Urho Kekkonen
Urho Kekkonen | |
---|---|
8th President of Finland | |
In office 1 March 1956 – 27 January 1982 | |
Prime Minister | |
Preceded by | J. K. Paasikivi |
Succeeded by | Mauno Koivisto |
Prime Minister of Finland | |
In office 20 October 1954 – 3 March 1956 | |
President | J. K. Paasikivi |
Preceded by | Ralf Törngren |
Succeeded by | Karl-August Fagerholm |
In office 17 March 1950 – 17 November 1953 | |
President | J. K. Paasikivi |
Preceded by | Karl-August Fagerholm |
Succeeded by | Sakari Tuomioja |
Personal details | |
Born | Pielavesi, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire | 3 September 1900
Died | 31 August 1986 Helsinki, Finland | (aged 85)
Resting place | Hietaniemi Cemetery |
Political party | Agrarian League (1933–1965) Centre Party (1965–1982) |
Spouse | |
Children | Matti, Taneli |
Residence | Tamminiemi |
Alma mater | University of Helsinki |
Profession | Lawyer, police officer, journalist |
Signature | |
Urho Kaleva Kekkonen
As president, Kekkonen continued the "active neutrality" policy of his predecessor President Juho Kusti Paasikivi that came to be known as the Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine, under which ostensibly Finland was to retain its independence while maintaining good relations and extensive trade with members of both NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Critical commentators referred to this policy of appeasement pejoratively as Finlandization. He hosted the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe in Helsinki in 1975 and was considered a potential candidate for the Nobel Peace Prize that year. He is credited by Finnish historians for his foreign and trade policies, which allowed Finland's market economy to keep pace with Western Europe even with the Soviet Union as a neighbor, and for Finland to gradually take part in the European integration process.[3] On the other hand, his perceived hunger for power, his divide-and-rule attitude in domestic politics and the lack of genuine political opposition, especially during the latter part of his presidency, significantly weakened Finnish democracy during his presidency.[3] After Kekkonen's presidency, the reform of the Constitution of Finland was initiated by his successors to increase the power of the Parliament and the prime minister at the expense of the president.
Kekkonen was a member of the
Biography
Family history
The Kekkonens are an old Savonian family. The ancestors of Urho Kekkonen most likely settled in the Savonia region before the 16th century. Although it is not known where the Kekkonens came to Savonia from, there has been speculation that they are from Karelia as people with the name were known to have lived in certain settlements of the Karelian Isthmus for centuries. Kekkonen himself thought it possible that the family might instead originate from Western Finland, for example from Tavastia, where there have been place names connected to their surname from as early as the 15th century. His seventh-great-grandfather Tuomas Kekkonen (born ca. 1630) is first mentioned in documents in Pieksämäki in 1673. He was probably from either Kangasniemi or Joroinen.[5]
Twelve generations of Urho Kekkonen's ancestors were peasants from eastern Finland. The paternal side of Kekkonen's family practised slash-and-burn agriculture and the maternal side stayed on their own site. Kekkonen's paternal grandfather Eenokki was part of a landless group grown in the 19th century and lived on temporary work and working as a farmworker.[6]
After serving in several houses Eenokki Kekkonen married Anna-Liisa Koskinen. They had four sons, named Taavetti, Johannes, Alpertti and Juho. Juho Kekkonen, the youngest son of the family, who had gone travelling from the family's home in Korvenmökki in the village of Koivujärvi, was the father of Urho Kekkonen. Aatu Pylvänäinen, Urho Kekkonen's maternal grandfather, who worked as a farmer at the Tarkkala farm in Kangasniemi, married Amanda Manninen in the summer of 1878 when she was only 16 years old. Their children, three daughters and three sons, were Emilia, Elsa, Siilas, Tyyne, Eetu, and Samuel.[6]
As the son of a poor family, Juho Kekkonen had to go to work in the forest and ended up at a log working ground in Kangasniemi in 1898. Emilia Pylvänäinen herded cattle there, on the shores of the Haahkala lands, where Juho Kekkonen worked with other loggers. The two youngsters got to know each other and they married in 1899. The couple moved to Otava, where Juho Kekkonen got a job at the Koivusaha sawmill of Halla Oy. He was later appointed the head of forestry work and caretaker of the logging business.[6]
The couple moved to
Early life
The son of Juho Kekkonen and Emilia Pylvänäinen, Urho Kekkonen was born at Lepikon Torppa ("the Lepikko Croft"), a small cabin located in
In independent Finland, Kekkonen first worked as a journalist in
Kekkonen had a reputation as a heavy-handed, violent interrogator during his years in the security police. Conversely, he described himself as taking the role of a humane "
In 1927 Kekkonen became a lawyer and worked for the Association of Rural Municipalities until 1932. Kekkonen took a
Early political career
A
Kekkonen spent long periods of time in late-
Kekkonen successfully stood for parliament a second time in 1936 whereupon he became
He was not a member of the cabinets during the
In the 1950 Presidential election, Kekkonen was the candidate of the
President of Finland
Overview
During Kekkonen's term, the balance of power between the
Nevertheless, during Kekkonen's presidency, a few parties were represented in most governments — mainly the Centrists, Social Democrats, and Swedish People's Party — while the People's Democrats and Communists were often in government from 1966 onwards.[18]
Throughout his time as president, Kekkonen did his best to keep political adversaries in check. The Centre Party's rival National Coalition Party was kept in opposition for 20 years despite good election performances. The Rural Party (which had broken away from the Centre Party) was treated similarly. On a few occasions, parliament was dissolved for no other reason than that its political composition did not please Kekkonen. Despite his career in the Centre Party, his relation to the party was often difficult. There was a so-called K-linja ("K policy", named after Urho Kekkonen, Ahti Karjalainen and Arvo Korsimo), which promoted friendly relations and bilateral trade with the Soviet Union. Kekkonen consolidated his power within the party by placing supporters of the K-linja in leading roles. Various Centre Party members to whose prominence Kekkonen objected often found themselves sidelined, as Kekkonen negotiated directly with the lower level. Chairman of the Centre Party, Johannes Virolainen, was threatened by Kekkonen with the dissolution of parliament when Kekkonen wanted to nominate SDP's Sorsa instead of Virolainen as Prime Minister.[19] Kekkonen's so-called "Mill Letters" were a continuous stream of directives to high officials, politicians, and journalists. Yet Kekkonen by no means always used coercive measures. Some prominent politicians, most notably Tuure Junnila (NCP) and Veikko Vennamo (Rural Party), were able to brand themselves as "anti-Kekkonen" without automatically suffering his displeasure as a consequence.
First term (1956–62)
In the presidential election of 1956, Kekkonen defeated the Social Democrat Karl-August Fagerholm 151–149 in the electoral college vote. The campaign was notably vicious, with many personal attacks against several candidates, especially Kekkonen. The tabloid gossip newspaper Sensaatio-Uutiset ("Sensational News") accused Kekkonen of fistfighting, excessive drinking and extramarital affairs. The drinking and womanizing charges were partly true. At times, during evening parties with his friends, Kekkonen got drunk, and he had at least two longtime mistresses.[20][21]
As president, Kekkonen continued the neutrality policy of President Paasikivi, which came to be known as the Paasikivi–Kekkonen line. From the beginning, he ruled with the assumption that he alone was acceptable to the Soviet Union as Finnish President. Evidence from defectors like Oleg Gordievsky and files from the Soviet archives show that keeping Kekkonen in power was indeed the main objective of the Soviet Union in its relations with Finland.[citation needed]
In August 1958,
The second time the Soviets helped Kekkonen was in the
Kekkonen's policies, especially towards the
Second term (1962–68)
In the 1960s Kekkonen was responsible for a number of foreign-policy initiatives, including the Nordic nuclear-free zone proposal, a border agreement with Norway, and a 1969 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe. The purpose of these initiatives was to avoid the enforcement of the military articles in the Finno-Soviet Treaty which called for military co-operation with the Soviet Union. Kekkonen thereby hoped to strengthen Finland's moves toward a policy of neutrality. Following the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, pressure for neutrality increased. Kekkonen informed the Soviet Union in 1970 that if it was no longer prepared to recognise Finland's neutrality, he would not continue as president, nor would the Finno-Soviet Treaty be extended.
Third term (1968–78)
Kekkonen was re-elected for a third term in 1968. That year, he was supported by five political parties: the Centre Party, the
Initially, Kekkonen had intended to retire at the end of this term, and the Centre Party already began to prepare for his succession by Ahti Karjalainen. However, Kekkonen began to see Karjalainen as a rival instead, and eventually rejected the idea.
Term extension (1973)
Exceptive law | |
---|---|
Parliament of Finland | |
Long title
| |
Citation | Säädöskokoelma 232/1973 |
Signed by | Prime Minister Kalevi Sorsa in the absence of the President of the Republic |
Legislative history | |
Bill citation | HE 247/1972 |
Third reading | 18 January 1973 |
Voting summary |
|
Related legislation | |
Constitution of Finland | |
Status: Expired |
On 18 January 1973, the Finnish Parliament extended Kekkonen's presidential term by four years with a
The elimination of any significant opposition and competition meant he became Finland's de facto political autocrat. His power reached its zenith in 1975 when he dissolved parliament and hosted the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe
Fourth term (1978–82)
After nine political parties supported Kekkonen's candidacy in the 1978 presidential election, including the Social Democratic, Centre and National Coalition parties, no serious rivals remained. He humiliated his opponents by not appearing in televised presidential debates and went on to win 259 out of the 300 electoral college votes, with his nearest rival, Raino Westerholm of the Christian Union, receiving only 25.[27]
According to Finnish historians and political journalists, there were at least three reasons why Kekkonen clung on to the Presidency. First, he did not believe that any of his successor candidates would manage Finland's Soviet foreign policy well enough. Second, until at least the summer of 1978, he considered there was room for improvement in Finnish-Soviet relations and that his experience was vital to the process. This is exemplified by the use of his diplomatic skills to reject the Soviet Defence Minister
.Third, he believed that by working for as long as possible he would remain healthy and live longer.[28] Kekkonen's most severe critics, such as Veikko Vennamo, claimed that he remained President so long mainly because he and his closest associates were power-hungry.[29] In 1980 Kekkonen was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize.
Later life and death
From December 1980 onwards, Kekkonen suffered from an undisclosed disease that appeared to affect his brain functions, sometimes leading to delusional thoughts. He had begun to suffer occasional brief memory lapses as early as the autumn of 1972; they became more frequent during the late 1970s. Around the same time, Kekkonen's eyesight deteriorated so much that for his last few years in office, all of his official papers had to be typed in block letters. Kekkonen had also suffered from a failing sense of balance since the mid-1970s and from enlargement of his
According to biographer Juhani Suomi, Kekkonen gave no thought to resigning until his physical condition began to deteriorate in July 1981. The 80-year-old president then began to seriously consider resigning, most likely in early 1982. Prime Minister Mauno Koivisto finally dealt a defeat to Kekkonen in 1981. In April, Koivisto did what no one else had dared to during Kekkonen's presidency by stating that under the constitution, the prime minister and cabinet were responsible to Parliament, not to the President. Kekkonen asked Koivisto to resign, but he refused. This is generally seen as the death knell of the Kekkonen era; Kekkonen, who felt that he had lost a significant amount of his authority, never fully recovered from the shock caused by this event.
Historians and journalists debate the precise meaning of this dispute. According to Seppo Zetterberg, Allan Tiitta, and Pekka Hyvärinen, Kekkonen wanted to force Koivisto to resign to decrease his chances of succeeding him as president. In contrast, Juhani Suomi believed the dispute involved scheming between Koivisto and rival prospective presidential candidates. Kekkonen at times criticised Koivisto for making political decisions too slowly and for his vacillation, especially for speaking too unclearly and philosophically.[30][28]
Kekkonen became ill in August during a fishing trip to Iceland. He went on medical leave on 10 September, before finally resigning due to ill health on 26 October 1981.[28][31] There is no report available about his illness, as the papers have been moved to an unknown location, but it is commonly believed that he suffered from vascular dementia, probably due to atherosclerosis.
Kekkonen withdrew from politics during his final years. He died at Tamminiemi on August 31, 1986, three days before his 86th birthday, and was buried with full honours. His heirs restricted access to his diaries and later an "authorised" biography by Juhani Suomi was commissioned, the author subsequently defending the interpretation of the history therein and denigrating most other interpretations. Critics have questioned the value of this work; the historian Hannu Rautkallio considered the biography little else than a "commercial project" designed for selling books rather than aiming for historical accuracy.[32]
Legacy
Some of Kekkonen's actions remain controversial in modern Finland, and disputes continue about how to interpret many of his policies and actions. He often used what was termed the "Moscow card" when his authority was threatened, but he was not the only Finnish politician with close relations to Soviet representatives. Kekkonen's authoritarian behavior during his presidential term was one of the main reasons for the reforms of the Finnish Constitution in 1984–2003. Under these, the powers of Parliament and the prime minister were increased at the expense of presidential power. Several of the changes were initiated by Kekkonen's successors.
- Presidential tenure was limited to two consecutive terms.
- The President's role in cabinet formation was restricted.
- The President was to be elected directly, not by an electoral college.
- The President could no longer dissolve Parliament without the support of the Prime Minister.
- The Prime Minister's role in shaping the foreign relations of Finland was enhanced.
Although controversial, his policy of neutrality allowed trade with both the Communist and Western blocs. The bilateral trade policy with the Soviet Union was lucrative for many Finnish businesses. His term saw a period of high sustained economic growth and increasing integration with the West. He negotiated entrance into
Cabinets
Tributes
- The Urho Kekkonen National Park, Finland's second largest national park, is named after Kekkonen.
- The Urho Kekkonen museum was opened in Tamminiemi in 1987.
- In Helsinki, the former Kampinkatu (Kamppi Street) was renamed Urho Kekkosen katu in Finnish and Urho Kekkonens gata in Swedish (Urho Kekkonen Street) in 1980.
- In J. K. Paasikivi.[33]
- Such was his impact on the Finnish political scene that Kekkonen appeared on the Mk.500 banknote during his term as president. The series of Finnish Markka banknotes used at this time was the second-to-last design series in the entire history of the currency. It is a rare example of a living non-royal head of state being depicted on currency. This banknote was declared Finland's most beautiful note according to voting organised by the commemorative coins and medal marketer Suomen Moneta on 1 April 2011.[34]
- To date, President Kekkonen is the only Finnish person to have a collector coin issued in his honour during his lifetime.
- 25 years of presidency (Silver jubilee) of U. K. Kekkonen. The silver collector's coin that pays homage to Kekkonen was issued in 1981 when he had served 25 years as the president. The coin also commemorated Kekkonen's 80th birthday the previous year. Designed by sculptor Nina Terno, the symbolic reverse side of the coin depicts a ploughman with a pair of horses pulling a harrow. In 2010, the Mint of Finland is re-released coins minted in 1981 from its vaults.[35]
- President U. K. Kekkonen 75th Birthday. The silver coin was issued on Kekkonen's birthday on 3 September 1975 to commemorate the president's 75th birthday. Designed by sculptor pine trees that symbolise the first four terms of President Kekkonen.[36]
- Posti Group (formerly Suomen Posti in Finnish) has issued four President Kekkonen commemorative postage stamps.
- Name: 60th birthday of President Urho Kekkonen, issued: 3 September 1960, designed by Olavi Vepsäläinen
- Name: 70th birthday of President Kekkonen, issued: 3 September 1970, designed by Eeva Oivo
- Name: 80th birthday of President Kekkonen, issued: 3 September 1980, designed by Eeva Oivo
- Name: President Kekkonen's mourning stamp, issued: 30 September 1986, designed by Eeva Oivo
- A monument to Urho Kekkonen and Alexei Kosygin was erected in Kostomuksha, Russia in 2013.[37]
- A pub in Etu-Töölö, Helsinki was named St. Urho's Pub in honour of Kekkonen being a regular patron.[38]
In popular culture
- The North American Finnish invention Saint Urho, created in the 1950s, is likely named after Kekkonen
- The name of the Finnish men's magazine, Urkki, was a reference to Urho Kekkonen.[39]
- The vote count from the 1978 elections was broadcast on the radio, and has been shown numerous times in television documentaries. The monotonous reading out of the votes, in groups of five, is still well-recognised in Finnish popular culture, and broadly quoted and paraphrased; "Kekkonen, Kekkonen, Kekkonen, Kekkonen, Kekkonen."[40]
- Matti Hagelberg uses a caricature of Kekkonen as the main character in his comic album with the same name.
- A portrait of Kekkonen is stolen by the protagonist of the 1988 Aki Kaurismäki film Ariel. A Kekkonen portrait is also used in his 1987 film Hamlet Goes Business.
- In the 1987 thriller film Farewell, Mr. President, directed by Matti Kassila, one of the most important characters is the president of Finland (played by Tarmo Manni) who has very similar look to Kekkonen, but who is not referred to by name.[41][42]
- A Finnish movie, Kekkonen tulee! (Kekkonen Is Coming!), set in the late 1970s, is about Kekkonen visiting a small village in Finland and how everyone is excited.[43]
- A Vril Kekkonen is portrayed by Tero Kaukomaa in the movie Iron Sky: The Coming Race
- A likeness of Kekkonen in portrait is available as a placeable furniture item in the popular online game Habbo, which serves as an homage to him by the games' Finnish developers Sulake.
- In the 2019 Finnish television series
See also
- List of state visits made by President Urho Kekkonen of Finland
- Paasikivi–Kekkonen doctrine
- Georg C. Ehrnrooth
Honours
Coat of Arms of Urho Kekkonen | |
---|---|
Armiger | Urho Kekkonen |
Adopted | 1956 |
Motto | "Sitä kuusta kuuleminen" ("Listen to the tree, by the roots of which you live") |
National honours
- Order of the White Rose[46]
- Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland[46]
- Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Liberty[46]
- Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Lamb[47]
Foreign honours
- Sweden: Knight of the Order of the Seraphim
- Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav[48]
- Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant
- Iceland: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Falcon – His wife: Grand Cross[49]
- Austria: Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
- United Kingdom: Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (1969)[50]
- Italy: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1960)[51]
- Spain: Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (1975)[52]
- Spain: Collar of the Order of Charles III (1978)[53]
- Mexico: Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (1963)[54]
- Tunisia: Grand Cross of the Order of Independence (1965)[55]
- Egypt: Collar of the Order of the Nile (1967)[56]
- Holy See: Collar of the Order of Pope Pius IX (1971)[57]
- San Marino: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of San Marino (1971)[58]
- Senegal: Grand Cross of the National Order of the Lion (1973)[59]
- Order of Boyaca (1980)[60]
Former socialist states:
- People's Republic of Bulgaria: Order of the Balkan Mountains
- People's Republic of Poland: Order of the White Eagle
- Socialist Republic of Romania: Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic
Former (now-defunct) states:
- Czechoslovakia: Order of the White Lion (1969)
- Soviet Union: Order of Friendship of Peoples[61]
- Soviet Union: Order of Lenin[61]
- Yugoslavia: Great Star of the Order of the Yugoslav Star (1963)[62]
- Empire of Iran: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Pahlavi (1970)[63]
- Empire of Iran: Commemorative Medal of the 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire (14 October 1971).[64][65]
References
- ^ "Ministerikortisto". Valtioneuvosto. Archived from the original on 6 April 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
- ^ Kekkonen, Urho. Kansallisbiografia (English edition). (The section "The rise to the position of 'autocrat'")
- ^ a b c d Kekkonen, Urho. Kansallisbiografia (English edition).
- ^ "Ilmari Turja" (in Finnish). Helsingin Sanomat. 6 January 1998. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
- ^ Kekkonen, Urho: Kekkoset, itäsuomalainen suku.
- ^ ISBN 951-1-15992-5, p. 7.
- ^ Lomalla Kahaanissa. Junamatka. Vappu Miipurissa. Marssi Haminaan. Paraati Helsingissä. 12.5.1918. Sodan Jälkiselvittely Ja Kotiin . doria.fi
- ^ "Rauhan mies onnistui ylipäällikkönä". 4 September 2010.
- ^ "Profile for Sylvi Salome Kekkonen from Kekkonen (Page 1)".
- ^ "Oliko Urho Kekkonen kuulusteluissa paha kovanyrkki vai hyvä poliisi? Aikalaisten kertomukset UKK:sta eroavat paljon". 8 March 2020.
- ^ a b "Kekkonen oli kovanyrkkinen kommunistien kuulustelija – myöhemmin urkki tiedot saunalla ja viinalla". 27 December 2017.
- ^ see Johannes Virolainen, "The Last Electoral Term" / Viimeinen vaalikausi, published in Finland in 1991.
- S2CID 165268135.
- ^ Timo J. Tuikka : "Kekkosen konstit" – Urho Kekkosen historia – ja politiikkakäsitykset teoriasta käytäntöön 1933-1981. University of Jyväskylä 2007
- ^ "Edustajamatrikkeli". Eduskunta. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
- ^ For the number and composition of Kekkonen's five coalition governments, see, for example "The President of the Finnish Republic 1956–1982" / Tasavallan presidentti 1956–1982, published in Finland in 1993–94. The Finnish government website, www.vn.fi, also has information.
- ISBN 978-951-1-21161-7
- ^ "What Where When 1994 – The Citizen's Yearbook" / Mitä Missä Milloin 1994 – Kansalaisen vuosikirja, published in Helsinki by Otava Publications Ltd. in 1993; "The Republic's President 1956–1982", published in Finland in 1993–94.
- ^ "Sorsan Virolaisen Hallitus", November 2010.
- ^ a b Seppo Zetterberg et al. (eds.) (2003) The Small Giant of the Finnish History. Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen, Helsinki, Werner Söderström Publishing Ltd.
- ^ Pekka Hyvärinen (2000) The Man of Finland: Urho Kekkonen's Life. Suomen mies. Urho Kekkosen elämä, Helsinki: Werner Söderström Publications Ltd.
- ^ a b Varjus, Seppo. Näin valta otetaan ja pidetään. In YYA-Suomi – suomettumisen vuodet, Iltasanomat, Sanoma Media Finland 2019, pp. 14–17.
- U.S. State Departmentwebsite
- ^ see "Urho Kekkonen's Diaries 2: 1963–1968" / Urho Kekkosen päiväkirjat 2: 1963–1968, and "Urho Kekkonen's Diaries 3: 1969–1974" / Urho Kekkosen päiväkirjat 3: 1969–1974, edited by Juhani Suomi and published in Finland around 2002–2004; Johannes Virolainen, "The Last Electoral Term", 1991; Pekka Hyvärinen, "Finland's Man: Urho Kekkonen's Life" / Suomen mies – Urho Kekkosen elämä, Helsinki: Werner Söderström Publications Ltd., 2000).
- LCCN 62-4818.
- ^ Johannes Virolainen, "The Last Electoral Term"
- ^ see Juhani Suomi, "The Ski Trail Being Snowed In: Urho Kekkonen 1976–1981" / Umpeutuva latu – Urho Kekkonen 1976–1981, Helsinki: Otava Publications Ltd., 2000.
- ^ a b c d Pekka Hyvärinen, "Finland's Man"; Juhani Suomi, "A Ski Trail Being Snowed In"
- ^ Veikko Vennamo, "As a Prisoner of the Kekkonen Dictatorship" / Kekkos-diktatuurin vankina, published in Finland in 1989).
- ^ Zetterberg and Tiitta et al., eds., "Finland Through the Ages" / Suomi kautta aikojen, Helsinki: Valitut Palat/Reader's Digest, 1992
- ^ Mauno Koivisto, "Two Terms I: Memories and Notes 1982–1994" / Kaksi kautta I. Muistikuvia ja merkintöjä 1982–1994, Helsinki: Kirjayhtymä Publishing Ltd., 1994.
- ISBN 978-9525856088
- ISBN 951-609-105-9.
- ^ Kekkonen on kaunein seteli Helsingin Sanomat online edition, 1 April 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
- ^ "25 Years of presidency of U. K. Kekkonen collector coin". The Mint of Finland. Archived from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
- ^ "President U. K. Kekkonen 75th Birthday collector coin". The Mint of Finland. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
- ^ В Костомукше открыт памятник Алексею Косыгину и Урхо Кекконену Правительство республики Карелия
- ISBN 978-9510402535.
- ISBN 978-91-87957-15-4.
- ^ "Kekkonen, Kekkonen, Kekkonen...". yle.fi. 3 February 2012
- ^ Jäähyväiset presidentille (1987) – Laajakuva (in Finnish)
- ^ Kekkosen näköistä presidenttiä uhkaa salamurhaaja – Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish)
- ^ Village People (2013). IMDb
- ^ Nyrkki-vakoojasarjaa kuvattiin Tamminiemessä – tältä näyttää Janne Reinikainen Kekkosena (in Finnish)
- ^ YLE: Katsojien reaktio Kekkoseen teatterilavalla yllätti näyttelijä Janne Reinikaisen: "Yleisö käyttäytyi kuin lastennäytelmässä" (in Finnish)
- ^ a b c "Ruusun ja Leijonan matkassa – suomalainen kunniamerkkiperinne on pitänyt pintansa". YLE Uutiset (in Finnish). 2 December 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ "Kahdeksan vuosikymmentä". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). 3 September 1980. p. 34.
- ^ "Tildelinger av ordener og medaljer". Det norske kongehus (in Norwegian). Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ "Orðuhafaskrá". Forseti Íslands (in Icelandic). 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ "Kunniamerkki; Bath-ritarikunnan siviiliosaston suurristi rintatähtineen". Finna (in Finnish). Coin Chamber, The National Museum of Finland. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
- ^ Italian tasavallan Ansioritarikunnan suurristi ketjun kera; kunniamerkki (in Finnish). Coin Chamber, The National Museum of Finland. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
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ignored (help) - ^ "BOE-A-1975-11355 Decreto 1154/1975, de 2 de junio, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden de Isabel la Católica al señor Urho Kekkonen, Presidente de la República de Finlandia". Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ "BOE-A-1979-325 Real Decreto 3103/1978, de 9 de diciembre, por el que se concede el Collar de la Real y Muy Distinguida Orden de Carlos III al excelentísimo señor Urho Kekkonen, Presidente de la República de Finlandia". Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ Meksikon Atsteekkien Kotkan ritarikunnan suurristin kaulaketju; kunniamerkki (in Finnish). Coin Chamber, The National Museum of Finland. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
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ignored (help) - ^ Tunisian Itsenäisyyden ritarikunnan suurristi ja rintatähti; kunniamerkki (in Finnish). Coin Chamber, The National Museum of Finland. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
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ignored (help) - ^ Niilin ritarikunnan ketju; kunniamerkki; Niilin risti (in Finnish). Coin Chamber, The National Museum of Finland. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
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ignored (help) - ^ Pyhän Istuimen Piuksen ritarikunnan kultainen suurristi ketjun kera; kunniamerkki; Pyhän Istuimen Piuksen ritarikunnan kultainen suurketju (in Finnish). Coin Chamber, The National Museum of Finland. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
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ignored (help) - ^ Pyhän Marinuksen ritarikunnan suurristi ketjun kera; kunniamerkki (in Finnish). Coin Chamber, The National Museum of Finland. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
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:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Senegalin Leijonan ritarikunnan suurristi ja rintatähti; kunniamerkki (in Finnish). Coin Chamber, The National Museum of Finland. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
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ignored (help) - ^ kunniamerkki; Kolumbian Boyaga ritarikunnan suurristi rintatähden kera (in Finnish). Coin Chamber, The National Museum of Finland. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
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ignored (help) - ^ a b Valkonen, Martti (25 January 1998). "Erityisen ansioituneet: Keille Neuvostoliitto jakoi Suomessa kunniamerkkejä?". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 25 August 2022.
- ^ Jugoslavian Suuren Tähden ritarikunnan suurristi rintatähdellä.; kunniamerkki (in Finnish). Coin Chamber, The National Museum of Finland. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
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:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Pahlavin ritarikunnan suurristi ketjun kera; kunniamerkki (in Finnish). Coin Chamber, The National Museum of Finland. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
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:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Iran Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Badraie
- ^ JPG image. Badraie
- ^ pronounced [ˈurho ˈkekːonen] ⓘ
Further reading
- Wilsford, David, ed. Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) pp. 223–230.
External links
- Urho Kekkonen Museum, Tamminiemi, Helsinki
- The Archives of President Urho Kekkonen
- Urho Kekkonen National Park
- Urho Kekkonen in The Presidents of Finland