Papilionoidea

Papilionoidea
Top left: Delias eucharis Top right: Calinaga buddha Below left: Myscelia cyaniris Below right: Episcada apuleia
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Infraorder:	Heteroneura
Clade:	Eulepidoptera
Clade:	Ditrysia
Clade:	Apoditrysia
Clade:	Obtectomera
Superfamily:	Papilionoidea Latreille , 1802
Families
Hesperiidae Lycaenidae Nymphalidae Papilionidae Pieridae Riodinidae

• The body is smaller and less moth-like.
• The wings are larger.
• The antennae are straight and clubbed or hooked as in the skippers.
• The caterpillars do not spin cocoons in which to pupate.
• The pupae are angular rather than rounded.

Recent

• Hesperiidae^[1]
  (skippers)
• Papilionidae
• Whites or yellow-whites, Pieridae
• Blues and coppers or gossamer-winged butterflies, Lycaenidae
• Metalmark butterflies, Riodinidae
• Brush-footed butterflies, Nymphalidae
  which contain the following 13 subfamilies:
  • The snout butterflies or Libytheinae (formerly the family Libytheidae)
  • The danaids or Danainae (formerly the family Danaidae)
  • The
    Tellervinae
  • The glasswings or
    Ithomiinae
  • The
    Calinaginae
  • The morphos and owls or Morphinae (including the owls as tribe Brassolini)
  • The browns or Satyrinae (formerly the family Satyridae)
  • The Charaxinae (preponas and leaf butterflies)
  • The Biblidinae
  • The Apaturinae
  • The nymphs or Nymphalinae
  • The Limenitidinae (especially the adelphas)
  • The tropical longwings or Heliconiinae

Of the subfamilies of Nymphalidae, only the Morphinae and Satyrinae are possibly paraphyletic, but these two subfamilies form a strongly supported clade with the Charaxinae as sister group.^[3]

The fossil genus Lithopsyche is apparently a Papilionoidea incertae sedis, which has long been mistaken for a geometer moth of the Boarmiini. It is variously placed in the Lycaenidae or Riodinidae. A similar fossil, Lithodryas, is more firmly assigned to the Lycaenidae, but might belong to the Nymphalidae. Riodinella, yet another prehistoric genus, also seems to belong here, but its relationships are quite obscure, indeed. However, these fossils – all found in Eocene deposits dating roughly between 50 and 25^{[verification needed]} million years ago – suggest the radiation of the Papilionoidea into the present-day families took place during that epoch. Prodryas, from the end of the Eocene, can be quite robustly assigned to the Nymphalidae, and is quite likely a member of the Nymphalini. Oligocene fossils of Papilionoidea are usually assignable to an extant family without problems.

Taken together, these fossils place the origin of the Papilionoidea in the latest Mesozoic or early Paleogene, while the extant families emerged around the early Eocene onwards.

References

Wikispecies has information related to Papilionoidea.