, until 1969. This area is known as 'janmom' land. Kovilakam constructed a temple named Nambalakottai and handed over to Moundadan Chetty community. Chetty community is one of the oldest community in Gudalur where most of their community still have 'Rani Patta' as a proof of oldest community. They have their own tradition and languages.

Pre-history

Historians believe that the human settlements existed in these parts for at least ten centuries

Edakkal Caves has 6000-year-old rock engravings from the Neolithic age. The recorded history of this district is available only from the 18th century. In ancient times, this land was ruled by the Rajas of the Veda tribe.[2]

Ezhimala kingdom

Main article:
Ezhimala
See also: Mushika dynasty

In the earliest part of the recorded history of Gudalur region, Wayanad District, Kasaragod-Kannur-Wayanad-Kozhikode Districts in the northern part of present-day Kerala were ruled by the Nannans (

Ezhimala
.

Kolathunadu

Main article: Kolathunadu

The Mooshaka Kings were considered descendants of Nannan. By the 14th century,

Mooshaka Kingdom was known as Kolathirinad and the Rulers as Kolathiris
. The Kolathunad Kingdom at the peak of its power reportedly extended from Kasaragod in the north to Korapuzha in the south with Arabian Sea on the west and
Kodagu hills on the eastern boundary.[5]

Kingdom of Kottayam

The

Kodagu. By the end of the 17th century, they shared the area of Thalassery Taluk with the Iruvazhinadu Nambiars and were in possession of North Wayanad and the small Village of Thamarassery which formed the Eastern portion of the present Vadakara, Quilandy and Thamarassery Taluks.[8]

Carnatic invasions into Wayanad and Gudalur

In 930 CE, emperor Erayappa of

Hoysala invaded Bayalnad followed by Vijayanagara
dynasty in the 16th century. In 1610 CE, Udaiyar Raja Wadiyar of Mysore drove out Vijayanagara General and became the ruler of Bayalnad and the Nilgiris. Bayalnad is the present Wayanad.

Mysore Sultans

When

Wayanad was under Hyder Ali's rule, the ghat road from Vythiri to Thamarassery was invented.[10] Then the British rulers developed this route to Carter road.[11] After Hyder Ali, his son Tipu Sultan
took control over the territory.

Colonial era

Wayanad Taluk in Malabar District was the regions included in the Gudalur and Pandalur Taluks of present Nilgiris district. Southeast Wynad was a part of Malabar District until 31 March 1877, when it was transferred to the neighbouring Nilgiris district due to the heavy population of Malabar and the small area of Nilgiris.[12]
It consisted of the following three Amsoms.

During the mid-19th century, English companies began mining for gold in the area, mostly in Devala and Pandalur. A London-based mining company created a township in Pandalur that began with a church, post office, shops, and a race course. After the gold boom, the mining business gradually fell into decline because the percentage of gold ore was below the average. Even so, mining was continued until the beginning of the 20th century.

Once the British companies had determined that gold mining would not succeed in this area, thus changing to agricultural industries and created

tea plantations on a massive scale. The climate and soil were well suited for tea
, which helped to ensure the success of the new industry. Coffee and tea plantation started at Pandalur area in the early eighteenth century during this time many European planters settled in the Nilgiris and Wyanad to establish tea and coffee estates. D.H.McLeod and Henry Atzenwiler are few among them.

Kunjalikutty Haji of Pandalur was one of the leading manpower suppliers for British estates.

Kunalikutty Haji - A family photo 1930

He brought a large number of people from

Khilafat issue, and determined to eliminate the people among the community who supported the British Raj. A group of Khilafat rebels went to Pandalur and completely destroyed the shop owned by Kunalikutty Haji, though his life was saved by his friend Malla Gawdar, chief of the Badagas
community in Pandalur.

Most of the land in this area was the property of the princely states of Nilambur, Kovilagam, and Mysoor Maharaj. The Nelliyalam Rani administered the region for Mysoor Maharaj and enjoyed the highest rank in society. The remains of the Nelliayalam Ranis fort can still be viewed in the Nelliayalam village.

Pandalur was believed to be a sacred place for the aboriginal communities such as the Paniyas, Kurumbas, and Kattu Nayakkans. It was then dominated by the Gowdar community. In Ponnani, near the village of Nelliyalkam, there is a century-old temple (Sree Maha Vishnu Temple) constructed in the unique Kerala temple architecture. The migration of Malabar people had a major impact on the area, including the social, cultural, economic, and environmental systems.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Pandalur had a population of 125,877 with 61,538 males and 64,339 females. There were 1046 women for every 1000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 78.89. Child population in the age group below 6 was 6,123 Males and 5,996 females.[13]

Religions

According to 2011 census report, Pandalur taluk had 71.37% Hindus, 17.83% Muslims, 10.61% Christians and others.

Languages

Kurumba (1389 speakers) and Badaga
(689 speakers) are also spoken here.

Languages in Pandalur taluk[14]
Language Speakers
Tamil
 
 52.7%
Malayalam
 
 42.6%
Others
 
 4.7%
Distribution of languages
Source: 2011 Census

References

  1. ^ a b c d e M. Vijayanunni (1983). 1981 Census Handbook- Wayanad District (Part-A&B) (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala.
  2. ^ "Wayanad - A secton of Western Ghats". Anand Bharat. 27 November 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  3. ^ Census of India, 2001: Wayanad. Controller of Publications. 2004. p. 4.
  4. ^ Census of India, 1991: pt. 2A. General population tables. Controller of Publications. 1995. p. 13.
  5. ^ District Census Handbook, Kasaragod (2011) (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Directorate of Census Operation, Kerala. p. 9.
  6. ISBN 9788120604476
    .
  7. ^ The Hindu staff reporter (21 November 2011). "Neeleswaram fete to showcase its heritage". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  8. ^ Government of India (2014–15). District Census Handbook – Wayanad (Part-B) 2011 (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala.
  9. ^ Moraes, George M (1931). The Kadamba Kula: A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka. Bombay: B X Furtado And Sons. pp. 83–84. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  10. ^ Madrass District Gazetteeers, The Nilgiris. By W. Francic. Madras 1908 Pages 90-104
  11. ^ Report of the Administration of Mysore 1863-64. British Parliament Library
  12. ^ a b Logan, William (1887). Malabar Manual (Volume-2). Madras: PRINTED BY R. HILL, AT THE GOVERNMENT PRESS.
  13. ^ "Provisional Population Totals - Tamil Nadu-Census 2011" (PDF). Census Tamil Nadu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
  14. ^ "Census of India - Language". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
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