Patriotic People's Movement
Patriotic People's Movement Isänmaallinen kansanliike | |
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Abbreviation | IKL |
Founders | Erkki Räikkönen[1]
... and others |
Founded | 5 June 1932 |
Dissolved | 23 September 1944 |
Preceded by | Lapua Movement |
Succeeded by | IKL (1993)[a] |
Headquarters | Mikonkatu 15, Helsinki |
Newspaper | Ajan Suunta |
Youth wing |
|
Trade union | National Trade Union Confederation of Finland[3] |
Membership | 100,000 (1930’s est.)[4] |
Ideology | Greater Finland Finnish nationalism[5] Clerical fascism Corporate statism[6] |
Political position | Far-right[7] |
Religion | Lutheranism |
Colours | Black White Blue |
Anthem | "Luo Lippujen"[8] (lit. 'Rally to the flags!') |
Patriotic People's Movement (
Formation
The IKL was founded at a conference on 5 June 1932 as a continuation of the Lapua Movement.[9] The three major founding members were Herman Gummerus, Vilho Annala and Erkki Räikkönen.[10] Lapua leader Vihtori Kosola was imprisoned for his part in the Mäntsälä rebellion at the time of formation but the leadership was officially kept in reserve for him and other leading rebels, notably Annala and Bruno Salmiala, were involved in the formation of IKL.[9]
Structure
Ideologically, IKL was ardently
The IKL uniform was a black shirt with blue tie, inspired by the Italian fascists,[9] and also by the Herännäisyys movement, which had a tradition for black clothing. Members greeted each other with a Roman salute.[14]
The IKL had its own youth organization, called Sinimustat (Blue-and-blacks), members of which were trained in combat.[9] It was led by Elias Simojoki, a charismatic priest.[15] Sinimustat were banned in 1936 (although they were immediately reformed as Mustapaidat ("Blackshirts")).
The party received its main support from wealthy farmers, the educated middle-class, civil servants, the
Relationship to mainstream politics
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/IKL_leadership_with_Italian_delegation_1933.jpg/220px-IKL_leadership_with_Italian_delegation_1933.jpg)
IKL participated in parliamentary elections. In
IKL came under increasing scrutiny from government and was subject to two laws designed to arrest its progress. In 1934 a law passed allowing the suppression of propaganda which brought government or constitution into contempt and this was used against the movement, whilst the following year a law banning political uniforms and private uniformed organisations came in, seriously affecting the Sinimustat in particular.[18]
IKL kept its 14 seats in the
According to docent André Swanström, IKL was by far the most popular party among Finnish Waffen SS recruits.[21]
Final years
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Hitler-jugend_vierailulla_Suomessa_Sinimustien_vieraana_7.8.1934.jpg/220px-Hitler-jugend_vierailulla_Suomessa_Sinimustien_vieraana_7.8.1934.jpg)
The
In the aftermath of the Continuation War, IKL was banned, on the insistence of the Soviet Union, four days after the armistice between Finland and the Soviet Union was signed 19 September 1944.[24]
The IKL initials returned to the
Notable IKL supporters
- Finnish Airforce1920–26, IKL MP
- Lt. Col., IKL MP
- Paavo Talvela, General
- Rolf Nevanlinna, Mathematician, Professor, Rector of the University of Helsinki
- Vilho Lampi, painter[27]
- Elias Simojoki, clergyman, IKL MP.
- Hilja Riipinen, the only women MP.
Election results
Parliament of Finland
Date | Votes | Seats | Position | Size | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# | % | ± pp | # | ± | |||
1936 | 97,891 | 8.34% | + 8.34 | 14 / 200
|
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Opposition | 5th |
1939 | 86,219 | 6.65% | + 6.65 | 8 / 200
|
![]() |
Opposition | 5th |
- Gallery
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Members of IKL saluting at the statue of Jaakko Ilkka
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15th anniversary ofWhite Victory Parade, SKJand IKL marching
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IKL meeting in 1936
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IKL women's meeting
See also
References
Notes
- ^ Philip Rees, Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890, Simon & Schuster, 1990, p. 312
- ^ a b Mikko Uola: Sinimusta veljeskunta – Isänmaallinen kansanliike 1932–1944. Otava, 1982. ISBN 951-1-06982-9. , osa VIII: Sinimustat ja mustapaidat, pages 292–313
- ^
- Kalle Seppä : Taantumus! Radikaali oikeistolainen traditio (Megafoni.org)
- Jussi Maijala : Kansankokonaisuuden puolesta : IKL – ei luokkia tai yksilöitä vaan kansankokonaisuus, teoksessa Petri Juuti (toim) : Sinistä, punaista, mustaa - Näkökulmia Suomen 1930–40-lukujen poliittiseen historiaan. Tampereen yliopistopaino, Tampere 2005 ss. 68–69
- ISBN 9513745430
- ^ Nissen, Henrik (1983). Scandinavia during the Second World War. Universitetsforlaget. p. 25.
The fascist-inspired, ultranationalist IKL (the Patriotic People's Movement)
- ^
ISBN 9781483305394. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
[...] fascist Italy [...] developed a state structure known as the corporate state with the ruling party acting as a mediator between 'corporations' making up the body of the nation. Similar designs were quite popular elsewhere in the 1930s. The most prominent examples were Estado Novo in Portugal (1932-1968) and Brazil (1937-1945), the Austrian Standestaat (1933-1938), and authoritarian experiments in Estonia, Romania, and some other countries of East and East-Central Europe,
- ^ "Suomen tilastollinen vuosikirja 2004" (PDF). Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- ^ "15.7.1936 Lakeus no 157, s. 1". digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi.
- ^ a b c d e Upton, p.215
- ^ Rees, p.1
- ^ ISBN 978-0520046436
- ^ Alapuro, Risto (1970) "Akateeminen Karjala-seura: Ylioppilasliike ja kansa 1920– ja 1930–luvulla" ["Academic Karelian Society: Student movement and people in the 1920s and 1930s"]
- ^ Rees, p. 342
- ^ Edgren, Torsten; Manninen, Merja and Ukkonen, Jari. "IKL – lapuan liikkeen jatkaja" ["IKL – the successor of the Lapua Movement"] in Korhonen, Arvi (1949) Suomen historian käsikirja [Handbook of Finnish History]. Werner Söderström. pp. 329–330
- ^ Rees
- ^ Mylly, Juhani (1988) Maalaisliitto–Keskustapuolueen historia: Maalaisliitto 1918–1939 [History of the Agrarian Union Center Party: Agrarian Union 1918–1939] p. 385
- ^ Upton, p. 217
- ^ a b c Upton, p. 218
- ^ Upton, p. 219
- ^ Upton, p. 220
- ^ André Swanström: Hakaristin ritarit – Suomalaiset SS-miehet, politiikka, uskonto ja sotarikokset, s. 23. Atena, Jyväskylä 2018.
- ]
- ^ Upton, p. 221
- ^ Upton, p. 222
- ^ Koivulaakso et al., p. 68
- ^ Koivulaakso et al., p. 78
- ^ Vilho Lampi: Viimeiset vuodet ("Vilho Lampi: The Last Years") Archived 2022-04-07 at the Wayback Machine Oulun Taidemuseo [Oulu Art Museum]
Bibliography
- Koivulaakso, Dan; Brunila, Mikael; and Andersson, Li (2012). Äärioikeisto Suomessa [The far right in Finland] (in Finnish) (2nd ed.). Helsinki: Into. ISBN 978-952-264-180-9.
- Rees, Philip (1990) Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890
- Upton, A. F. "Finland" in Woolf, S. J. (1981) Fascism in Europe London: Routledge ISBN 9781138938465
Further reading
- Vares, Vesa Yrjö (2020) "From allies to opponents. Conservatives facing fascism in Finland in the 1930s"
External links
Media related to Patriotic People's Movement at Wikimedia Commons